Application Notes for

KCGG High Impedance Protection

Application Notes for
KCGG High Impedance Protection
Introduction
The application of the KCGG
numerical overcurrent relay as
differential protection for machines,
power transformers and busbar
installations is based on the high
impedance differential principle,
offering stability for any type of fault
occurring outside the protected zone
and satisfactory operation for faults
within the zone.
A high impedance relay is defined
as a relay or relay circuit whose
voltage setting is not less than the
calculated maximum voltage which
can appear across its terminals
under the assigned maximum
through fault current condition.
It can be seen from Figure 1 that
during an external fault the through
fault current should circulate
between the current transformer
secondaries. The only current that
can flow through the relay circuit is
that due to any difference in the
current transformer outputs for the
same primary current. Magnetic
saturation will reduce the output of a
current transformer and the most
extreme case for stability will be if
one current transformer is
completely saturated and the other
unaffected. This condition can be
approached in busbar installations
due to the multiplicity of infeeds and
extremely high fault level. It is less
likely with machines or power
transformers due to the limitation of
through fault level by the protected
unit’s impedance, and the fact that
the comparison is made between a
limited number of current
transformers. Differences in current
transformer remanent flux can,
CTA CTB
Protected
unit
Z MA Z MB
R CTA R CTB
RL RL
R RELAY CIRCUIT
RL RL
Figure 1: Principle of high impedance protection
however, result in asymmetric To achieve stability for external
current transformer saturation with faults, the stability voltage for the
all applications. protection (Vs) must be determined
in accordance with formula 1.
Calculations based on the above
The setting will be dependent upon
extreme case for stability have
the maximum current transformer
become accepted in lieu of
secondary current for an external
conjunctive scheme testing as being
fault (If) and also on the highest
a satisfactory basis for application.
loop resistance value from the
At one end the current transformer
relaying point (RCT + 2RL).
can be considered fully saturated,
The stability of the scheme is also
with its magnetising impedance ZMB
affected by the characteristics of the
short circuited while the current
differential relay and the value of K
transformer at the other end, being
in the expression takes account of
unaffected, delivers its full current
this. One particular characteristic
output. This current will then divide
that affects the stability of the
between the relay and the saturated
scheme is the operating time of the
current transformer. This division will
differential relay. The slower the
be in the inverse ratio of
relay operates the longer the spill
RRELAY CIRCUIT to (RCTB + 2RL) and, if
current can exceed its setting before
RRELAY CIRCUIT is high compared with
operation occurs and the higher the
RCTB + 2RL, the relay will be
spill current that can be tolerated.
prevented from undesirable
For the KCGG relay I> element the
operation, as most of the current will
value of K is 0.5 as shown in
pass through the saturated current
formula 2.
transformer.
2
 Vs > KIf(RCT + 2RL) (1)
Vs > 0.5If(RCT + 2RL) (2)
where RCT = current transformer
secondary winding
resistance
RL = maximum lead
resistance from the
current transformer to
the relaying point
If = maximum secondary
external fault current
K = a constant affected by
the dynamic response
of the relay
Note: When high impedance
differential protection is
applied to motors or
reactors, there is no external
fault current. Therefore, the
locked rotor current or
starting current of the motor,
or reactor inrush current,
should be used in place of
the external fault current.
To obtain high speed operation for
internal faults, the knee point
voltage, VK , of the CTs must be
significantly higher than the stability
voltage, Vs. This is essential so that
the operating current through the
relay is a sufficient multiple of the
applied current setting. Ideally a
ratio of VK ≥5Vs would be
appropriate, but where this is not
possible refer to the Advanced
Application Requirements for
Through Fault Stability.
This describes an alternative method
whereby lower values of Vs may be
obtained.
Typical operating times for different
VK/Vs ratios are shown in the
following table:
VK/Vs 12 6 3 2 current setting (Ir) must be selected
Typical
operating 30 40 50 60
time (ms)
These times are representative of a
system X/R ratio of 40 and a fault
level of 5Is to 10Is. Lower values of
X/R and higher fault currents will
tend to reduce the operating time.
The kneepoint voltage of a current
transformer marks the upper limit of
the roughly linear portion of the
secondary winding excitation
characteristic. This is defined exactly
in British practice as that point on
the excitation curve where a 10%
increase in exciting voltage
produces a 50% increase in exciting
current.
The current transformers should be
of equal ratio, of similar
magnetising characteristics and of
low reactance construction. In cases
where low reactance current
transformers are not available and
high reactance ones must be used,
it is essential to use the reactance of
the current transformer in the
calculations for the voltage setting.
Thus, the current transformer
impedance is expressed as a
complex number in the form
RCT + jXCT. It is also necessary to
ensure that the exciting impedance
of the current transformer is large in
