OA13 - First Law of Thermodynamics and Heat Engine

11/17/2018 OA13: First Law of Thermodynamics and Heat engine
OA13: First Law of Thermodynamics and Heat engine

Due: 11:59pm on Wednesday, November 21, 2018
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Conceptual Question 19.05
Part A
In the first law of thermodynamics, Q is the heat gained by the system, that is, Q is positive if the system gains heat.
ANSWER:
True
False
Correct
Part A
In the first law of thermodynamics, W is the work done on the system, that is, W is positive if work is done on the system.
ANSWER:
True
False
Correct
Part A
FIGURE 19-2
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=6545096 1/19
The process shown on the PV diagram in Fig. 19-2 is an

ANSWER:
adiabatic expansion.
isovolumetric compression.
isobaric expansion.
isometric expansion.
isothermal expansion.
Correct
Part A
FIGURE 19-3
The process shown on the PV diagram in Fig. 19-3 is

ANSWER:
isothermal.
adiabatic.
idealistic.
isochoric.
isobaric.
Correct
Part A
In an isothermal process, there is no change in
ANSWER:
pressure.
internal energy.
temperature.
volume.
heat.
Correct
Part A
A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings.
This process is
ANSWER:
idealistic.
adiabatic.
isobaric.
isochoric.
isothermal.
Correct
Part A
When the first law of thermodynamics, Q = ΔU + W, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,
ANSWER:
W = 0.
ΔU = 0.
Q = 0.
all of the above
none of the above
Correct
Part A
When the first law of thermodynamics, Q = ΔU + W, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,
ANSWER:
ΔU = 0
W=0
Q=0
all of the above
none of the above
Correct
Expansion and Compression of a Gas
Part A
An ideal gas expands through an adiabatic process. Which of the following statements is/are true?
Check all that apply.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
To determine the correct statement(s) you need to apply the first law of thermodynamics. Note that when a gas
expands it does work on its surroundings.
Hint 2. First law of thermodynamics
When heat Q is added to a system, some of this added energy goes to increase the internal energy of the system by
an amount ΔU . The remaining energy leaves the system as the system does work W on its surroundings. Thus, we
have
.
ΔU = Q − W
Since W and Q may be positive, negative, or zero, we can also expect ΔU to be positive, negative or zero,
depending on the process.
Hint 3. Adiabatic process
An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which no heat exchange occurs.
ANSWER:
The work done by the gas is negative, and heat must be added to the system.
The work done by the gas is positive, and no heat exchange occurs.
The internal energy of the system has increased.
The internal energy of the system has decreased.
Correct
Part B
After the adiabatic expansion described in the previous part, the system undergoes a compression that brings it back to its
original state. Which of the following statements is/are true?
Hint 1. Internal energy in cyclic processes

A process, or a sequence of processes, that brings the system back to its original state is called a cyclic process. In
a cyclic process the total internal energy change is zero.
ANSWER:
The total change in internal energy of the system after the entire process of expansion and compression must be
zero.
The total change in internal energy of the system after the entire process of expansion and compression must be
negative.
The total change in temperature of the system after the entire process of expansion and compression must be
positive.
The total work done by the system must equal the amount of heat exchanged during the entire process of
expansion and compression.
Correct
Isobaric, Isochoric, Isothermal, and Adiabatic Processes
Learning Goal:
To recognize various types of processes on pV diagrams and to understand the relationship between pV -diagram geometry
and the quantities Q, W , and ΔEth .
The first law of thermodynamics is an expression of conservation of energy. This law states that changes in the internal energy
of a system ΔEth can be explained in terms of energy transfer into or out of the system in the form of heat Q and/or work W .
ΔEth = Q − W
In this problem, we will write the first law of thermodynamics as
ΔEth = Qin + Qout − Won − Wby .
Here "in" means that energy is being transferred into the system by atomic-level collisions, thereby raising its internal energy (
Q > 0), and "out" means that energy is leaving the system, thereby reducing its internal energy (Q < 0). "On" means that
energy is being transferred into the system by forces in a mechanical interaction, thereby raising the internal energy (W < 0),
and "by" means that energy is leaving the system, thereby reducing the internal energy (W > 0). You will determine the sizes of
these energy transfers and classify their effect on the system as energy in or energy out.
Consider a system consisting of an ideal gas confined within a container, one wall of which is a movable piston. Energy can be
added to the gas in the form of heat by applying a flame to the outside of the container. Conversely, energy can also be removed
from the gas in the form of heat by immersing the container in ice water. Energy can be added to the system in the form of work
by pushing the piston in, thereby compressing the gas. Conversely, if the gas pushes the piston out, thereby pushing some
atmosphere aside, the internal energy of the gas is reduced by the amount of work done.
The internal energy of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature T . An ideal gas also obeys the ideal gas
law
pV = nRT ,
so the absolute temperature T is directly proportional to the product of the absolute pressure p and the volume V . Here n
denotes the amount of gas in moles, which is a constant because the gas is confined, and R is the universal gas constant.
A pV diagram is a convenient way to track the pressure and volume

