LARYNX

Structure[edit]
The triangle-shaped larynx consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another and to surroundings structures by
muscles or by fibrous and elastic tissue components. It is lined by a ciliated mucous membrane. The cavity of the larynx
extends from its triangle-shaped inlet the epiglottis to the circular outlet at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it is
continuous with the lumen of the trachea. The mucous membrane lining the larynx form two pairs of lateral folds that jut inward
into its cavity. The upper folds are called the vestibular folds. They are also sometimes called the false vocal folds for the rather
obvious reason that they play no part in vocalization. The lower pair serves as the vocal folds, which produce sounds needed
for speech and other vocalizations. The vocal folds are sometimes called the true vocal folds or simply vocal cords (and often
mistakenly spelt as, “vocal chords”). The slitlike space between the left and right vocal folds, called the rima glottidis, is the
narrowest part of the larynx. The vocal folds and the space between them (rima glottidis) are together designated as the glottis.
An endoscopic view of the vocal folds and related structures. The laryngeal cavity above the vestibular folds is called the
vestibule. The very middle portion of the cavity between the vestibular and vocal folds is the ventricle of the larynx, or laryngeal
ventricle. The infraglottic cavity is the open space below the glottis.

Location[edit]
In adult humans, the larynx is found in the anterior neck at the level of the C3–C6 vertebrae. It connects the inferior part of
the pharynx (hypopharynx) with the trachea. The laryngeal skeleton consists of six cartilages: three single
(epiglottic, thyroid and cricoid) and three paired (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform). The hyoid bone is not part of the larynx,
though the larynx is suspended from the hyoid. The larynx extends vertically from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of
the cricoid cartilage. Its interior can be divided in supraglottis, glottis and subglottis.

PHARYNX
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above
the esophagus and larynx – the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs. It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates,
though its structure varies across species.
In humans, the pharynx is part of the digestive system and the conducting zone of the respiratory system. (The conducting
zone—which also includes the nostrils of the nose, the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles—filters, warms and moistens
air and conducts it into the lungs).[1] The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It is also important in vocalization.
In humans, two sets of pharyngeal muscles form the pharynx and determine the shape of its lumen. They are arranged as an
inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer.

Oropharynx[edit]
The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through
the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch, is
the palatine tonsil.[4] The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up
of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and
the uvula. Because both foodand air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over
the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration. The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified
epithelium.
The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella
corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched
and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children.[5] Fusobacteriumis

Anaerobic respiration