Standard Ditches With Surcharge

Table of Contents
List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... ii

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ ii
Design Codes and References ............................................................................................. iii
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
2 Material Characteristics..................................................................................................2
2.1 Soil ..........................................................................................................................2
2.2 Spring constant of Foundation Material .................................................................2
3 Loading........................................................................................................................... 3
3.1 Dead loads ..............................................................................................................3
3.2 Live Loads ..............................................................................................................3
3.3 Horizontal earth pressure .......................................................................................3
3.4 Load combinations and partial factors of safety .....................................................3
4 Two Dimension Modeling With SAP 2000 ...................................................................4
5 Analysis Results .............................................................................................................5
6 Design Calculations......................................................................................................12
7 Reinforcement Arrangement ........................................................................................63
Design Report – Standard Ditches Page i

List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Cross Section of Standard Ditches.......................................................................1

Figure 5-1 Type 1 Bending Moment .....................................................................................6
Figure 5-2 Type 1Shear Force ............................................................................................... 6
Figure 5-4 Type 2 Shear Force .............................................................................................. 7
Figure 5-7 Type 4Bending Moment ......................................................................................9
Figure 5-9 Type 5 Bending Moment ...................................................................................10
Figure 5-10 Type 5 Shear Force .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 7-1 Reinforcement Details ...............................................................................63
List of Tables
Table 1-1 Standard Ditches Details .......................................................................................1

Table 3-1 Partial Safety Factors ............................................................................................ 3
Table 4-1 Drain Types ...........................................................................................................4
Table 5-1 Results Summary ................................................................................................ 11
Table 7-1 Reinforcement Details ......................................................................................... 64
Design Report – Standard Ditches Page ii

Design Codes and References
For the analysis and design of the Underpass Structure and for material properties
Following codes are used
i) British Standard BS 5400:2006-Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges Part 2:
ii) British Standard BS 5400:1990-Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges Part 4:
iii) British Standard BS 8002:1994-Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures
iv) Design Manual for Road and Bridges BD 31/01-The Design of Buried
Concrete Box and Portal Frame Structures
v) Bowels,J.E.(1997).Foundation Analysis and Design.(Fifth edition).McCraw-
Hill International, New York.
vi) Reinforced Design Structures.(Volume 01) Dr. B.C.Punmia
Design Report – Standard Ditches Page iii

1 Introduction
This report contains the load calculation and structural design for Standard Ditched for Extension of
Southern Expressway (ESE)
MINIMUM 2m DISTANCE
E
L OP
S
.5
1:1
B 33.69
H1 H2
Figure 1-1 Cross Section of Standard Ditches

The structural designs were carried out for several types of standard ditches with different dimensions
as listed in Table 1-1. It assume that one side is backfilled with 1:1.5 sloping surface while, other side
is backfilled up to wall top level forming horizontal surface as show on Figure 1-1 for all type of
ditches. The minimum horizontal distance of sloping surface taken as 2m.
No Type H1(mm) H2 (mm) B(mm)

1 A 300 300 300
2 B 450 450 450
3 C 600 600 600
4 D 800 800 800
5 E 1000 1000 1000
6 F 1200 1200 1200
7 G 1300 1300 1300
8 H 1500 1500 1500
9 I 1500 1500 2500
10 J 1600 1600 800
11 K 2500 2000 2500
Table 1-1 Standard Ditches Details
Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 1

2 Material Characteristics
2.1 Soil
Unit weight of saturated soil is assumed as 23 kN/m3. Internal friction angle(∅) is taken as 350 and
active earth pressure coefficients were calculated as follows.
(1−sin ∅)
Active earth pressure coefficient for with no surcharge, 𝑘𝑎 = (1+sin ∅)
ka =(1- sin 35)/(1+sin 35)

=0.271
Active earth pressure coefficient for with sloping surcharge,
Where β is slope angle of backfill surface, β = 33.690
ka = 0.583
Then active lateral earth pressure (Pa ) is calculated. Pa= kaɤH
2.2 Spring constant of Foundation Material

Bearing capacity of existing base shall be taken as 100 kN/m2.
The spring constant, ks is calculated in accordance with Clause 9.10 of Joseph .P. Bowels “Foundation
Analysis and Design” text book.
ks =40 x (SF) x qa
Assuming a factor of safety of 2.0 against bearing capacity failure,
ks =40 x 2 x 200
=8 000 kN/m2.

