iberiul-

iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba

XXXVI 2008

nargiza surmava

r bgeris refleqsi qvemoayarulsa da lazurSi

ayarul dialeqtSi fonetikuri procesebis mimoxilvisas saxeldeba

specifikuri movlena _ r bgeris reduqcia winamavali xmovnis sakompen-
sacio dagrZelebiT: yvÒTi, m›to, x’ci... (J. noGaideli, S. nijaraZe, m. fa-
Gava da sxv.).
ufro dawvrilebiT SevexebiT am Taviseburebasa da masTan dakavSi-
rebul sakiTxebs.
upirvelesad xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom r-s reduqcia Tanam-
devi winamavali xmovnis sigrZiT lokaluri movlenaa da ukavSirdeba
konkretul sametKvelo ubanSi r bgeris artikulaciur Taviseburebas.
qedis raionis mkvidri advilad gamosacnobia misi metKvelebis mi-
xedviT, pirvel rigSi ki imiT, Tu rogor gamoTqvams igi r bgeras.
TviT qedis raionSi am movlenis centrs merisis xeoba warmoadgens. aya-
raSi anekdotadaa qceuli meriselis gamonaTqvami: `totuaÓ-motuaÓ
(trotuari-motuari) › vici me, m›(r)Tebul gzaze via(r)o~. aqve unda
aGiniSnos, rom es movlena _ r-s gansxvavebuli refleqsi _ met-nakle-
bad damaxasiaTebelia qedis raionis mimdebare xelvaCauris raionis
soflebisTvisac. gvxvdeba amave sartKelSi mdebare mayaxlis xeobasa da
kirnaT-maradidul (nigalur) metKvelebaSi. ase rom, Tu ayarul kilos
sam kilokaur erTeulad davKofT (qobuleTuri, qvemoayaruli da zemo-
ayaruli), r-s gansxva
gansxvave
sxvavebu
vebuli
buli arti
artiku
tikula
kulacia
lacia SeiZ
SeiZle
iZleba
leba CaiT
CaiTva
iTvalos
valos qve
qve-
ve-
moa
moayaru
yaruli
ruli kilo
kiloka
lokavi
kavisa
visaTvis
saTvis erT-
erT-erT ganmas
ganmasxva
masxvave
xvavebel
vebel maxa
maxasi
xasia
siaTeblad
Teblad.
lad.
qvemoayarulSi r bgeris warmoTqmisas ena ar aris miaxloebuli ze-
da nunebTan (rogorc es gvaqvs, Cveulebriv, qarTulSi, roca am bgeras
warmovTqvamT), aramed maTgan sakmaodaa daSorebuli. sxva mdgomareoba-
Sia, zeaweulia, enis ukana nawilis kideebi. aseTi artikulaciis gamo
qvemoayarulSi r susti bgeraa, romelic advilad emorCileba koarti-
kulaciur gavlenebs. misi SemarTvisa da damarTvis momentebi ise Se-
erwKmis winamavali da momdevno bgerebisas, rom TviT es bgera ZlivsGa
aGiqmeba da Tu sitKva ucnobia, SesaZloa, misi arseboba saerTod ver
davafiqsiroT.
gadavideT konkretuli masalis mimoxilvaze. Cveni dakvirveba eKrd-
noba smeniT aGqmas am bgerisa gabmul metKvelebaSi. saamisod mivmarTav-
diT cocxal dialeqtur metKvelebaze uSualo dakvirvebas da magni-
tofirze Caweril masalebs.
Jer ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca r-s winamavali xmovani iZens sig-
186 n. surmava

