1

Pakistan Studies Paper 1

History and Culture of Pakistan
Topical
(2004-2017)
Article # 417

Features:
o Topical
o Question Order New to Old
o Mark Schemes Included
o Unsolved

Editorial Board:
o M. Sannullah Khan (LGS, Ibn-e-Sina, The City Shool, Pak Turk)
o Syed Hussain Bari (LGS JT&Gulberg,BSS ALJT, The City School)
o Aliya Azhar (LGS, Learning Alliance, The Lahore Alma)
o Shahid Farooq (Beaconhouse, Pak Turk, Ibn-e-Sina, SICAS)
o Javed Kausar (LGS JT)
o Farah Arif (LACAS JT)
o Danyal Qureshi (LGS Paragon, LACAS Burki)

3-C, Gulberg II , Lahore. 042-35714038

readandwrite.publications@gmail.com 0336-5314141
readandwritepublications/Shop www.readnwrite.org
 2

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transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the Publisher.
Cambridge International has not provided these questions or answers and can take no responsibility
whatsoever for their accuracy or suitability for the examinations.

Title Pakistan Studies O-Level Paper-1 Topical

Author Editorial Board
Published by Read & Write Publications
Printed by Sadaat Printers Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
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Composing Department Salman Bukhsh, Sharjeel Khan, Hayat, Shahab, Waqas, M Awais
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Contents
UNIT 1: REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE .............................................. 6
UNIT 2 THE EAST INDIA COMPANY AND THE BRITISH COLONIAL RULE ............................... 14
UNIT 3 SHAH WALLI ULLAH (1703-1762) ............................................................................ 28
UNIT 4 SYED AHMED SHAHEED BARELVY (1786-1831)........................................................ 36
UNIT 5 THE WAR OF INDEPEDENCE 1857 ........................................................................... 40
UNIT 6 SIR SYED AND ALI GARH MOVT. ............................................................................. 52
UNIT 7 LANGUAGES .......................................................................................................... 60
UNIT 8 PARTITION OF BENGAL 1905 & REVERSAL 1911 ...................................................... 68
UNIT 9 SIMLA DEPUTATION AND FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906 .......................... 74
UNIT 10 MINTO MORLEY REFORMS (INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1909) ........................................ 80
UNIT 11 THE LUCKNOW PACT ---JOINT DEMANDS TO THE BRITISH 1916 .............................. 88
UNIT 12 DEHLI PROPOSALS, SIMON COMMISSION, NEHRU REPORT, 14 POINTS OF JINNAH . 92
UNIT 13 THE ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES 1930-1932....................................................... 100
UNIT 14 THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935 ................................................................ 108
UNIT 15 CONGRESS RULE & DAY OF DILERVANCE 1937-39 .............................................. 112
UNIT 16 THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION 1940 ........................................................................ 118
UNIT 17 CRIPPS MISSION 1942 .......................................................................................... 122
UNIT 18 THE GANDHI – JINNAH TALKS 1944 ...................................................................... 126
UNIT 19 LORD WAVELL & THE SIMLA CONFERENCE 1945 ................................................... 130
UNIT 20 CABINET MISSION PLAN 1946 .............................................................................. 132
UNIT 21 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT 1919-1924 ........................................................................ 136
UNIT 22 INITIAL PROBLEMS 1947-48.................................................................................. 146
UNIT 23 EARLY YEARS 1947 -1958...................................................................................... 156
UNIT 24 AYUB KHAN 1958-69 ............................................................................................ 162
UNIT 25 YAHYA KHAN & CREATION OF BANGLADESH 1969-71........................................... 170
UNIT 26 ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO 1971-77 ............................................................................ 178
UNIT 27 ZIA UL HAQ 1977-88............................................................................................. 188
UNIT 28 BENAZIR & NAWAZ SHARIF 1988-1999 ................................................................. 196
UNIT 29 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF PAKISTAN ........................................................... 204
4
Unit 1 5 Reasons for the Decline of the Mughal Empire