3 Loading
The loads were calculated in accordance with BS 5400-2:2006, Clause 6. The following loads
have been considered
o Dead loads
o Live Loads
o Horizontal earth pressure
3.1 Dead loads

In this case, self- weight of the structure was considered as a dead load. Density of concrete was
considered as 25 kN/m3. Grade 25 concrete to be used for the construction of the ditches. In the
analysis using SAP2000, using the details of the dimensions and the density, software itself will
be able to calculate the self-weight of the structure
3.2 Live Loads

A pressure of 10 kN/m2 ( S ) s h a l l b e a p p l i e d a s l i v e l o a d s u r c h a r g e . The horizontal
pressures applied to the side walls due to surcharge shall be taken as KaS.
3.3 Horizontal earth pressure

In the Standard ditches, horizontal earth pressure should be applied to the side walls. It is assume that
soil is in saturated state and unit weight of soil is considered as 21 kN/m3 in accordance with Table 1
of British Standard BS 8002:1994. The horizontal earth pressures applied to the side walls of the
structure at a depth D below ground level shall be taken as KaγD.
3.4 Load combinations and partial factors of safety

According 3 and 4 of BS 5400: Part 2:2006, Load Combinations 1, is used for designing of Standard
ditches.
Loads ULS (γfl) SLS (γfl)

1. Concrete 1.15 1.0
2. Surcharge pressure 1.5 1.0
3. Horizontal earth pressure 1.5 1.0
γf3 1.1 1.0
Table 3-1 Partial Safety Factors

4 Two Dimension Modeling With SAP 2000
For analyzing purpose above drains are categorized in to five basic types according to wall height as
follow,
Drain Type Wall height, H (m) Assumed Wall & Base
thickness(mm)
1 0.3≤ H ≤ 0.6 125
2 0.6 < H ≤ 1.0 150
3 1.0 < H ≤ 1.5 150
4 1.5< H ≤ 2.0 200
5 2.0< H ≤ 2.5 250
Table 4-1 Drain Types
A two dimensional finite element model based on SAP 2000 structural analysis software was used to
analyze reinforced concrete standard ditches. Analysis was performed for the ULS & SLS load stages.
The reinforced concrete standard ditches were modeled using frame elements. Length of frame section
was considered as 1m & the thickness of the frame elements have been considered appropriately. The
grade of concrete of the frame was considered as 25N/mm2. Elastic modulus of concrete was taken as
26kN/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio was considered as 0.2.
It is considered that the bottom slab will act as a raft and hence it is mounted on springs to ensure
proper representation of raft behavior. Hence, soil was modeled using springs. For the determination
of soil spring constant, value of 40 × factor of safety (FOS) × bearing capacity giving 8000 kN/m3
with FOS of 2 has been used (Foundation Analysis and Design by J.E. Bowles). Since the frame
elements length of 0.1 m, it will give a soil spring constant of 8000× 0.1 = 800 kN/m at each node
point located internally.

5 Analysis Results
Analysis of the structure was performed for both two load stages; ultimate limit state (ULS) and the
serviceability limit state (SLS) for each type of ditch types. The resultant of the bending moments and
shear forces due to load combinations were obtained and results are presented in this section.