of a system. Energy transfers by heat and/or work are associated with
processes, which are lines or curves on the pV diagram taking the
system from one state (i.e., one point on the diagram) to another.
Work corresponds geometrically to the area under the curve on a pV
diagram. If the volume increases (i.e., the system expands) the work
will be classified as an energy output from the system.
Part A
What is the sign of ΔEth as the system of ideal gas goes from point A to point B on the graph? Recall that Eth is
proportional to T .
Use the ideal gas law to figure out how the absolute temperature of the gas in state A compares to its absolute
temperature in state B. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to its absolute temperature, this will
tell you how Eth changes from state A to state B.
ANSWER:
The internal energy of the system increases, so ΔEth is positive.
The internal energy of the system decreases, so ΔEth is negative.
The states A and B have the same internal energy, so ΔEth is zero.
ΔEth cannot be determined without knowing the process used (i.e., the path taken) to get from state A to state
B
Correct
The value of Eth depends only on the state of the system. Thus ΔEth depends only on the endpoint states, not
on the process followed that determines the path between the endpoint states.
One possible way for the system to get from state A to state B is to follow a hyperbolic curve through point C, along which the
product of pV is a constant. Temperature is proportional to the
product pV , so this is a constant-temperature path, also known as an
isothermal process.
Part B
How are Q and W related during this isothermal expansion?
Hint 1. Find the sign of W
W is defined as the work done on the system, which in this case is the gas. Recall that the magnitude of the work
done by the gas, Wgas, in going from one state of the gas to another is the area underneath the curve defined by the
path. If the work done by the gas is nonzero, then the sign of Wgas is determined by the direction of the path. Since
W = Wgas , which of the following describes W in Part B?
ANSWER:
W < 0
W = 0
W > 0
ANSWER:
Both W and Q equal zero.
Both W and Q provide energy input.
Both W and Q provide energy output.
W provides energy output, while Q provides energy input. They are equal in magnitude.
W provides energy input, while Q provides energy output. They are equal in magnitude.
Correct
You can tell that the system is losing internal energy due to work because its volume is increasing. The internal
energy change during any isothermal process involving an ideal gas is zero, so here the system must gain as
much energy in the form of heat as it loses by doing work during this process.
Another way to get from state A to state B is to go vertically from A to point D, holding volume constant, and then go horizontally
to point B, holding pressure constant. A constant-volume path is
called an isochoric process. A constant-pressure path is called an
isobaric process.
Part C
How are Q and W related during the isochoric part of the overall path from state A to state D?
Use the ideal gas law to determine how the absolute temperature of the gas in state A compares to its absolute
temperature in state D. This will help you determine whether the net energy transfer is in or out, since the internal
energy of an ideal gas is proportional to its absolute temperature.
ANSWER:
Both Q and W equal zero.
Q provides energy input, while W equals zero.
Q provides energy output, while W equals zero.
Q provides energy input, while W provides energy output.
Q provides energy output, while W provides energy input.
Correct
You can tell that the system is losing internal energy since its temperature goes down (since pV goes down). No
work is done during any isochoric process, since no area accumulates under a vertical curve. Hence energy
transfer in the form of heat must account for the entire internal energy change.
Part D
How are Q and W related during the isobaric part of the overall path from state D to state B?
ANSWER:
Both W and Q provide energy input.
Both W and Q provide energy output.
W provides energy output, while Q provides energy input. They are equal in magnitude.
W provides energy output, while Q provides energy input; W is larger.
W provides energy output, while Q provides energy input; Q is larger.
Correct
In going from state A to state D the system loses internal energy. Since the overall change of internal energy from
state A to state B is zero, during the isobaric part of the overall process the system internal energy must increase.
Since the system is expanding, internal energy is lost from the system due to work. Hence Q must exceed W (in
magnitude) to explain the net increase in internal energy.
Another way to get from state A to state B is to follow an adiabatic path from state A to state E, in which no heat energy transfer
is allowed, and then to follow an isochoric path from state E vertically to state B. Notice that during the adiabatic part of this path,
from state A to state E, Q = 0 by definition and internal energy is lost due to work since the system is expanding.
Part E
Which of the following statements are true about the isochoric part of the overall path, from state E to state B?