comparison with its secondary
ohmic impedance at the relay
setting voltage.
In the case of the high impedance
relay, the operating current is
adjustable in discrete steps.
The primary operating current (Iop)
will be a function of the current
transformer ratio, the relay
operating current (Ir), the number of
current transformers in parallel with
a relay element (n) and the
magnetising current of each current
transformer (Ie) at the stability
voltage (Vs). This relationship can be
expressed as follows:
Iop = (CT ratio) x (Ir + nIe) (3)
In order to achieve the required
primary operating current with the
current transformers that are used, a
for the high impedance relay, as
detailed above. The setting of the
stabilising resistor (RST) must be
calculated in the following manner,
where the setting is a function of the
relay ohmic impedance at setting
(Rr), the required stability voltage
setting (Vs) and the relay current
setting (Ir).
Vs
RST = – Rr (4)
Ir
3
Note: The auxiliary powered
KCGG ohmic impedance
over the whole setting range
is small, 0.06Ω (1A) and
0.006Ω (5A) and so can be
ignored. Therefore:
V
RST = s (5)
Ir
Use of Metrosil
Non-linear Resistors
When the maximum through fault
current is limited by the protected
circuit impedance, such as in the
case of generator differential and
power transformer restricted earth
fault protection, it is generally found
unnecessary to use non-linear
voltage limiting resistors (Metrosils).
However, when the maximum
through fault current is high, such as
in busbar protection, it is more
common to use a non-linear resistor
(Metrosil) across the relay circuit
(relay and stabilising resistor).
Metrosils are used to limit the peak
voltage developed by the current
transformers, under internal fault
conditions, to a value below the
insulation level of the current
transformers, relay and
interconnecting leads, which are
able to withstand 3000V peak.
The following formulae should be
used to estimate the peak transient
voltage that could be produced for
an internal fault. This voltage is a
function of the current transformer
kneepoint voltage and the
prospective voltage that would be
produced for an internal fault if
current transformer saturation did
not occur. Note, the internal fault
level, I'f , can be significantly higher
than the external fault level, If , on
generators where current can be fed
from the supply system and the
generator.
Vp = 2 2VK (Vf – VK) (6)
Vf = I'f (RCT + 2RL + RST + Rr) (7)
where Vp = peak voltage
developed by the CT
under internal fault
conditions.
Vk = current transformer
knee-point voltage.
 Vf = maximum voltage that This is due to the fact that the current
would be produced if waveform through the Metrosil is not
CT saturation did not sinusoidal but appreciably distorted.
occur.
For satisfactory application of a
I'f = maximum internal non-linear resistor (Metrosil), it’s
secondary fault characteristic should be such that it
current. complies with the following
RCT = current transformer requirements:
secondary winding At the relay voltage setting, the non-
resistance.
linear resistor (Metrosil) current
RL = maximum lead burden should be as low as possible, but no
from current greater than approximately 30mA
transformer to relay. rms for 1A current transformers and
RST = relay stabilising approximately 100mA rms for 5A
resistor. current transformers.
Rr = Relay ohmic The metrosil units normally
impedance at setting. recommended for use with 1A CTs
When the value of Vp is greater are as follows:
than 3000V peak, non-linear
resistors (Metrosils) should be
applied. These Metrosils are Stability voltage Recommended metrosil type
effectively connected across the Vs (V) rms Single pole Triple pole
relay circuit, or phase to neutral of Up to 125V 600A/S1/S256 600A/S3/I/S802
the ac buswires, and serve the C = 450 C = 450
purpose of shunting the secondary
125-300V 600A/S1/S1088 600A/S3/I/S1195
current output of the current
C = 900 C = 900
transformer from the relay circuit in
order to prevent very high The metrosil units normally
secondary voltages. recommended for use with 5A CTs and
These Metrosils are externally single pole relays are as follows:
mounted and take the form of
annular discs, of 152mm diameter Secondary Recommended metrosil type
and approximately 10mm thickness. internal fault Relay stability voltage, Vs (V) rms
Their operating characteristics Current
follow the expression: (A) rms Up to 200V 250V 275V 300V
V = CI 0.25 (8) 50A 600A/S1/S1213 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1223
C = 540/640 C = 670/800 C = 670/800 C = 740/870
where V = Instantaneous voltage
100A 600A/S2/P/S1217 600A/S2/P/S1215 600A/S2/P/S1215 600A/S2/P/S1196
applied to the
C = 470/540 C = 570/670 C = 570/670 C = 620/740
non-linear resistor
150A 600A/S3/P/S1219 600A/S3/P/S1220 600A/S3/P/S1221 600A/S3/P/S1222
(Metrosil)
C = 430/500 C = 520/620 C = 570/670 C = 620/740
C = constant of the non-
linear resistor The single pole Metrosil units
(Metrosil) recommended for use with 5A CTs
I = instantaneous current can also be used with triple pole
through the non-linear relays and consist of three single
resistor (Metrosil) pole units mounted on the same
central stud but electrically insulated
With a sinusoidal voltage applied from each other. A ‘triple pole’
across the Metrosil, the RMS current Metrosil type and the reference
would be approximately 0.52x the should be specified when ordering.
peak current. This current value can Metrosil units for higher stability
be calculated as follows: voltage settings and fault currents
Vs(rms) x 2 4 can be supplied if required.
I(rms) = 0.52 C
(9)

