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The first signs of HIV usually appear after 2-6 weeks in the form of flu-like symptoms. This condition is
known as seroconversion illness. Seroconversion is the stage when a person's body is producing
antibodies to HIV, which means that their immune system is fighting the infection.
Flu-like symptoms that accompany seroconversion include:
fever
skin rash
sore throat
swollen glands
joint or muscle pain
These symptoms usually last for 1-2 weeks. Once the seroconversion period is over, a person may not
experience any HIV symptoms for several years.
Although people tend to feel well at this stage, it is important to remember that HIV is still active. As it
continues to reproduce and infect new cells, HIV also damages a person's immune system, which means
it is unable to protect the body from illness.
Once inside the host cells, HIV multiplies. The virus damages or destroys the cells before moving on to
infect more cells.
A CD4 count is an indication of the health of a person's immune system. A healthy CD4 count
is between 500 and 1,500.
The CD4 count of a person with HIV who does not receive HIV treatment will reduce over time. Once
the CD4 levels fall below 200, a person's immune system will probably be damaged and the person will
likely experience definitive signs and symptoms of illness.
People who have HIV and are not receiving treatment put themselves at greater risk of developing
symptoms, a condition known as symptomatic HIV. They are also more likely to pass on the virus to
another person.
Without treatment, a person is likely to develop AIDS because their immune system is no longer able to
protect the body. At this stage, even the most minor infection becomes life-threatening.
Opportunistic infections are usually caused by ordinary, harmless viruses, bacteria, and fungi, which only
provoke disease when the immune system is compromised. Many of these infections are not life-
threatening to a healthy person. To someone with HIV, however, they can be very serious and potentially
fatal.
An opportunistic infection is considered to be AIDS-defining when it spreads beyond the region or organ
where it is typically found.
pneumonia
tuberculosis
certain cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma
thrush
cytomegalovirus
toxoplasmosis
cryptococcal meningitis
Coinfections
Many people with HIV develop coinfections, diseases that can both have an effect on HIV and be
affected by HIV.
Although there is no cure for HIV, medical treatment is available that significantly reduces the amount of
the virus in the body to the point where it may become undetectable in the blood.
The amount of virus in a person's body is known as the viral load. An undetectable viral load means that
the person with HIV is not infectious and that the virus is not able to damage their immune system.
HIV treatment is known as antiretroviral therapy (ART). It is recommended that everyone who is
diagnosed with HIV begins treatment straight away, no matter what their CD4 count may be.
Treatment for HIV is also referred to as combination therapy as people will usually take a combination of
three different drugs at the same time. Combination therapy is used because HIV can adapt quickly and
become resistant to a single type of ART.
A "fixed dose combination" is when ART drugs have been combined into a single pill, which means that
a person can take just 1 or 2 pills a day. It is very important that people take the drugs in the right way at
the right time each day.
People with HIV may experience side effects from their ART drugs. The most common side effects are:
headache
tiredness
diarrhea
nausea or vomiting
rash
high blood sugar levels
high cholesterol
When undergoing ART, a person needs to be aware that their medication may interact with other
prescription medications as well as herbal remedies and recreational drugs.
Other possible adverse effects include:
anemia
hepatitis
poor kidney function
inflamed pancreas
glucose intolerance
A person taking ART drugs may find they experience metabolic effects, such as fat redistribution,
hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. They may also develop conditions, such as osteopenia
and osteoporosis, that will affect their bones.
Despite these problems, there is evidence now of the long-term safety of ART, which has significantly
improved the life expectancy of many people with HIV.
Translate
Jumlah CD4 pada orang dengan HIV yang tidak menerima pengobatan HIV akan berkurang dari
waktu ke waktu. Begitu tingkat CD4 di bawah 200, sistem kekebalan seseorang mungkin akan rusak
dan orang tersebut kemungkinan akan mengalami tanda dan gejala pasti penyakit.
Orang yang mengidap HIV dan tidak menerima pengobatan menempatkan dirinya pada risiko lebih
besar terkena gejala, suatu kondisi yang dikenal sebagai gejala HIV. Mereka juga lebih cenderung
menularkan virus ke orang lain.
