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SRI SAI VIDYA VIKASA SHIKSHANA SAMITHI (R)

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Rajanukunte, Bangalore-560064
Tel: 080-2846 8196, Fax: 2846 8193 / 98, Web: www.saividya.ac.in
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sem: IV Sub: Fluid Mechanics
Faculty: Ravikumar T Subject Code: 10ME46B
Session: 2015-16 (Even Sem)
Hours/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03
Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART A

Unit-1Properties of Fluids: Introduction Types of fluid, Properties of fluids, viscosity, thermodynamic properties,
surface tension, capillarity, vapour pressure and cavitations 6 hours

Unit-2Fluid Statistics: Fluid pressure at a point, Pascal’s law, and pressure variation in a static fluid, absolute,
gauge, atmospheric and vacuum pressures, simple manometers and differential manometers. Total pressure and
center of pressure on submerged plane surfaces; horizontal, vertical and inclined plane surfaces, curved surface
submerged in liquid. 7 hours

Unit-3Buoyancy and Fluid Kinematics: Buoyancy, center of buoyancy, met centre and met centric height,
conditions of equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies, determination of Met centric height experimentally and
theoretically. Kinematics: Types of fluid flow, continuity equation in 2D and 3D (Cartesian Co-ordinates only),
velocity and acceleration, velocity potential function and stream function. 7 hours

Unit-4Fluid Dynamics: Introduction equation of motion, Euler’s equation of motion, Bernoulli’s equation from first
principles and also from Euler’s equation, limitations of Bernoulli’s equation. 6hours

PART B

Unit-5Fluid Flow Measurements Dimensional Analysis: Fluid Flow Measurements: Venturimeter, orificemeter,
pitot-tube, vertical orifice, V-Notch and rectangular notches. Dimensional Analysis: Introduction, derived quantities,
dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh’s method, Buckingham π theorem,
dimensionless numbers, similitude, types of similitudes. 7 hours

Unit-6Flow through pipes: Minor losses through pipes Darey’s and Chezy’s equation for loss of head due to
friction in pipes. HGL and TEL 6 hours

Unit-7Laminar flow and viscous effects Reynolds’s number, critical Reynolds’s number, laminar flow through
circular pipe-Hagen Poiseille’s equation, laminar flow between parallel and stationary plates. 6 hours
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Unit-8Flow past immersed bodies Introduction to compressible flow: Flow past immersed bodies: Drag, Lift,
expression for lift and drag, boundary layer concept, displacement, momentum and energy thickness. Introduction to
compressible flow: Velocity of sound in a fluid, Mach number, Mach cone, propagation of pressure waves in a
compressible fluid. 7 hour

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Fluid Mechanics, Oijush.K.Kundu, IRAM COCHEN, ELSEVIER, 3rd Ed. 2005

2. Fluid Mechanics, Dr. Bansal, R.K.Lakshmi Publications, 2004

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Fluid Mechanics and hydraulics, Dr.Jagadishlal: Metropolitan Book Co-Ltd., 1997.

2. Fluid Mechanics (SI Units), YUNUS A. Cengel John M.Oimbala, 2nd Ed. Tata McGraw Hill, 2006

COURSE OUTCOMES
CO: 1 Ability to identify the various properties of fluid like viscosity, density, specific volume,
thermodynamic properties, surface tension, capillary, flow regime in a given engineering system
based on consideration of the governing non-dimensional groups, model studies.
CO: 2 Ability to calculate the hydrostatic forces and moments on planar and curved submerged and
floating surfaces.
CO: 3 Ability to construct an appropriate (fixed, deforming, or moving) control volume for a given
engineering system and apply the principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy to
this control volume.
CO: 4 Ability to decide when appropriate to use ideal flow concepts and the Bernoulli equation,
Euler’s equation and continuity equation, internal flow in pipes and channels through simple
solutions of the minor losses through pipes, head-loss equation, and Darey’s and Chezy’s equation
ad its appropriate use
CO: 5 Ability to solve for external flow, evaluate lift and drag, know when there is possibility of
flow separation. An understanding of how fluid mechanics applies to compressible flow