rZes. es xdeba poziciaSi Vr rC (anu roca r bgeris Semdeg modis mar-

cvalTgasaKari). am dros SesaZlebelia ori varianti: a) xmovanma SeiZi-
nos sigrZe da imavdroulad ismodes sustad r bgera an b) r bgera sa-
erTod ar ismodes da gvqondes mxolod winamavali xmovnis sigrZe. wina-
mavali xmovani grZelia orsav variantSi.
aGniSnul poziciaSi, r bgeris artikulaciuri Taviseburebis gamo,
gadasvla r bgeridan momdevno Cqamier Tanxmovanze xdeba daKovnebiT,
ris Sedegadac iqmneba winamavali xmovnis sigrZis an ormagobis efeqti.
xmovnis sigrZe ufro gamokveTilia, Tu igi maxviliania, xolo r
bgeris momdevnod gvaqvs xSuli Tanxmovani an napralovani S, s, G, x
bgerebi. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba 2-3 marcvlian sitKvebSi. am dros
maxviliT gamowveul xmovnis sigrZes aZlierebs r bgeris saartikulacio
sigrZe da rac ufro intensiurad warmoiTqmis winamavali xmovani, miT
ufro sustad ismis r bgera da rwKmul metKvelebaSi sruliad ikar-
gvis. amis magaliTebia:
`Suuyamian, gimix›(r)deboda~ (cxmorisi).
`KŸ(r)Zeni zed dawKobilio~ (cxmorisi).
`Ca›(r)benies ded-mamam~ (zundaga).
`›(r)gveviebs Cqolefs~ (cxemna).
`Kuèis ZÒ(r)Si, baxCi(s) bolos SamSobloa~ (merisi).
`m’(r)To tièili~ (inaSariZeebi).
`Seni waKvanis dœèdi aè maq~ (silibauri).
`J›(r)Si badiSi mKa–da~ (merisi).
`im Ta–jdumaèem ibèeTi damm›(r)Ta~ (koromxeTi).
`ra vqna, z’(r)Si var!~ (koromxeTi).
`pÒ(r)s ge–xsnidiT xalxi~ (sixaliZeebi).
`axla dugunis doneTi x›(r)Ji gadis, èa vici~ (skurdidi).
`axla maT gameÓgones Tu f’(r)moben, èa vici~(aGmarTi).
gavz›(r)de; d›(r)Ca; dœ(r)di; yvÒ(r)Ti...
(susti r bgera aGvniSnulia pirobiTad niSniT _ è. xolo frCxi-
lebSi Casmulia dakarguli r da s bgerebi).
ar da ver uarKofiTi nawilakebi SesitKvebaSi, Cveulebriv, maxvi-
lis matarebelia. am maxvilis qveS enkliziis gziT erTiandeba momdevno
sitKva, iqmneba morfemaTa miJnis situacia. amitomac am nawilakTa a da
e xmovnebi KovelTvis grZlad, maGal tonalobaSi warmoiTqmis, ris Se-
degadac momdevno susti r bgera iCrdileba, ar ismis. amis nimuSebia:
`saxli › datioT~(silibauri).
`› modis odaSi~(merisi).
`aG› Semoxvide Sen odaSio~ (maxunceTi).
`vœ Sevel dèoze-dÿ~ (meZibna).
`vœ wevedi, davanebe da mezoblis qal vatan~ (skurdidi).
`› mual~ (qeda).
`sxapaèi vœ wamodgeba~ (maxunceTi).
 r bgeris refleqsi qvemoayarulSi lazurTan SedarebiT 187

`vœ geÓvlis, vœ gasxnida, vœ weÓa(r)da~ (koromxeTi).