where Vs(rms) = rms value of the

sinusoidal voltage applied across
the Metrosil.

4
The KCGG
The KCGG142 is a numerical 3
phase overcurrent and earth fault
relay with 3 stages of phase and
earth fault protection, I>/Io>, I>>/
Io>> and I>>>/Io>>> which can
be used for 3 phase differential
protection or restricted earth fault
(REF) protection. The KCGG122 is a
numerical single phase overcurrent
and earth fault relay with the same
3 stages of phase and earth fault
protection, which can be used for
REF protection only. It is
recommended that the I> element is
used as the main protection element
for 3 phase differential protection
and the Io> element for restricted
earth fault applications. This is
because the I>/Io> elements have
increased through fault stability
compared to the I>>/Io>> and
I>>>/Io>>> elements. The I>/Io>
elements operate when the Fourier
value exceeds the threshold setting
and the positive and negative peak
values exceed 90% of the threshold
setting. The I>>/Io>> and I>>>/
Io>>> elements operate when the
Fourier derived values exceeds the
threshold setting or where the peak
of any half cycle exceeds twice the
set threshold. Since the differential
spill current is likely to contain a dc
offset level, the positive and
negative peaks will have different
amplitudes and so the I>/Io>
element is more stable. The time
delay characteristic should be
selected to be definite time and with
a setting of zero seconds.
The output relay that is to trip the
circuit breakers must be allocated in
the relay masks for t>A, t>B and
t>C. Any relay allocated in these
relay masks will dwell in the closed
state for a minimum of 100
milliseconds, even if fleeting
operation of the protection should
occur, ensuring positive operation of
the circuit breaker, or trip relay. It is
not advised that the start outputs
from I> are used because they do
not have this in-built minimum
contact dwell.
Separate output relays may be
allocated to each phase trip if it is
required to have phase segregated
outputs. However, the three relay
masks, t>A, t>B and t>C must also
be assigned to relay RLY3, for fault
records to be generated. Phase
information will be included in the
fault flags.
The Io>>/Io>>>/I>>/I>>>
elements not being used should be
disabled by setting the phase and
earth fault function links PF1, PF2,
EF1 and EF2 to 0.
Setting ranges of I>/Io> elements
are:
I> 0.08 – 3.2In
Io> 0.005 – 0.8In
The ohmic impedance (Rr) of the
auxiliary powered KCGG over the
whole setting range is 0.06Ω for 1A
relays and 0.006Ω for 5A relays ie.
independent of current. To comply
with the definition for a high
impedance relay, it is necessary, in
most applications, to utilise an
externally mounted stabilising
resistor in series with the relay.
The standard values of the
stabilising resistors normally
supplied with the relay, on request,
are 220Ω and 47Ω for 1A and 5A
relay ratings respectively. In
applications such as busbar
protection, where higher values of
stabilising resistor are often required
to obtain the desired relay voltage
setting, non-standard resistor values
can be supplied. The standard
resistors are wire wound,
continuously adjustable and have a
continuous rating of 145W.
Applying the KCGG
The recommended relay current
setting for restricted earth fault
protection is usually determined by
the minimum fault current available
for operation of the relay and
whenever possible it should not be
greater than 30% of the minimum
fault level. For busbar protection, it
is considered good practice by
some utilities to set the minimum
primary operating current in excess
of the rated load. Thus, if one of the
current transformers becomes open
circuit the high impedance relay
does not maloperate.
The Io> earth fault element in the
KCGG142 with it’s low current
5
settings can be used for busbar
supervision. When a CT or the
buswires become open circuited the
3 phase currents will become
unbalanced and residual current will
flow. Hence, the Io> earth fault
element should give an alarm for
open circuit conditions but will not
stop a maloperation of the
differential element if the relay is set
below rated load. Whenever
possible the supervision primary