Prof.Siddharth M Nayak Mtech,Machine Design Page 2

vtumechnotes.blogspot.in CBCS

SRI SAI VIDYA VIKASA SHIKSHANA SAMITHI (R)

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Rajanukunte, Bangalore-560064
Tel: 080-2846 8196, Fax: 2846 8193 / 98, Web: www.saividya.ac.in

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Question Bank
Sem: IV Sub: Fluid Mechanics
Faculty: Ravikumar T Subject Code: 10ME46B
Session: 2015-16 (even Sem)
UNIT -1 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

1. Define the following properties of fluid:

i). Density, ii) Specific volume, iii) Specific gravity, iv) Kinematic viscosity, v) Capillarity. 05M Dec
2014/jan2015
2. The pressure outside the droplet of water of diameter 0.04 mm is 10.32N/cm2 (atmospheric pressure).
Calculate the pressure within the droplet if surface tension is given as 0.725n/m of water. 05M Dec
2014/jan2015
3. Calculate the capillary effect in mm in a glass tube of 4mm diameter. When immersed in Hg. The
temperature of liquid is 200C and surface tension of Hg at 200C in contact with air is 0.51N/m. angle of
contact is 1300 (Specific gravity of Hg is 13.6) 05M Dec 2014/jan2015
4. Determine the specific gravity of a fluid having viscosity 0.05poise and kinematic viscosity 0.035 stokes.
05M Dec 2014/jan2015
5. Define the following properties of fluid: i) Specific weight, ii) Specific gravity, iii) Vapour pressure, iv)
Capillarity, v) Surface tension 10M June/July 2013
6. A shaft of 250mm diameter rotates inside a sleeve of 120mm long at 200rpm. If the thickness of oil film
between shaft and sleeve is 1.5mm. Find the power lost in friction. The dynamic viscosity of oil used is
8poise. 10M June/July 2013
7. Define the following and mention their units: i) mass density, ii) Surface tension, iii) Dynamic viscosity,
iv) Capillarity, v) Bulk modulus 10M Dec2013/ Jan 2014
8. Explain effect of variation of temperature on viscosity of liquid and gases. 04M Dec2013/ Jan 2014
9. A 15cm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside another cylinder of 15.10cm. Both
cylinders are 25cm high. The space between the cylinders is filled with a liquid whose viscosity is
unknown. If a torque of 12N-m is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 100rpm. Determine the viscosity
of the fluid. 06M Dec2013/ Jan 2014
10. Define the following fluid properties and state their units: i) Specific weight, ii) Surface tension, iii)
Dynamic viscosity, iv) Specific volume. 06m June/July 2014
11. Classify the various types of fluids with the help of a diagram and briefly explain them. 05M June/July
2014
12. An oil film of thickness 1.5mm is used for lubrication between a square plate of size 0.9m×0.9m and an
inclined plane having an angle of inclination 200 with horizontal. The weight of the square plate is 392.4
N and it slides down the plane with a uniform velocity of 0.2m/s. find the dynamic viscosity of oil. 09m
June/July 2014
13. Distinguish between the following: i) Mass density and weight density, ii) Dynamic viscosity and
kinematic viscosity, iii) ideal fluid and real fluid. 06M June 2012
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14. Prove that an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic process. The bulk modulus of elasticity (K) is γ time the
pressure (P) where 04M June 2012
15. Derive an expression for surface tension on a liquid jet. 04M June 2012

UNIT 2 FLUID STATISTICS

1. State and prove Pascal’s law. 05M Dec 2014/jan2015

2. The right limb of a simple U tube manometer containing Hg is open to the atmosphere while the left limb
is connected to a pipe in which a fluid of specific gravity 0.9 is flowing. The centre of pipe is 12cm
below the level of Hg in the right limb. Find the pressure of fluid in the pipe if the difference of Hg level
in two Limbs is 20cm. 05M Dec 2014/jan2015
3. A caisson for closing the entrance to a dry dock is of trapezoidal form 16m wide at the top and 10m wide
at bottom and 6m deep. Find the total pressure and center of pressure on the caisson, if the water on the
outside is just level with the tap and dock is empty. 10M Dec 2014/jan2015
4. Obtain the total pressure and the centre of pressure on an inclined plain surface immersed in a fluid. 10M
June/July 2013 Dec2013/ Jan 2014 June/July 2014
5. A differential U-tube mercury manometer is used to measure the difference of pressure between two
water pipes A and B. find the pressure at A if the level difference in mercury in the manometer is 150mm
as shown in figure. The pressure at B is 300KPa. 10M

