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Pavement Materials
Lecture 4 (Aggregates)
Components of Pavements
embankment
Components of Pavements
embankment
Aggregates
• Combination of distinct particles gathered into
an aggregate mass (sand, gravel, crushed stone
or other materials comprising individual particles)
• Used in base/subbase courses, shoulders
• Ingradients for bituminous mixes (92 to 96%
mass)
• Ingradients for cement concrete (80 to 85% mass)
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Aggregate Sources
• Natural
Obtained from large rock formation by quarrying
Excavated rock is usually crushed to obtain
aggregates of different sizes
• Manufactured
Byproduct of other manufacturing industries
(slag which is a by-product of metallurgical
industry (steel, tin, copper)
Broken bricks, over-burnt bricks etc
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Classification of Natural Aggregates
Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
• Igneous
Formed by cooling of molten rock material
(magma) beneath the earth’s crust
Crystalline in structure
Grain Size Classification
Coarse grained (grain size larger than 2mm)
Fine grained (Finer than 0.2mm)
Classification on the basis of Composition
Acidic - > 66% Silica, < 2.75 Sp. Gravity, light Colour
Basic - < 55% Silica, > 2.75 Sp. Gravity, dark Colour
Intermediate
Examples – Granite, Basalt
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Stripping of Aggregates
• One of the main failure modes in bituminous
pavements
• Resulting in loss of adhesion between bitumen
and aggregates
• Some aggregates have an affinity for water over
bitumen – Hydrophilic
• Some others have less affinity for water -
Hydrophobic
• Hydrophilic – acidic, Siliceous (sand stone,
Quartz), - vely charged in the presence of water
• Hydrophobic – Basic, Calcareous (Lime stone,
Dolomite), +vely charged
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Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
• One of the main failure modes in concrete
pavements
• It is a chemical reaction between certain types of
aggregates and hydroxyl ions (OH-) associated
with alkalis in the cement.
• Concrete deterioration is slow but progressive
• Two Types
Alkali-Silica – certain siliceous aggregates (Granite)
Alkali-Carbonate – certain Dolomitic Limestone
aggregates
• Cracking and Swelling in Concrete
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Aggregate Size
• Aggregates of different sizes are normally used in
combination
Aggregate Gradation
Aggregate gradation is obtained by sieving material through
successive sieves
100
Sieve % Pass 90
22.4 100 80
% Passing the sieve
13.2 100 70
9.5 95 60
50
4.75 43 40
2.36 31.5 30
1.18 22.5 20
0.3 14 10
0.075 5.5 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve size, mm
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0%
2.36 9.5 13.2
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Uniform
Open
graded
0%
2.36 9.5 13.2
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Aggregate Gradations
Dense or Well Gradation
Closely packed, lesser voids, more particle contacts
Gap Gradation
Contains only a small percentage of aggregate
particles in the mid-size range, more voids, less
workability, segregation
Open Gradation
Contains only small portion of aggregate particles in
the small ranges (near vertical in the mid-range and
flat near small range)
Uniform Gradation
Most of the particles in a narrow range
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Aggregate Impact
• Resistance to crushing under sudden impact load
• Aggregates of 12.5-10 mm size used
• 102 mm dia mould 50 mm deep
• Hammer 13.5 to 14 kg, Height of Fall 380 mm, 15
blows
• Material Passing 2.36 mm sieve expressed as
percentage of total aggregate is the Aggregate
Impact Value.
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Flaky
Angular Rounded
Un-compacted Voids =
((V-W/Gsb)/V)*100
V
http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/Fine-
Aggregate-Angularity/
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Swinging Arm
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Elongation Index
• % by wt. of agg. having
max dimension > 1.8
times the av. Dim.
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Clay
Sand Equivalent Value =
(Sand Height/Clay Height) * 100 Sand
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Specific Gravity
• Useful for weight – volume conversion
• It is the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a material at
a specified temperature to the mass of the same volume
of distilled water at the same temperature
Specific Gravity
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Specific Gravity
Apparent Specific Gravity =
Dry mass/Volume of water replaced by the dry aggregate
Bulk (Dry) Specific Gravity =
Dry mass/Volume of water replaced by the saturated
surface dry aggregate
Bulk (SSD) Specific Gravity =
SSD mass/Volume of water replaced by the saturated
surface dry aggregate