operating current should not be
more than 25 amps or 10% of the
smallest circuit rating, whichever is
the greater. The earth fault element
(Io>) should be connected at the
star point of the stabilising resistors,
as shown in Figure 9. The time
delay setting for the supervision
elements (to>) should be at least 3
seconds to ensure that spurious
operation does not occur during any
through fault. This earth fault
element will operate for an open
circuit CT on any one phase, or two
phases, but not necessarily for a
fault on all three when the currents
may sumate to zero. The supervision
may be supplemented with a spare
phase protection stage (I>>>) set to
the same setting as the Io> element
or its lowest setting, 0.08In, if the
Io> supervision setting is less than
0.08In. Note that the Io current
should be checked when the busbar
is under load. This can be viewed in
the Measurements 1 menu in the
relay. It is important that the Io>
threshold is set above any standing
Io unbalance current.
The supervision element should be
used to energise an auxiliary relay
with hand reset contacts connected
to short circuit the buswires.
This renders the busbar zone
protection inoperative and prevents
thermal damage to the Metrosil.
Contacts may also be required for
busbar supervision alarm purposes.
It is recommended that the dual
powered KCEG242 relay is not
used for differential protection
because of the start-up time delay
when powered from the CTs alone,
approximately 200ms. Also, the
minimum setting of the phase
overcurrent elements, 0.4In, would
limit its application for differential
protection.
Figures 3 to 9 show how high
impedance relays can be applied in
a number of different situations.
Advanced application
requirements for through fault
stability
When Vs from formula 2 becomes
too restrictive for the application, the
following notes should be
considered. The information is
based on the transient and steady
state stability limits derived from
conjunctive testing of the relay.
Using this information will allow a
lower stability voltage to be applied
to the relay, but the calculations
become a little more involved.
There are two factors to be
considered that affect the stability of
the scheme. The first is saturation of
the current transformers caused by
the dc transient component of the
fault current and the second is
steady state saturation caused by
the symmetrical ac component of
fault current only.
Transient stability limit
To ensure through fault stability with
a transient offset in the fault current
the required voltage setting is given
by:
Vs = 40 + 0.05RST +
0.04If(RCT + 2RL) (10)
If this value is lower than that given
by formula 2 then it should be used
instead.
Vs and RST are unknowns in
equation (10). However, for a relay
current setting Ir, the value of RST
can be calculated by substituting for
Vs using equation (5), Vs = Ir RST.
RST Ir = 40 + 0.05RST +
0.04If(RCT+ 2RL) (11)
Steady state stability limit
To ensure through fault stability with
non offset currents:
(RCT+ 2RL) must not exceed
(VK + Vs)/If. (12)
Typical Setting Examples
Restricted earth fault
protection
The correct application of the
KCGG as a high impedance relay
can best be illustrated by taking the
case of the 11000/415V,
1000kVA, X = 5%, power
transformer shown in Figure 10, for
which restricted earth fault
protection is required on the LV
winding. CT ratio is 100/5A.
Stability voltage
The power transformer full load
current
1000 x 103
=
3 x 415
= 1391A
Maximum through fault level
(ignoring source impedance)
100
= x 1391
5
= 27820A
Required relay stability voltage
(assuming one CT saturated)
= 0.5If (RCT + 2RL)
= 0.5 x 27820
5
x (0.3 + 0.08)
1500
= 17.6V
Stabilising resistor
Assuming that the relay effective
setting for a solidly earthed power
transformer is approximately 30% of
full load current, we can choose a
relay current setting, Io> = 20% of
5A ie. 1A. On this basis the
required value of stabilising resistor
is:
V
RST = s
Ir
= 17.6
1 If the peak voltage appearing
= 17.6 ohms
5A rated KCGG relays can be
supplied, on request, with stabilising
resistors that are continuously
adjustable between 0 and 47Ω.
Thus, a stabilising resistance of