June/July 2013
6. Define: i) Gaugae pressure, ii) Vacuum pressure, iii) Absolute pressure. 03M Dec2013/ Jan 2014
7. A hydraulic press has a ram of 30cm diameter and a plunger of 5cm diameter. Find the weight to be lifted
by the hydraulic press. When the force applied at the plunger is 400N. 03M Dec2013/ Jan 2014
8. A pipe line which is 4m in diameter contains a gate valve. The pressure at the centre of pipe is
19.6N/cm2. If the pipe is filled with oil SP.Gr. 0.87, find the force exerted upon the gate and position of
center of pressure. 06M Dec2013/ Jan 2014
9. State and prove hydrostatic law. 06M June/July 2014 June 2012
10. The measurements of pressure at the base and top of mountain are 74cm and 60cm of mercury
respectively. Calculate the height of the mountain if air has a mass density of 1.22Kg/m3. 06M
June/July 2014 June 2012
11. Find the pressure difference between A and B in kPa in meters of water for the fig. 10M June 2012

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12. A circular plate of 4.5m diameter is submerged in water with its greatest and least depths below the water
surface being 3m and 1.5m respectively. Find i) the total pressure on the front face of the plate and ii) the
position of centre of pressure. 10M June 2012

UNIT 3 BUOYANCY AND FLUID KINEMATICS

1. Define: i) Buoyancy, ii) Centre of buoyancy, iii) Path line, iv) Laminar flow, v) Turbulent flow. 5M Dec
2014/jan2015
2. A body of dimensions 1.5m x 1.0m x 2m weighs 1962 N in watet.:-Fjnd its weight in air. What will be its
specific gravity? 5M Dec 2014/jan2015
3. A 25 cm diameter pipe carrier oil of specific gravity 0.9 at a velocity of 3 m/s, at another section the
diameter is 20 cm. Find the velocity at this section and mass rate of flow of oil. 10M Dec 2014/jan2015
4. Explain the method to find the met centric height experimentally. (08 Marks) June/July 2013
5. The stream function for a two-dimensional flow is given = 2xy. Find the velocity at the point P (4, 2).
Also find the velocity potential function. (12 Marks) June/July 2013
6. Define following terms:(i) Buoyancy (ii) Centre of buoyancy (iii)Meta centre (iv)Meta centric height. 4M
Dec2013/ Jan 2014
7. Explain the condition for stability of submerged and floating bodies. (04 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
8. A cone of specific gravity S, is floating in water with its apex downwards. It has a diameter D and
vertical height H. Show that for stable equilibrium of the cone (12 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014

9. Define the terms buoyancy, centre of buoyancy, meta-centre and meta-centric height. (06 Marks)
June/July 2014
10. A block of wood of specific gravity 0.8 floats in water. Determine the meta-centric height of block if its
size is 3 m long, 2 m wide and 1 m height. State whether equilibrium is stable or unstable. - (08 Marks)
June/July 2014
11. Derive continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates. (06 Marks) June/July 2014