Figure 5-1 Type 1 Bending Moment
Figure 5-2 Type 1Shear Force

Figure 5-4 Type 2 Shear Force


Figure 5-7 Type 4Bending Moment

Wall Base

Standard ULS SLS ULS SLS
Ditch BM SF Dead Live BM BM SF Dead Live Bearing
Type (kNm) (kN) Load Load (kNm) (kNm) (kN) Load Load Pressure
BM BM (Sag) (Hog) BM BM (kN/m2)
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
1 3.27 6.39 0.64 1.34 2.39 1.23 8.91 0.67 1.33 9.98
2 9.37 22.48 2.23 3.45 9.33 1.99 26.26 2.21 3.45 20.51
3 22.33 33.78 6.62 6.91 22.13 4.95 37.62 6.65 6.86 13.31
4 47.94 58.38 16.20 12.86 47.94 10.27 65.99 16.2 12.85 25.58
5 85.35 84.91 31.64 20.09 85.35 21.36 102.9 31.64 20.09 20.62
Table 5-1 Results Summary

6 Design Calculations

Reference Calculation Output
Design of Standard DitchType 1 ( 0.3m≤ H ≤ 0.6m)

Design of Walls
Dimensions
Height of wall,Hw = 600 mm
Thickness of wall, Tw = 125 mm
Design Moments & Shear Forces

Maximum ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 3.27 kNm
Maximum SLS Dead Load Bending Moment , BMsls_d = 0.64 kN
Maximum SLS Live Load Bending Moment , BMsls_l = 1.34 kNm
BS 5400-4 Maximum ULS Shear Force, SFuls = 6.39 kNm
1990 Concrete Characteristic strength fcu = 25 N/mm2
Table 5,6 Reinforcement Characteristic strength fy = 460 N/mm2
BS 5400-4 There is no axial load on walls, therefore it is treated as cantilever slab &
1990 designed accordance with Clause 5.4
Cl 5.6.1 Consider 1000mm length section, b = 1000 mm
Assume, Cover = 45 mm
Bar dia meter = 10 mm
Effective Depth, d = 125 -10 /2 - 45
= 75 mm
Reinforcement Design for Ditch wall
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 75
Equ. 2 = 21.09 kNm > 3.270
Hence section is Singly Reinforcement
Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
6
z = 0.5x 75 1+ 1 -5.057 x 3.270 x10^
25 x 1000 x 75 2
= z
72.7 mm
= 0.95d
0.95 x 75
= 71.3 < 72.7
Therefore z = 71.3 mm
EXTENSION OF SOUTHERN EXPRESSWAY (ESE)
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𝑀𝑢
Required reinforcement area 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
= 3.270 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 71.3
2
= 115 mm
BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 75
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 113 mm
BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 115 mm2

2
1990 Provide T 10 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 524 mm T 10 @
Cl 5.8.9 To prevent shinkage & temperature cracking 150mm spacing is provided 150 mm
BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement

1990 Minimum secondary reinforcement requirement,
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 75
2
BS 5400-4 = 90 mm
2
BS 5400-4 Check for Shear

1990 Maximum Shear Force = 6.390 kN
Cl 5.4.4 Maximum Shear Stress = F/A Max shear
= 6.390 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 75 = 0.085
2 2
= 0.085 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm2
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm
BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 75
= 1.61
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝛾 𝑓𝑐𝑢
BS 5400-4 Ultimate shear stress in concrete 𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 524 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 75.0
2
= 0.560 N/mm Alow shear
stress
Allowable Shear Stress = 𝑉𝑐 x ξs = 0.902
= 0.560 x 1.61 N/mm2
2
= 0.902 > 0.085 N/mm
Hence OK
BS 5400-4 Creack Width Calculation
1990
Cl 5.8.8.2 Design Crack width
Equation 24
Where,
a cr = Dis tan ce from the crack to the nearest bar
= Calculated strain at level where cracking is being considered
C nom= required nominal cover
h = Overall depth of the section
= Depth of the concrete in compression
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 1.340 kNm
Mg = 0.640 kNm
Cover for the reinforcemen = 45 mm
Bar Spacing = 150 mm
Bar diameter = 10 mm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 150 + 45 + 10/2 - 10 /2
2
= 85.1 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 524 +
0.5
15.38 x 524 2 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 524 x 75
1000
x = 27.63 mm
z = d-x/3
= 75 - 27.63 /3
= 65.79 mm
Srevice Moment = Mq + Mg
= 1.340 + 0.640
= 1.980 kNm
Servivce Stress, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑀
𝑧 𝐴𝑠 Service
= 1.980 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
65.79 x 524 = 57.48
2 2
= 57.48 N/mm N/mm
Steel Stain ∈𝑠 = 57.48