17.6Ω can be set using the
standard supplied resistor.
6
Current transformer
requirements
To ensure that internal faults are
cleared in the shortest possible time
the knee point voltage of the current
transformers should be at least 5
times the stability voltage, Vs.
VK = 5Vs
= 5 x 17.6
= 88V
The exciting current to be drawn by
the current transformers at the relay
stability voltage, Vs, will be:
Is – Ir
Ie <
n
where Is = relay effective setting
30 5
= x 1391 x
100 1500
= 1.4A
Ir (Io>) = relay setting
= 1A
n = number of current
transformers in parallel
with the relay
= 4
1.4 – 1
∴ Ie @ 17.6V < 4
< 0.1A
The time delay setting of the to>
element should be set to 0s.
The Io>>/Io>>>/I>>/I>>>
elements not used should be
disabled by setting the phase and
earth fault function links PF1, PF2,
EF1 and EF2 to 0. Note, the phase
overcurrent elements not used for
restricted earth fault protection could
be used to provide normal
overcurrent protection.
Metrosil non-linear resistor
requirements
across the relay circuit under
maximum internal fault conditions
exceeds 3000V peak then a
suitable non-linear resistor
(Metrosil), externally mounted,
should be connected across the
relay and stabilising resistor, in
order to protect the insulation of the
current transformers, relay and
interconnecting leads. In the present
case the peak voltage can be
estimated by the formula:
Vp = 2 2VK (Vf – VK)
where VK = 88V (In practice this
should be the actual current
transformer kneepoint voltage,
obtained from the current
transformer magnetisation curve).
Vf = If(RCT + 2RL RST + Rr)
5 The application for a high
= 27820 x x
1500
(0.3 + 0.08 + 17.6)
= 92.7 x 17.98
= 1667V
Therefore substituting these values
for VK and Vf into the main formula,
it can be seen that the peak voltage
developed by the current
transformer is:
Vp = 2 2VK (Vf – VK)
= 2 2 x 88 x (1667 – 88)
= 1054V
This value is well below the
maximum of 3000V peak and
therefore no Metrosils are required
with the relay. If, on the other hand,
the peak voltage VP given by the
formula had been greater than
3000V peak, a non-linear resistor
(Metrosil) would have to be
connected across the relay and the
stabilising resistor.
The recommended non-linear
resistor type would have to be
chosen in accordance with the
maximum secondary internal fault
current and the voltage setting.
Busbar Protection
A typical 132kV double bus
generating station is made up of
two 100MVA generators and
associated step-up transformers,
providing power to the high voltage
system, by means of four overhead
transmission lines, shown in
Figure 2. The main and reserve
busbars are sectionalised with bus
section circuit breakers.
impedance circulating current
scheme having 4 zones and an
overall check feature, is as follows:
The switchgear rating is 3500MVA,
the system voltage is 132kV solidly
earthed and the maximum loop lead
resistance is 4 ohms. The current
transformers are of ratio 500/1
amp and have a secondary
resistance of 0.7 ohms.
Stability voltage
The stability level of the busbar
protection is governed by the
maximum through fault level which
is assumed to be the switchgear
rating. Using the switchgear rating
allows for any future system
expansion.
3500 x 10 6 = 0.8A
= = 15300A
3 x 132 x 103
Required relay stability voltage
(assuming one CT is saturated)
= 0.5 If (RCT + 2RL)
0.5 x 15300 (0.7 + 4)
=
500
= 72V
Current setting
The primary operating current of
busbar protection is normally set to
less than 30% of the minimum fault
level. It is also considered good
practice by some utilities to set the
minimum primary operating current
in excess of the rated load. Thus, if
one of the CTs becomes open circuit
the high impedance relay does not
maloperate.
The primary operating current
should be made less than 30% of
the minimum fault current and more
than the full load current of one of
the incomers. Thus, if one of the
incomer CTs becomes open circuit
7
the differential protection will not
maloperate. It is assumed that 30%
of the minimum fault current is more
than the full load current of the
largest circuit.
Full load current
100 x 103 = 438A
=
3 x 132
Discriminating zone
Magnetising current taken by each