UNIT 4 FLUID DYNAMICS

1. What is Euler’s equation of motion? How will you obtain Bernoulli's equation from it? (10 Marks) Dec
2014/jan2015
2. The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 m having diameters 600 mm at the upper end and
300 nun at the lower end, at the rate of 50 lt/s. The pipe has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the
lower end if the pressure at the higher level is 19.62 N/cm2. (10 Marks) Dec 2014/jan2015
3. Obtain the Euler's equation of motion along a stream line and hence derive Bernoulli’s equation for a
steady incompressible fluid flow. (10 Marks) June/July 2013
4. A 10m long water pipe is laid at a slope of 3 in 4. The diameters of the lower end and upper end are
120mm and 180mm respectively pressure gauges fixed at the lower end and upper end reads 0.2MPa and
0.3MPa respectively. Determine the flow rate of water through the pipe. (10 Marks) June/July 2013
5. Write assumptions made while deriving Euler's equation of motion. (03 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
6. Derive Euler's equation of motion. Also derive Bernoulli's equation. (10 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
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7. A pipe of diameter 400 mm carries water at a velocity of 25 m/sec. The pressures at the points A and B
are given as 29.43 N/cm2 and 22.563 N/cm2 respectively, while the datum head at A and B are 28 m and
30 m. Find the loss of head between A and B. (07 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
8. Derive Euler's equation of motion for ideal fluids and hence deduce Bernoulli's equation of motion. State
the assumptions made. (10 Marks) June/July 2014
9. A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.8 changes in diameter from 390 mm at position (1) to 600
mm in diameter at position (2), which is 5 m at a higher level. If the pressure at position ( 1) and (2) are
100 kN/m2 and 60 kN/m2 respectively and discharge is 300 lps, determine (i) loss of head and (ii)
direction of flow. (10 Marks) June/July 2014

UNIT-5 FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENTS DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

1. Sketch and derive the relation for actual discharge through an orifice meter. (10 M)Dec 2014/jan2015
2. State Buckingham's π theorem. The efficiency η of a fan depends on density ρ, dynamic viscosity µ of
the fluid, angular velocity , diameter D, discharge Q. Express η in terms of dimensionless parameters.
(10 Marks) Dec 2014/jan2015
3. Derive an expression for discharge through a rectangular notch. (10 Marks) June/July 2013
4. Using Buckingham's n-theorem prove that the frictional torque T of a disc of diameter D rotating at a
speed N in a fluid of viscosity p. and density p in a turbulent flow is given by (10 M) June/July 2013

5. Explain: (i) Geometric similarity (ii) Kinematic similarity (iii) Dynamic similarity model and prototype.
(06 Marks) A vertical venturimeter has an area ratio 5. It has a throat diameter of 10 cm. When oil of
specific gravity 0.8 flows through it, the mercury in the differential gauge indicates a difference in height
of 12 cm. Find the discharge through venturi. Take εd = 0.98. (06 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
6. The functional torque T of a disc of diameter D rotating at a speed N in a fluid of viscosity µ and density
ρ in a turbulent flow is given by

(08 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014

7. Derive an expression for discharge through a venturi-meter. (08 Marks) June/July 2014
8. State Buckingham's it theorem. (04 Marks) June/July 2014
9. The frictional torque 'T' of a disc of diameter 'D' rotating at a speed of 'N' in a fluid of viscosity µ and

density ρ in a turbulent flow is given by Prove this relation using

Buckingham's it theorem: (08 Marks) June/July 2014

UNIT-6 FLOW THROUGH PIPES

1. Derive the Darcy-Weisbach equation for the loss of head due to friction in a pipe. (10 Marks) Dec
2014/jan2015 June/July 2013 Dec2013/ Jan 2014
2. Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe of diameter 300 mm and length 50 m through which water is
flowing at a velocity of 3 m/s using: (i) Darcy's formula, (ii) Chezy's formula for which C =60. (10
Marks) Dec 2014/jan2015
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3. Water is supplied to a town having a population of 1 lakh from a reservoir 6km away from the town and
is stipulated that half of the daily supply of 180 liters per head should be delivered in 8 hrs. What should
be the diameter of the supply pipe? The loss of head due to friction in the pipe line is 12m. Take f= 0.002.
(10 Marks) June/July 2013
4. What do you mean by hydraulic gradient line and total energy line? (02 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
5. A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely into the
atmosphere at the other end. For first 25 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 150 mm diameter and
its diameter is suddenly enlarges to 300 mm. The height of water level in tank is 8 m above the centre of
pipe. Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of flow. Take f = 0.01 for both
sections of pipe. (10Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
6. Derive Darey's relation for a turbulent flow through a circular pipe. (10 Marks) June/July 2014
7. Find the diameter of a pipe of length 2000 m when the rate of flow of water through the pipe is 200 lps
and head lost due to friction is 4 m. Take the value of 'C' = 50 in Chezy's formula. (10M) June/July 2014