`ve(r)afœSi vœ mivexmaèeT~ (skurdidi).
`axlos ›cna gaaTx–o, ›cØna iTx–o, œTi GeleØna Cadiodes~ (cxemna).
`qali aG› duu(r)Ca~(aGmarTi).
xmovnis gaormagebis efeqti gvaqvs metwilad iseT SemTxvevebSi, ro-
ca r-s win uZGvis o da i xmovnebi. SesaZlebelia sxva xmovanic gaor-
magdes, Tu marcvali logikur-emociuri maxvilis matarebelia. magali-
Tebi:
`qazimaÓ x¢o(r)cis baz›(r)ze iKo, x’c Kidda~ (uCxiTi)
`oo(r)Tves qedas iKo~ (cxemna).
`deewkapen am kii(r)klebma da mivden~ (agara).
`xmamaGla gana vœ etKodi, sii(r)cxvili iKo~ (koromxeTi).
`dÿaCnen mela da daTvi~ (dologani).
`gÿa(r)gniT (gargniT) ase gavxoxdebi ezoSi~ (gundauri).
VrrV poziciaSi r bgera SesaZloa ismodes sustad an kompleqsis
warmoTqmaSi sruliad daikargos. am poziciaSi winamavali xmovani Seda-
rebiT gamokveTilad aGiqmeba, magram grZeli ar aris. amasTan, difTon-
gizaciis procesi, romelic r-s dakargvis Semdeg xmovanTa TavmoKris
SemTxvevaSi iKo mosalodneli, TiTqos ar xdeba: meisi (<merisi) da ara
meÓsi, sapaikmaxeèo da ara sapaÓkmaxeèo. SesaZloa es imiT aixsnas, rom
metKvelis cnobierebaSi r potenciurad arsebobs.
`Cem sofels inaSa(r)iZiebs etKvian~ (merisi).
`mie(r)e dGes imfo SemeSina~ (koromxeTi).
`SaTi(r)aÓ qvioda~ (koromxeTi).
`me(r)is viKav~ (meZibna).
`wifli qe(r)eyi Zreboda~(maxunceTi).
`midi-modian da kide uyi(r)an~ (aGmarTi).
`Ku(r)uTebi viciT im naduGidan~ (merisi).
`œTi oci dGe me uma(r)ilo ka(r)aqi mqonda~ (ayariswKali)
`masxa(r)a mamamTili mKa–da~ (cxmorisi).
`fa(r)a, yu(r)ebi, lafe(r)a...~
amrigad, wina
winama
namava
mavali
vali xmovnis
xmovnis sigrZe
sigrZe Sei
SeiniSne
niSneba
neba mxolod
mxolod erT –
VrrC pozi
pozici
zicia
ciaSi.
Si.
rom kavSiri kilokavSi ufro xSirad warmodgenilia saxecvliT -
Tavkiduri r-s gareSe: om, um. um. am procesSic gadamwKveti Cans prokli-
zia-enkliziis faqtori. rom kavSiri Tavisi maxvilis qveS miierTebs wi-
namaval sitKvas da iqmneba isev morfemaTa miJnis situacia, anu r bgera
eqceva intervokalur poziciaSi da ikargvis.
`axlaØom avaT gaxde...~ (koromxeTi).
`vicxaØom miwas emsaxureboda, amomTxrelefs~ (cxemna).
`me mixariaØom, wevdeT~ (cxemna).
`SuuyiyineØom fosTze dgas~(uCxiTi).
r bgera sustia Kvela poziciaSi, sitKvis TavkidurSi - xmovnis win,
188 n. surmava