Recall that the total internal energy change from state A to state B is zero. This means that the isochoric process
must undo any changes to internal energy made during the adiabatic process.
ANSWER:
W is zero.
Q provides energy input.
T decreases.
Eth increases.
Correct
Since no work is allowed in isochoric processes, Q must serve as an energy input to explain the increase in both
absolute temperature and internal energy.
One more way to get from state A to state B is to follow a direct path through state F. This process is not isobaric, isochoric,
isothermal, or adiabatic, yet you can draw some conclusions about its energetics using the first law of thermodynamics.
Part F
Which of the following statements are true about the first half of this process, just going from state A to state F?
ANSWER:
Both T and Eth increase.
W provides energy input.
Q provides energy input.
Q is larger (in magnitude) than W .
Correct
State F has a larger pV value than state A, so the internal energy increases in this part of the process. Since the
system is expanding, internal energy is lost from the system due to work. Hence Q must exceed W (in
magnitude) to explain the net increase in internal energy.
Understanding what happens during the second half of the process, going from state F to state B, is more subtle.
The temperature and the internal energy both go down. Since the system continues to expand, W provides
energy output. However, it is challenging to determine whether Q provides energy input or energy output from
state F to state B. Can you figure it out?
Problem 19.31
Part A
A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by
removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?
ANSWER:
zero
200 J
400 J
-400 J
none of the above
Correct
Problem 19.24
Part A
During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energy?
ANSWER:
zero
7.5 J
2.5 J
5.0 J
10 J
Correct
Problem 19.27
Part A
200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?
ANSWER:
200 J
150 J
zero
100 J
There is not enough information to determine.
Correct
Problem 19.34
In an engine, an almost ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to half its volume. In doing so, 2810 J of work is done on the gas.
Part A
How much heat flows into or out of the gas?
ANSWER:
Q = 0 J
Correct
Part B
What is the change in internal energy of the gas?
ANSWER:
ΔEint = 2810 J
Correct
Part C
Does its temperature rise or fall?
ANSWER:
fall
rise
Correct
Problem 19.53
A 3.20 mol sample of an ideal diatomic gas expands adiabatically from a volume of 0.1780 m3 to 0.783 m3 . Initially the
pressure was 1.00 atm.
Part A
Determine the initial and final temperatures.
Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
Ti Tf , = 678,375 K
Correct
Part B
Determine the change in internal energy.
ANSWER:
ΔEint = −2.02×104 J
Correct
Part C
Determine the heat lost by the gas.
ANSWER:
Q = 0 J
Correct
Part D
Determine the work done on the gas. (Assume no molecular vibration.)
ANSWER:
W on = −2.02×104 J
gas
Correct
Simple Ways of Expanding
A plot of pressure as a function of volume is known as a pV diagram. pV diagrams are often used in analyzing thermodynamic
processes. Consider an ideal gas that starts in state O, as indicated in the diagram. Your task is to describe how the gas
proceeds to one of four different states, along the different curves
indicated.
Although there are an infinite number of such curves, several are

particularly simple because one quantity or another does not change:
Adiabatic: ΔQ = 0 . No heat is added or subtracted.

Isothermal: ΔT = 0. The temperature does not change. (The
prefix "iso" means equal or alike.)
Isobaric: Δp = 0. The pressure does not change. (A
barometer measures the pressure.)
Isochoric: ΔV = 0. The volume does not change. (This
process is infrequently used.)
The key idea in determining which of these processes is occurring

from a pV plot is to recall that an ideal gas must obey the ideal gas
equation of state: pV = N kB T (where the constant kB is the Boltzmann constant, which has the value 1.381 × 10 −23 J/K in
SI units). Generally N , the number of gas particles, is held constant, so you can determine what happens to T at various points
along the curve on the pV diagram.
Note that in this problem, as is usually assumed, the processes happen slowly enough that the gas remains in equilibrium
without hot spots, without propagating pressure waves from a rapid change in volume, or without involving similar nonequilibrium
phenomena. Indeed, the word "adiabatic" is often used by scientists to describe a process that happens slowly and smoothly
without irreversible changes in the system.
Part A
What type of process does curve OA represent?
Hint 1. What quanitity remains constant?
Curve OA is horizontal; the pressure of the system remains constant throughout this process. What is the name of a
process in which pressure remains constant?
ANSWER:
adiabatic
isobaric
isochoric
isothermal
Correct
Part B
What type of process does curve OC represent?
Hint 1. Relationship between pressure and volume

When V /V0 = 2, p/p0 = 1/2; when V /V0 = 4 , p/p0 = 1/4 . Evidently, pressure is proportional to the inverse
of the volume. What is the name of a process in which p is proportional to 1/V ?
Hint 2. Use the ideal gas law