UNIT 7 LAMINAR FLOW AND VISCOUS EFFECTS

1. Define Reynolds number. What is its significance? (04 Marks) June/July 2013
2. Derive Hagen Poisoulle's equation for viscous flow through a circular pipe. (10 Marks) June/July 2013

Dec 2014/jan2015

3. An oil of viscosity 10 poise flows between two parallel fixed plates which are kept at a distance of 50
mm apart. Find the rate of flow of oil between the plates if the drop of pressure in a length of 1.2 m be
0.3 N/cm3. The width of plates is 200 min. (06 Marks) Dec 2014/jan2015
4. A pipe of diameter 240mm and length 20km is laid at a slope of 1 in 250. An oil of specific gravity 0.85
and, viscosity 180cp is pumped up at a rate of 18 liters/sec. Find the head lost due to friction and the
power required to pump the oil. (10 Marks) June/July 2013
5. For a fluid flow through a pipe, show that maximum fluid velocity is twice the average velocity. Also
derive Hagen Poiseuille's equation. (12 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
6. Determine (i) pressure gradient (ii) the shear stress at the two horizontal parallel plates and (iii) the
discharge per meter width for the laminar flow of oil with a maximum velocity of 2 m/sec between two
horizontal parallel fixed plates which are 100 mm apart. µ= 2.4525 N-s/m2. (08 M)Dec2013/ Jan 2014
7. Prove that the ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity in a viscous flow of fluid through a circular
pipe is 2.0. (10 Marks) June/July 2014
8. Lubricating oil of specific gravity 0.85 and dynamic viscosity 0.1 N-s/m2 is pumped through a 3 cm
diameter pipe. If the pressure drop per meter length of the pipe is 15 kPa, determine: i) The mass flow
rate of oil in kg/min. ii) The shear stress at the pipe wall. iii) Reynolds number of the flow and iv) The
power required per 40 m length of the pipe to maintain the flow. (10 Marks) June/July 2014

UNIT 8 FLOW PAST IMMERSED BODIES INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

9. Explain terms: i) Lift; ii) Drag; iii) Displacement thickness; iv).Momentum thickness. (08 Marks) Dec
2014/jan2015
10. Define the terms subsonic flow and supersonic flow. (04 Marks) Dec 2014/jan2015
11. A flat plate 1.5m x 1.5m moves at 50 km/hr in stationery air of density 1.15 kg/m3. If the coefficient of
drag and lift are 0.15 and 0.75 respectively. Determine: (i) lift force; (ii) drag force; (iii) resultant force.
(08 Marks) Dec 2014/jan2015
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12. Explain the following: i) Drag ii) Lift iii) Momentum thickness iv) Mach number v) Mach cone.10 M
June/July 2013
13. A flat plate 2m x 2m moves at 40 km/hr in a stationary air of density 1.2 kg/m3. If the coefficients of
drag and lift are 0.15 and 035 respectively determine: i) The lift force ii) The drag force iii) The resultant
force iv) The power required to keep the plate in motion. (10 Marks) June/July 2013
14. Explain the terms: (i) Lift (ii) Drag (iii) Displacement thickness (iv) Momentum thickness. (08 Marks)
Dec2013/ Jan 2014
15. Define the terms sonic flow, subsonic flow and supersonic flow. (03 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
16. A flat plate 1.5m x 1.5m moves at 50 kmph in stationary air of density 1.15 kg/m3. If the coefficient of
drag and lift are 0.15 and 0.75 respectively, determine (i) The lift force, (ii) The drag force, (iii) The
resultant force. (iv) Power required to the plate in motion. (09 Marks) Dec2013/ Jan 2014
17. The experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel with a wind speed of 50 km/hr on a flat plate of size 2
in long and 1 in wide. The density of air is 1.15 kg/m3. The coefficients of lift and drag are 0.75 and 0.15
respectively. Determine: i) Lift force ii) Drag force Pt' iii) The resultant force iv) Direction of resultant
force v) Power exerted by air on plate.(10 Marks) June/July 2014
18. Briefly explain, what is meant by boundary layer and hence define; i) Displacement thickness ii)
Momentum thickness (06 Marks) June/July 2014
19. Define Mach number and derive an expression for the same. (04 Marks) June/July 2014

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