Tanxmovnis win; TanxmovanTa TavmoKris SemTxvevaSi. magram gansakuTre-

biT xSirad ikargvis bagismier da winaenismier xSul TanxmovanTa Se-
mdgom. magaliTad, mayaxleli qalis gvari rom mofrinaZea da ara mofi-
naZe, misi gamoTqmis mixedviT SeuZlebeli iKo mixvedra; motialda<mo-
trialda da misT. igive procesi, xSulis momdevno r-s dakargva, SeniS-
nulia megrulSi da yanuris xofur metKvelebaSi. magaliTebi: megruli-
dan - fimuli (<frimuli), pianeba (<prianeba), wabi (<wabri); xofuridan
- gesta (<gresta) (jGenti 1960, 83).
aGsaniSnavia, rom qvemoayarulSi, rig sitKvebSi, romlebic xSirad
moixmarebian, molaparakis mcdelobis miuxedavad, misgan TviTkontro-
lis SemTxvevaSic ki, r bgera ikargeba. aseTebia: œTi, m›to, m›Tla,
sÒcxvili, pÒveli, mÒbis, sÒbili, œ(r)cxva, GmœTi, ma(r)ili, me(r)isi,
d›(r)Ca, lapaiki, Tva(r)a, ma(r)a, daat(r)iala, s›(r)Ze, xŸ(r)da, TŸqeTi,
de(r)gi da a.S.
amrigad, qvemo
qvemoa
moayaru
yaruli
rulisa
lisaTvis
saTvis niSan
niSandob
Sandobli
doblivia
livia r bgeris
bgeris refleq
refleqsi,
leqsi,
arti
artikukula
laci
tikulaci ciu
u rad ramde
ramdenad
nadme
denad me gansxva
gan sxvave
vebu
buli,
sxvavebu li, saer
saerTo
er To qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli r
bgeri
bgerisa
risagan
sagan.
gan. am niSniT
niSniT qvemo
qvemoa
moayaru
yaruli
ruli SeiZ
SeiZle
iZleba
leba dau
daupiris
pirispir
rispirdes
pirdes aya-
aya-
ruli
ruli diadialeqtis
leqtis sxva kilo
kiloka
lokavebs
kavebs.
vebs.
qvemoayaruli r Zlier mogvagonebs lazur (xofur) r bgeras, rome-
lic qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi kargad aris cnobili. unda vifiqroT,
rom am or movlenas saerTo safuZveli aqvs.
yanuri r bgera qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi kargad aris cnobili. mis
Sesaxeb b-ni g. axvlediani aGniSnavs: `qarTuli r nunismieria anu alve-
olaruli; amaze gacilebiT sustia (rogorc Cans, vibraciaTa ricxvis
simciris gamo) yanuri enis r. igi xSirad ikargvis an icvleba Ó-d~ (ax-
vlediani 1949, 41).
yanuri r bgera palatografiuli meTodiT Seiswavla b-nma s.
jGentma. igi Semdegnairad aGwers mas: `sarfuli r-s warmoTqmisas enis
wveris vibracia araa im saxis, rogorc normaluri r-s warmoTqmis
dros. enis wveri ufro dune mdgomareobaSia. igi ar aris mimarTuli
maGla nunebisaken, ise rogorc amas adgili aqvs Cveulebriv r-s warmo-
Tqmisas~ (jGenti 1953, 73). `yanuri r ramdenadme inglisur r-s mogva-
gonebs. rogorc cnobilia, inglisuri r aravibranti bgeraa, enis wve-
ris vibracia ar xdeba. inglisuri r-s warmoTqmisas enis wversa da al-
veolebs Soris da enis ukana nawilsa da rbil sasas Soris sakmaod
farTo are aqvs gasavleli. amitomaa, rom inglisurSi xmovnis Semdeg r
mas erwKmis, r-s vokalizacia mosdis~ (jGenti 1965, 57).
xolo q-ni n. kiziria palatografiuli da rentgenografiuli mona-
cemebis safuZvelze daaskvnis, rom: `Tu davakvirdebiT velo-dento-pa-
latogramas... advilad SevamCnevT enis gverdebis Sexebis kvals sasis
orive mxares mcire ZiriTadi da ZiriTadi kbilebis gaswvriv. Sexebis
adgilebs Soris rCeba sakmaod didi sicariele, romelic Kvelaze viw-
roa mcire ZiriTad kbilebs Soris... enis wveri aweulia zemoT nunebi-
 r bgeris refleqsi qvemoayarulSi lazurTan SedarebiT 189