CT at 72V = 0.072A
Maximum number of CTs per
zone = 5
Relay current setting,
Ir(I>) = 400A = 0.8In
Relay primary operating current,
Iop = CT ratio x (Ir + nIe)
= 500 x (0.8 + (5 x 0.072))
= 500 x 1.16
= 580A (132% full load
current)
Check zone
Magnetising current taken by each
CT at 72V = 0.072A
Maximum number of circuits = 6
Relay current setting, Ir (I>)
Relay primary operating current,
Iop = 500 x (0.8 + (6 x 0.072))
= 500 x 1.232
= 616A
(141% full load current)
Therefore, by setting Ir (I>) = 0.8A,
the primary operating current of the
busbar protection meets the
requirements stated earlier.
Stabilising resistor
The required value of the stabilising
resistor is:
Vs
RST =
Ir
72
=
0.8
= 90Ω
Therefore the standard 220Ω
variable resistor can be used.
Current transformer
requirements
To ensure that internal faults are
cleared in the shortest possible time
the knee point voltage of the current
transformers should be at least 5
times the stability voltage, Vs.
Vk/Vs = 5
Vk = 360V
Metrosil non-linear resistor
requirements
If the peak voltage appearing
across the relay circuit under
maximum internal fault conditions
exceeds 3000V peak then a
suitable non-linear resistor
(Metrosil), externally mounted,
should be connected across the
relay and stabilising resistor, in
order to protect the insulation of the
current transformers, relay and
interconnecting leads. In the present
case the peak voltage can be
estimated by the formula:
Vp = 2 2VK (Vf – VK)
where VK = 360V (In practice this
should be the actual current
transformer kneepoint voltage,
obtained from the current
transformer magnetisation curve).
Vr = I'f(RCT + 2RL + RST + Rr)
1 stability
= 15300 x x (0.7 + 4 + 90)
500
= 30.6 x 94.7
= 2898V
Therefore substituting these values
for VK and Vf into the main formula,
it can be seen that the peak voltage
developed by the current
transformer is:
Vp = 2 2VK (Vf – VK)
= 2 2 x 360 x (2898 – 360)
= 2704V
This value is below the maximum of
3000V peak and therefore no
Metrosils are required with the
relay. If, on the other hand, the peak
voltage VP given by the formula had
been greater than 3000V peak, a
non-linear resistor (Metrosil) would
have to be connected across the
relay and the stabilising resistor. Transient stability limit
The recommended non-linear
Vs = 40 + 0.05 RST + 0.04 x
resistor type would have to be
15300/500 (0.7 + 4)
chosen in accordance with the
maximum internal fault current and Vs = 45.753 + 0.05 RST
the voltage setting.
Vs = Ir RST
Busbar supervision The relay current setting, Ir = 0.8In
Whenever possible the supervision 0.8 RST = 45.753 + 0.05 RST
primary operating current should
RST = 61Ω
not be more than 25 amps or 10%
of the smallest circuit, whichever is Vs = 0.8 x 61 = 48.8V
the greater.
Steady state stability limit
The Io> earth fault element in the
(RCT + 2RL) < (VK + Vs)/IF.
KCGG142 with its low current
settings can be used for busbar Assuming VK = 5 Vs
supervision. (6 x 48.8)
(0.7 + 4) <
Assuming that 25A is greater than (15300/500)
10% of the smallest circuit current. 4.7 < 9.57
Io> = 25/500 = 0.05In Thus, the steady state stability
Using the I>>> element for 3 phase requirement is met.
busbar supervision
VK = 5 Vs = 244V
I>>> = 0.08In (minimum setting) Using the advanced application
The time delay setting of the to> and method the knee point voltage
t>>> elements, used for busbar requirement has been reduced to
supervision, is 3s. 244V compared to the conventional
method where the knee point
The Io>>/Io>>>/I>> elements not
voltage was calculated to be 360V.
used should be disabled by setting
the phase and earth fault function
links PF1, EF1 and EF2 to 0.
Advanced application
requirements for through fault
The previous busbar protection
example is used here to demonstrate
the use of the advanced application
requirements for through stability.
To ensure through fault stability with
a transient offset in the fault current
the required voltage setting is given
by:
Vs = 40 + 0.05RST +
0.04IF(RCT+ 2RL)
If this value is lower than that given
by formula 2 then it should be used
instead.
To ensure through fault stability with
non offset currents:
(RCT+ 2RL) must not exceed
(VK + Vs)/If.
8
 100MVA 15kV