UNIT 1
Topics
June 2004 – November 2016
REASONS
FOR THE
DECLINE OF
THE MUGHAL
EMPIRE

O-Level
Pakistan Studies
Classified Paper 1

3-C, Zahoor Elahi Road Gulberg II, Lahore 042-35714038

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readandwritepublications/Shop www.readnwrite.org
Unit 1 6 Reasons for the Decline of the Mughal Empire

UNIT 1: REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL

EMPIRE
June 2017/P1/Q2c
Was the in-fighting between Aurangzeb’s successors the most important reason for the break-
up of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
Mark Scheme:
Level 1: Simple statement(s) [1-2]
A general answer lacking specific knowledge.
e.g.
• They were always fighting each other.
Level 2: Identifies/describes the in-fighting AND/OR other reasons [3-6]
Identifies/describes one reason for in-fighting AND/OR other reason for 3 marks. Additional identification /
description(s) up to a maximum of 6 marks.
e.g.
• Self-interest and disunity.
• Risk of invasion.
Level 3: Explains the in-fighting OR other reasons [7-10]
Explains one reason for in-fighting OR one other reason for 7 marks.
Additional explanation(s) for the same line of reasoning up to a maximum of 10 marks.
e.g.
In-fighting
• The absence of a definite line of succession led to in-fighting, instability and the downfall of the Mughal
Empire.
• Led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Mughal Empire.
Other reasons
• As the Mughal Empire started to decline it became at risk from invasion.
• After Aurangzeb’s death, Mughal emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and
spending money without considering the effect on the economy of the Empire.
• The Afghans under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas at Paniplat. The Afghans
had been in control of much of the Empire for some time but were unable to make the most of their victory
and returned to Kabul. However they did invade the Empire a number of times during the 18th Century.
• The Persians under Nadir Shah captured much of the Empire’s wealth and returned home with gold,
jewels and the Peacock throne from Delhi.
• Aurangzeb often showed intolerance to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on non-Muslims called the
Jizya. During Aurangzeb’s reign, some Hindu temples were destroyed and some limits were placed on
Hindu practices. Taxation was high as because of the costs of military campaigns such as the Deccan Wars
and building luxurious palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular ruler.
• Maratha guerrilla fighters defeated a Mughal army in 1737 and took control of Delhi and eastwards
towards Bengal. By 1760 they were the most powerful group in India and the Mughals were unable to limit
their expansion.
• The British expansion into the subcontinent was rapid, overwhelming the
Mughal forces and equipment.
Level 4: Explains the in-fighting AND other reasons [9-13]
Explains one reason for in-fighting AND one other reason for 9 marks.
Additional explanation(s) up to a maximum of 13 marks.
Unit 1 7 Reasons for the Decline of the Mughal Empire

Level 5: Explains with evaluation [14]

As top of Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.
Nov 2015/P1/Q2C
Were the invasions by the Persians and Afghans the main reason for the decline of theMughal
Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. [1–2]
They were too strong
LEVEL 2: Description /identification of reasons [3–6]
Aurangzeb’s successors had a decadent lifestyle and the invaders were able to defeat the Mughal soldiers
LEVEL 3: Explains the invasions of the Persians and Afghans OR other reasons [7–10]
LEVEL 4: Explains the invasions of the Persians and Afghans AND other reasons [9–13]
There were a number of reasons for the Empire’s decline. As the Empire started to decline; it found itself at
risk from invasion. The Afghans under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas at
Panipat. They had been in control of much of the Empire for some time. The Afghans however were unable
to make the most of their victory and returned to Kabul. However they were able to invade the Empire a
number of times during the 18th Century. The Persians under Nadir Shah captured much of the Empire’s
wealth and returned home with gold, jewels and the Peacock throne from Delhi.
However there were other reasons for the decline. Auranzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He
introduced a tax on non-Muslims called the Jizya. He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban Hindu
practices. Taxation was high as he had to pay for the cost of military campaigns such as the Deccan Wars
and he spent highly on luxurious palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular rule.
After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and spending money
with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies and a lack of
interest in the running of the Empire. The absence of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount
of in-fighting amongst his successors which, also led to instability and the downfall of the Empire. The
Marathas were skilful Hindu guerrilla fighters who defeated a Mughal army in 1737 and took control of Delhi
and eastwards towards Bengal. By 1760 they were the most powerful people in India and nothing could the
Mughals do to stop it. The British expansion into the sub-continent was rapid and their forces and
equipment was no match for the Mughals who fell into rapid decline as a result.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
Nov 2013/P1/Q1b
How did the successors of Aurangzeb contribute to the downfall of the Mughal Empire? [7]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1]
They were up to no good.
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4]
Aurangzeb’s successors were weak. There was no law of succession.
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]
Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their ministers who
often put their own interests first. As a result the Empire was badly ruled.
There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle for succession which ended in war.
Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates and the support they could get. As a result
the Empire suffered. Fighting wars became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered much
Unit 1 8 Reasons for the Decline of the Mughal Empire