saken, magram nunebs ar exeba... yanuri r alveolaruli Tanxmovania. (ki-

ziria 1974, 29). `rr bgeris vibraciulobac kargad aris gamoxatuli os-
cilogramaze, sadac rxevebi enis wveris TrTolas Seesabameba~ (kiziria
1974, 50).
gavavloT paraleli qvemoayarulisa da lazuris r bgeras Soris
bgeraTcvlis procesebis TvalsazrisiT.
b-ni arn. Ciqobava, exeba ra bgeraTcvlis procesebs yanurSi, wers:
`pirvel Kovlisa, aGsaniSnavia r-s dasusteba-dakargva.. procesi gavrce-
lebulia xofurSi da viwur-arqabulSi, am ukanasknelidan arqabulSi;
movlenis gavrcelebis keras xofuri unda warmoadgendes... zogJer
aGniSvna yirs iseTia gardamavali mdgomareoba: arc r-a, magram sul
araferiao, mainc ar iTqmis~ (Ciqobava 1936, 22). igive SeiZleba iTqvas
qvemoayarulis Sesaxeb. qvemoayarulSi Kvelaze metad, rogorc aGvniS-
neT, es movlena merisis xeobaSia gamoxatuli.
yanurSi ucxo enebidan Semosuli sitKvebic kargaven r-s: Óeri>Óei
(Ciqobava 1936, 22). unda iTqvas, rom qvemoayarulSic ucxoenobrivi na-
sesxobani zustad aseve iqcevian.
b-ni arn. Ciqobava miuTiTebs, rom yanurSi r-s dakargva xdeba xmov-
nebs Soris da s Tanxmovnis win: oxoi<oxori, mgei<mgeri, doGuu< do-
Guru, Cumes<Cumers (iqve). ayarulSic ikargvis r bgera am poziciebSi.
yanurSi r-s dasustebisas gardamaval safexurad Ó-a miCneuli:
ren>Óen, Óeri> [ÓeÓi] >Óei. am SemTxvevaSi, qvemoayaruli Sordeba la-
zurs. qvemoayarulSi, Cveni dakvirvebiT, r-s iotacia ar xdeba. marTa-
lia, iota TiTqos ismis sitKvaSi si sibili
bili da msgavsSi (anu roca r bge-
ra moqceulia poziciaSi irC).irC). magram es imiT aixsneba, rom aq gvaqvs
ubralod r-s winamavali xmovnis, am kerZo SemTxvevaSi ki - i xmovnis,
sigrZe an gaormageba. unda iTqvas, rom ayarulSi iotaciisaken Tanxmo-
vanTa midrekileba arc sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneba. ase magaliTad, cno-
bilia, rom zemoayarul warmoTqmaSi sporadulad aGiniSneba s bgeris
h-sTan monacvleoba (amah, baGanahac, had). aqac lazurisa da qarTuli
enis kaxuri dialeqtisagan gansxvavebiT, s bgera gardaiqceva h bgerad
da ara -d.
r bgeris refleqsis saxiT yanursa da qvemoayarulSi rom erTi da
igive movlena gvaqvs, amaSi gvarwmunebs am enobrivi faqtebis rogorc
fiziologiur-artikulaciuri msgavseba, ise regionaluri siaxlove
(qvemoayara da lazeTi mosazGvre regionebia).
aGsaniSnavia, rom xofuri kilokavi, romelic r-s refleqsis `ga-
vrcelebis keras~ warmoadgens, sxva SemTxvevaSic amjGavnebs ayarulTan
saerTos. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, magaliTad, is faqti, rom mKofadis
warmoebis wesiT (unon
unon modaluri formis gamoKenebiT) xofuri Sorde-
ba lazuris sxva dialeqtebs (Ciqobava 1936, 11, 148) da uaxlovdeba
ayaruls, sadac kavSirebiTis formebTan undaunda gvaqvs (gamartivebis Sede-
gad miGebuli refleqsebis -na, -da, -nda saxiT).
190 n. surmava