100MVA 132/15kV

132kV

Main
reserve

Figure 2: Double busbar generating station.

P1 P2 P1 P2
A A
S1 S2 S1 S2
Protected
B B
plant

C C

21 R A 23 R B 25 R C
Protective
relays 22 v 24 v 26 v
Figure 3: Phase and earth fault differential
protection for generators, motors or R ST R ST R ST
reactors.

P1 P2
A
S1 S2
B

27 28
Figure 4: Restricted earth fault protection for P2 S2 R ST
R
3 phase, 3 wire system-applicable to
star connected generators or power v
transformer windings.
P1 S1

9
 P1 P2
A
S1 S2
B

Figure 5: Balanced or restricted earth fault 27 28

protection for delta winding of a R R ST
power transformer with supply
system earthed.

P2 P1
A
S2 S1
B

P2 P1
N
Figure 6: Restricted earth fault protection for
3 phase, 4 wire system-applicable to S2 S1
star connected generators or power
transformer windings with neutral
earthed at switchgear. 27 28
R R ST

P2 P1
A
S2 S1
B

P2 P1
N
S2 S1
Figure 7: Restricted earth fault protection for 27 28
3 phase, 4 wire system-applicable to P2 S2 R R ST
star connected generators or power
transformer windings earthed directly v
at the star point. P1 S1

10
 P1 P2 P2 P1
A
S2 S1 P2 P1
S1 S2 A
B
S2 S1
B
C

Figure 8: Phase and earth fault differential 21 R A 23 R B 25 R C

Protective
protection for an auto-transformer
relays 22 v 24 v 26 v
with CTs at the neutral star point.
R ST R ST R ST

P1 S1

P2 S2

A
B
C

P2 S2 P2 S2

Figure 9: Busbar protection – simple single P1 S1 P1 S1

zone phase and earth fault scheme.
A
B
C
21 R 23 RB 25 R
A C
Contacts from Protective v v v
buswire relays 22 24 26
supervision R ST R ST R ST
auxiliary relay 27
RN Buswire
28 supervision

11kV
415V 1500/5A
A
R CT
B

RL RL
RL

Figure 10: Restricted earth fault protection on a

power transformer LV winding. R CT
Data Restricted
Protection: R L = 0.04Ω earth fault
R LC = 0.3Ω protection

Transformer: X = 5% RL

11
 ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd St Leonards Works, Stafford, ST17 4LX England
Tel: 44 (0) 1785 223251 Fax: 44 (0) 1785 212232 Email: pcs.enquiries@tde.alstom.com Internet: www.alstom.com
©2000 ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd

Our policy is one of continuous development. Accordingly the design of our products may change at any time. Whilst every effort is made to produce up to date literature, this brochure should
only be regarded as a guide and is intended for information purposes only. Its contents do not constitute an offer for sale or advice on the application of any product referred to in it.
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd cannot be held responsible for any reliance on any decisions taken on its contents without specific advice.

Publication R6142B Printed in England.