inefficiency especially as the successors were very extravagant and so suffered from financial inefficiencies
which affected their ability to defend the Empire.
June 2012/P1/Q1b
Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb. [7]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1]
It was Aurangzeb’s successors that were to blame.
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4]
Aurangzeb’s successors were weak. There was no law of succession.
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]
Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their ministers who
often put their own interests first. There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle for
succession which ended in war. Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates and the
support they could get. Fighting wars became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered much
inefficiency. The successors failed to run the Empire effectively becoming very extravagant and so suffered
from financial inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as such suffered several
invasions. Eventually the British overran the Empire and were superior in such areas as military might.
June 2011/P1/Q1c
The spread of Maratha power was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire. Do
you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1–2]
They were Hindus.
LEVEL 2: Description /identification of reasons [3–6]
Aurangzeb’s successors had a decadent lifestyle and the Marathas were able to defeat the
Mughal soldiers.
LEVEL 3: Explains one reason [7–10]
LEVEL 4: Explains more than one reason including Marathan power [9–13]
There were a number of reasons for the Empire’s decline. The Marathas were skilful Hindu guerrilla fighters
who defeated a Mughal army in 1737 and took control of Delhi and eastwards towards Bengal. By 1760 they
were the most powerful people in India and nothing could the Mughals do to stop it. However, there were
other reasons for the decline.
Auranzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on non-Muslims called the Jizya.
He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban Hindu practices. Taxation was high as he had to pay for the
cost of military campaigns such as the Deccan Wars and he spent highly on luxurious palaces. Because of
these he became an unpopular rule.
After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and spending money
with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies and a lack of
interest in the running of the Empire. The absence of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount
of in-fighting amongst his successors, which also led to instability and the downfall of the Empire. The British
expansion into the subcontinent was rapid and their forces and equipment were no match for the Mughals,
who fell into rapid decline as a result.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [14]
Unit 1 9 Reasons for the Decline of the Mughal Empire

Nov 2010/P1/Q2b
Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb. [7]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement.
There weren’t any good rulers after his death. (1)
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons.
Aurangzeb’s successors were weak. There was no law of succession. (2–4)
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons:
Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their ministers who
often put their own interests first. There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle for
succession which ended in war. Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates and the
support they could get. Fighting wars became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered much
inefficiency. The successors failed to run the Empire effectively, becoming very extravagant and so suffered
from financial inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as such suffered several
invasions. Eventually the British overran the Empire and were superior in such areas as military might. (5–7)
Nov 2009/P1/Q1c
‘The policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire’. Do you
agree of disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement
He was an important ruler. (1–2)
LEVEL 2: Description of reasons in general
He taxed non-Muslims and destroyed a number of Hindu temples. (3–6)
LEVEL 3: Explains one factor (7–10)
LEVEL 4: Explains more than one factor including Aurangzeb’s policies
Aurangzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on
non-Muslims called the Jizya. He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban
Hindu practices. Taxation was high as he had to pay for the cost of military
campaigns such as the Deccan Wars and he spent highly on luxurious
palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular rule.
After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant
lifestyle and spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the
economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the
running of the Empire. The absence of a definite line of succession led to a
significant amount of in-fighting amongst his successors which, also led to
instability and the downfall of the Empire. (9–13)
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. (14)
Nov 2008/P1/Q1b
Explain why the successors of Aurangzeb failed to prevent the decline of the Mughal Empire. [7]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1]
They weren’t any good as rulers.
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4]
Aurangzeb’s successors were weak. There was no law of succession.
Unit 1 10 Reasons for the Decline of the Mughal Empire