sagulisxmoa isic, rom xofurSi lazuris sxva kiloebisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, K bgera mdgradia, ar gadadis & -Si (Ciqobava 1936, 15, 18),
rac SesaZlebelia ayarulis gavleniT aixsnas.
logikuria, vifiqroT, rom r bgeris refleqsi qvemoayarulSi la-
zuridanaa gavrcelebuli. imis daSveba, rom orive regionSi es movlena
saerTo gamvleneli ucxoenis (an misi dialeqtis) Semonatania, nakleb
savaraudoa (Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris), radgan msgavsi procesebi vi-
Tardeba megrulSic. megrulis senakur metKvelebaSi sustia l da r
bgerebi, xdeba maTi palatalizacia: l> , r<. `Tu martvilur-banZur-
Si l sustdeba, yanurSi r~ (Ciqobava 1936, 23). megrulSi r-s reduqci-
is SemTxvevebia: mu e<mu re, majia<majira (Ciqobava 1936, 23).
merisis xeobas (sadac qvemoayarulis ubnebidan Kvelaze metadaa
gamoxatuli r-s refleqsi) xofasTan saqarTvelos amjamindel fargleb-
Si uSualo mezobloba ar akavSirebs. am movlenis axsnaSi, vfiqrobT,
naTels Seitans Zveli, istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos samimosvlo
gzebisa da kontaqtebis Seswavla.
Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs enobrivi kvlevisas Zveli samimosvlo gze-
bis gaTvaliswinebas, amaSi erTi aseTi faqti gvarwmunebs: mayaxlis xe-
obis soflebidan r bgeris aGniSnuli refleqsi Kvelaze Zlier, KurSi
mosaxvedrad, gamoxatulia sof. aGmarTSi. am sofels ayarisaGmarTsac
eZaxian, radgan aq, gorakze gadadioda erT-erTi samimosvlo gza, rom-
liTac samxreTi saqarTvelo ayaras ukavSirdeboda.
am gzas ayaraSi SevKavarT qedis raionis soflebis mxridan. ris
gamoc aGmarTelebs ZvelTagan gansakuTrebuli cxoveli urTierToba
hqondaT qedelebTan (Txoveba-gaTxovebis, savayro Tu sxva saxis). amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom aris r bgeris refleqsi ase
gavrcelebuli swored am sofelSi.
amrigad, qvemoayarulsa da lazurSi dadasturebuli r bgeris
refleqsebi, rogorc artikulaciurad, ise bgeraTcvlis TvalsazrisiT
Zlier axlos dgas erTmaneTTan. maT Soris SeiZleba davinaxoT Semdegi
gansxvaveba: a) lazurSi r bgera gadadis iotaSi, rac ayarulSi ar Sei-
niSneba, b) qvemoayarulSi poziciaSi _ VrC r-s winamavali xmovani
grZeldeba an ormagdeba, rasac lazurSi adgili ar aqvs. miuxedavad
amisa, ueyvelia, rom orive SemTxvevaSi _ lazursa da qvemoayarulSi
saqme gvaqvs erTsa da imave movlenasTan. amaze migvaniSnebs, pirvel rig-
Si, maTi teritoriuli siaxlove.
es movlena warmoqmnili Cans lazurSi Sinagani midrekilebis sa-
fuZvelze, raSic gvarwmunebs megrulis viTareba, qvemoayarulSi unda
gavrcelebuliKo lazuris gavleniT. am varaudis sisworeSi imedi
gvaqvs, rom naTels Seitans, Zveli sakontaqto, samimosvlo marSrutebis
Seswavla.
 r bgeris refleqsi qvemoayarulSi lazurTan SedarebiT 191

lite
litera
teratu
ratura
tura

axvle
axvledi
vledia
diani 1949 _ g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi,
Tbilisi, 1949.
kizi
kiziria
ziria 1974 _ n. kiziria, TanxmovanTa dabrkolebis adgilisa da
ragvarobis Sesaxeb yanurSi, krebulSi: metKvelebis analizis sakiTxebi,
Tbilisi, 1974.
kizi
kiziria
ziria 1974 _ n. kiziria, TanxmovanTa klasifikaciisaTvis yanu-
ris xofur kilokavSi, krebulSi: metKvelebis analizis sakiTxebi, Tbi-
lisi, 1974.
jGenti
jGenti 1953 _ s. jGenti, yanur-megrulis fonetika, Tbilisi,
1953.
jGen
jGenti
enti 1960 _ s. jGenti, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi fonetika,
1, Tbilisi, 1960.
jGenti
jGenti 1965 _ s. jGenti, qarTvelur enaTa fonetikis sakiTxebi,
Tbilisi, 1965.
Ciqo
Ciqoba
qobava
bava 1936 _ arn. Ciqobava, yanuris gramatikuli analizi, Tbi-
lisi, 1936.

NARGIZA SURMAVA

Reflex of the Sound r in Low Adjarian _ Comparing with Laz

Summary

Reflexes of the r sound evidenced in Low Adjarian and Laz are close to each other
from the viewpoint of articulation and sound alternation. The following differences are
observable between them: a) in Laz r is changed into iota (ren > jen) which is not evi-
denced in Adjarian ; b) in Low Adjarian the position VrC preceding vowel of r in lon-
ged or doubled (māto “only”, xooci “meat” ) which is not observable in Laz. In both ca-
ses – in Laz and in Low Adjarian – we have the similar phenomenon. Their territorial
nearness points to this fact.
This phenomenon seems to be originated in Laz on the basis of inner inclination in
which condition of Megrelian makes us sure (we mean palatalization of l and r sounds in
the Senaki speech of Megrelian). In Low Adjarian it might be spread through influen-
cing of Laz. Studying the old contact transport route will make clear the rightness of this
supposition. Though the factor of common influencing foreign lingual interferency is not
excluded.