Recall the ideal gas equation of state for a fixed amount of gas: pV = cT , where c is some constant. Solving this
equation for p yields p = cT /V . If p is to be proportional to 1/V , the temperature T must remain constant
throughout the process. What is the name of a process in which temperature remains constant?
ANSWER:
adiabatic
isobaric
isochoric
isothermal
Correct
Detailed analysis of curve OB
The following questions refer to the process represented by curve OB, in which an ideal gas proceeds from state O to state B.
Part C
The pressure of the system in state B is __________ the pressure of the system in state O.
ANSWER:
greater than
less than
equal to
Correct
Part D
The work done by the system is __________.
Hint 1. How to find the work done using the pV diagram

On a pV diagram, the work done during a particular process is represented by the area under the curve describing
that process. Is the area under curve OB greater than, less than, or equal to zero?
ANSWER:
greater than zero
less than zero
equal to zero
Correct
Part E
The temperature of the system in state B is __________ the temperature of the system in state O.
Hint 1. Compare curve OB to an isothermal process

Does curve OB lie above or below a curve representing an isothermal (constant-temperature) process? Use this,
along with the ideal gas equation of state, to figure out how T changes as the system proceeds from state O to state
B.
Hint 2. Computing the change in temperature mathematically

The ideal gas equation of state for a fixed amount of gas is pV = cT , where c is some constant. To find the sign of
the change in temperature, you could find (p/p0 )(V /V0 ) at point B, then subtract the value of (p/p0 )(V /V0 ) at
point O. Although this method will not yield the actual change in temperature, it will give a number proportional to the
change in temperature (with the proper sign).
ANSWER:
greater than
less than
equal to
Correct
Part F
The internal energy of the system in state B is __________ the internal energy of the system in state O.
Hint 1. Relationship between internal energy and temperature

The change in internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to its change in temperature; the constant of
proportionality is the heat capacity at constant volume.
ANSWER:
greater than
less than
equal to
Correct
Problem 19.86
Suppose 3 mol of neon (an ideal monatomic gas) at STP are compressed slowly and isothermally to 0.19 the original volume.
The gas is then allowed to expand quickly and adiabatically back to its original volume.
Part A
Find the highest temperature attained by the gas.
Express your answer using three significant figures.
ANSWER:
Tmax = 273 K
Correct
Part B
Find the lowest temperature attained by the gas.
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
Tmin = 90 K
Correct
Part C
Find the highest pressure attained by the gas.
ANSWER:
P max = 5.3 atm
Correct
Part D
Find the lowest pressure attained by the gas.
ANSWER:
P min = 0.33 atm
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 91.2%.
You received 127.66 out of a possible total of 140 points.

OA13 - First Law of Thermodynamics and Heat Engine

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11/17/2018 OA13: First Law of Thermodynamics and Heat engine

OA13: First Law of Thermodynamics and Heat engine

Conceptual Question 19.05

Conceptual Question 19.06

Conceptual Question 19.21

The process shown on the PV diagram in Fig. 19-2 is an

Conceptual Question 19.22

The process shown on the PV diagram in Fig. 19-3 is

Conceptual Question 19.23

Conceptual Question 19.24

Conceptual Question 19.28

all of the above

none of the above

Conceptual Question 19.27

all of the above

none of the above

Expansion and Compression of a Gas

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. First law of thermodynamics

Hint 3. Adiabatic process

An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which no heat exchange occurs.

The internal energy of the system has increased.

The internal energy of the system has decreased.

Check all that apply.

Hint 1. Internal energy in cyclic processes

Isobaric, Isochoric, Isothermal, and Adiabatic Processes

In this problem, we will write the first law of thermodynamics as

ΔEth = Qin + Qout − Won − Wby .

A pV diagram is a convenient way to track the pressure and volume

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

tell you how Eth changes from state A to state B.

The internal energy of the system increases, so ΔEth is positive.

The internal energy of the system decreases, so ΔEth is negative.

Hint 1. Find the sign of W

Both W and Q equal zero.

Both W and Q provide energy input.

Both W and Q provide energy output.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Both Q and W equal zero.

Q provides energy input, while W equals zero.

Q provides energy output, while W equals zero.

Q provides energy input, while W provides energy output.

Q provides energy output, while W provides energy input.

Both W and Q provide energy input.

Both W and Q provide energy output.

W provides energy output, while Q provides energy input; W is larger.

W provides energy output, while Q provides energy input; Q is larger.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Q provides energy input.

Both T and Eth increase.

W provides energy input.

Q provides energy input.

Q is larger (in magnitude) than W .

none of the above

There is not enough information to determine.

Simple Ways of Expanding

Although there are an infinite number of such curves, several are

Adiabatic: ΔQ = 0 . No heat is added or subtracted.

The key idea in determining which of these processes is occurring

Hint 1. What quanitity remains constant?

Hint 1. Relationship between pressure and volume

Hint 2. Use the ideal gas law

Detailed analysis of curve OB