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]

Aurangzeb’s successors tended to be lazy, weak and corrupt, leaving the administration to their ministers
who often put their own interests first. There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle
for succession which ended in war. Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates and the
support they could get. Fighting wars was very expensive and the military
was stretched and suffered much inefficiency. These emperors failed to run the
Empire effectively, becoming very extravagant and so suffered from financial
inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as such
suffered several invasions from stronger rivals. Eventually the British overran the
Empire and were superior in such areas as military might.
June 2007/P1/Q1c
“The coming of the British was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire”, do you
agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1-2]
The British invaded India.
LEVEL 2: Description of reasons for decline [3-6]
The British were too strong.
LEVEL 3: Explains one factor [7-10]
LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors. The British to be included for maximum marks [9-13]
The British expansion into the sub-continent was limited, but their forces and equipment were no match for
the Mughals who fell into rapid decline as a result. However there were other reasons. The Emperors were
renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and spending money with little thought to the effect it had on
the economy of the Empire.
This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire. The absence of a definite line of
succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst potential successors, which also led to
instability and contributed to the downfall of the Empire.
Other reasons included, Aurangzeb’s religious policy, the expense of fighting the Deccan
Wars, degradation of the military, military inefficiency, financial inefficiencies, vastness of the Empire and
invasions by the Persians and Afghans.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [9-14]
June 2006/P1/Q1b
Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb. [7]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement
Aurangzeb was to blame [1]
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons
Aurangzeb’s successors were weak. There was no law of succession. [2-4]
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons
Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their ministers who
often put their own interests first.
There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle for succession which ended in war.
Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates and the support they could get. Fighting wars
became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered much inefficiency. The successors failed to
run the Empire effectively becoming very extravagant and so suffered from financial inefficiencies.
Unit 1 11 Reasons for the Decline of the Mughal Empire

The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as such suffered several invasions. Eventually the
British overran the Empire and were superior in such areas as military might.
Nove 2005/P1/Q1c
Were the weak and greedy characteristics of Aurangzeb’s successors the most important
reasons for the collapse of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
Mark Scheme:
Level 1: Simplistic statement [1-2]
They were weak and lacking character.
Level 2: Description of reasons in general [3-6]
They were weak and loved a rich lifestyle
Level 3: Explains one factor [7-10]
Level 4 Explains at least two factors (weak and greedy to be [9-13]
included for maximum marks)
The Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and spending money with little thought to
the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running
of the Empire. However there were other reasons. The absence of a definite line of succession led to a
significant amount of in-fighting amongst his successors which, also led to instability and the downfall of the
Empire.
Other reasons included, A’s religious policy, the expense of fighting the Deccan Wars, degradation of the
military, military inefficiency, financial inefficiencies, vastness of the Empire and Invasions.
Level 5: As level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]
Nov 2004/P1/Q1b
Why were the British able to replace the Mughals as the dominant force in the Sub Continent by
1850? [7]
Mark Scheme:
LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement 1
They were stronger
LEVEL 2 Identifies reasons 2-4
They had superior weapons and were better organised
LEVEL 3 Explains reasons 5-7
The British were already becoming well established in the Sub-Continent and had gained much territory and
so were well placed to take over from the Mughals. Due to the Industrial Revolution Britain had been able
to stockpile weapons which were of superior quality to any of those which the Indians had. Also the troops
were better disciplined, trained and organised and were able to establish their superiority without much
opposition.
S a lPoi
e nt