Tanpa pengobatan, seseorang cenderung mengembangkan AIDS karena sistem kekebalan tubuh
mereka tidak lagi mampu melindungi tubuh. Pada tahap ini, bahkan infeksi yang paling kecil pun
menjadi ancaman bagi kehidupan.
Infeksi oportunistik dan penyakit terdefinisi AIDS
Seseorang dengan HIV juga mungkin sakit akibat infeksi oportunistik. Mereka disebut oportunistik
karena mereka memanfaatkan sistem kekebalan yang lemah.
Infeksi oportunistik biasanya disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri, dan jamur biasa yang tidak berbahaya,
yang hanya menimbulkan penyakit saat sistem kekebalan tubuh terganggu. Banyak dari infeksi ini
tidak membahayakan jiwa orang sehat. Bagi orang dengan HIV, bagaimanapun, mereka bisa sangat
serius dan berpotensi fatal.
Infeksi oportunistik dianggap terdefinisi AIDS saat menyebar di luar wilayah atau organ tempat
biasanya ditemukan.
Beberapa infeksi oportunistik yang lebih umum adalah:
pneumonia
tuberkulosis
Kanker tertentu, seperti sarkoma Kaposi
sariawan
cytomegalovirus
toksoplasmosis
meningitis kriptokokal
Coinfections
Banyak orang dengan HIV mengembangkan koinfeksi, penyakit yang keduanya dapat mempengaruhi
HIV dan terkena dampak HIV.
Tuberkulosis dan hepatitis adalah koinfeksi HIV yang paling umum.
Obat HIV dan pengaruhnya terhadap tubuh
.
Meskipun tidak ada obat untuk HIV, perawatan medis tersedia yang secara signifikan mengurangi
jumlah virus dalam tubuh sampai pada titik di mana ia menjadi tidak terdeteksi dalam darah.
Jumlah virus di tubuh seseorang dikenal sebagai viral load. Viral load tidak terdeteksi berarti orang
dengan HIV tidak menular dan virus tersebut tidak dapat merusak sistem kekebalan tubuh mereka.
Pengobatan HIV dikenal sebagai terapi antiretroviral (ART). Dianjurkan agar setiap orang yang
didiagnosis dengan HIV segera memulai pengobatan, tidak peduli berapa jumlah CD4-nya.
Pengobatan untuk HIV juga disebut sebagai terapi kombinasi karena orang biasanya akan
menggunakan kombinasi tiga obat berbeda pada saat bersamaan. Terapi kombinasi digunakan
karena HIV dapat beradaptasi dengan cepat dan menjadi resisten terhadap satu jenis ART.
Kombinasi "dosis tetap" adalah ketika obat ART digabungkan menjadi satu pil tunggal, yang berarti
seseorang dapat mengkonsumsi 1 atau 2 pil sehari saja. Sangat penting bahwa orang mengambil
obat dengan cara yang benar pada waktu yang tepat setiap hari.
Orang dengan HIV mungkin mengalami efek samping dari obat ART mereka. Efek samping yang
paling umum adalah:
sakit kepala
kelelahan
diare
Mual atau muntah
ruam
kadar gula darah tinggi
kolesterol tinggi
Saat menjalani ART, seseorang perlu menyadari bahwa pengobatan mereka dapat berinteraksi
dengan obat resep lain dan juga pengobatan herbal dan obat-obatan untuk rekreasi.
Kemungkinan efek samping lainnya meliputi:
anemia
hepatitis
Fungsi ginjalnya buruk
Meradang pankreas
Intoleransi glukosa
Seseorang yang memakai obat ART mungkin mendapati mereka mengalami efek metabolik, seperti
redistribusi lemak, hiperlipidemia, dan resistensi insulin. Mereka juga dapat mengembangkan
kondisi, seperti osteopenia dan osteoporosis, yang akan mempengaruhi tulang mereka.
Terlepas dari masalah ini, sekarang ada bukti keamanan ART jangka panjang, yang telah
meningkatkan harapan hidup secara signifikan