200 x 103
= 0.00028739
( 125 - 27.63 ) x 57.48

( 1000 - 27.63 ) 200 x 103
= 2.8779E-05
∈𝑚 = 2.8779E-05 -
3.8 x 1000 x 125 x( 125 - 27.63 ) x

0.000287388 x 524 x( 125 - 28 )
1- 1.340 x 103
0.640 x 103
BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 2.8779E-05 - -0.0034526
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = 0.0035 >
∈𝑚 = 2.8779E-05

BS 5400-4 Design Crack width
1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 85.1 x 2.87791E-05
1 +2( 85.1 - 45 )/( 125 - 27.63 )
= 0.004 mm > 0.25 mm
Hence, Crack width is OK
BS 5400-4 Stress Limitations

1990 For concrete
Cl 4.1.2 Compress stress ditribution due to Bending for the SLS
= Mser /Z
2
Section Modulus of section, Z = 1/6 x bd
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 75
3
= 937,500.00 mm
Service Stress of concrete = Mser /Z

6
= 1.980 x 10
937,500.00
2
= 2.11 N/mm
BS 5400-4 Service Stress limit of concrete = 0.50𝑓𝑐𝑢

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 2.11 N/mm
Hence OK
BS 5400-4 Compress stress ditribution due to axial load for the SLS
1990 Axial Load on member = 0 kN
Table 2 Therefore uniform compressive distribution, 0 < 0.38𝑓𝑐𝑢
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
Tensile stress ditribution for the SLS
2
Sevice tensile stress of concrete = 57.48 N/mm
BS 5400-4 Service Stress limit of reinforcment = 0.75𝑓𝑦

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 57.48 N/mm
Hence OK

Design of Base
Dimensions
Width of Base, BB = 600 mm
Thickness of Base, TB = 125 mm

Maximum Sagging ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 3.29 kNm
Maximum Hogging ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 1.23 kNm
Maximum ULS Shear Force, SFuls = 8.91 kNm
2
Maximum Bearin Pressure at SLS = 9.98 kN/m
BS 5400-4 Concrete Characteristic strength fcu = 25 N/mm2
1990 Reinforcement Characteristic strength fy = 460 N/mm2
Table 5,6
For Hogging Moment
Consider 1000mm length section, b = 1000 mm
= 75 mm
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 75
3
= 937,500.00 mm
Flexural Tensile Stress = M/z
6
BS 5400-4 = 1.23 x10 / 937,500.00
1990 = 1.312 N/mm2
Table32 Permissible Flexural Tensile Stress = 3.6 < 1.31 Hence OK
Hence flexural tensile stress is within the permissible limit
For Sagging Moment
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 75
Equ. 2 = 21.09 kNm > 3.29

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −

6
z = 0.5x 75 1+ 1 -5.057 x 3.290 x10^
25 x 1000 x 75 2
z = 72.7 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 75
= 71.3 < 72.7
𝑀𝑢
= 3.290 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 71.3
2
= 115 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 75
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 113 mm
2

Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 75
2
BS 5400-4 =90 mm
1990 Provide T 10 @ 150 , 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 524 mm
2
T 10 @

= 8.910 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 75 = 0.119
2 2 2
= 0.119 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 75
= 1.61
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 524 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 75.0
2
= 0.560 N/mm
Allowable Shear Stress = 𝑉𝑐 x ξs Alow shear
= 0.560 x 1.61 stress
2
= 0.902 > 0.119 N/mm = 0.902
2
Hence OK N/mm
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 1.330 kNm
Mg = 0.670 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 150 + 45 + 10/2 - 10 /2
2
= 85.1 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 524 +
2 0.5
15.38 x 524 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 524 x 75
1000
x = 27.63 mm
z = d-x/3
= 75 - 27.63 /3
= 65.79 mm
= 1.330 + 0.670
= 2.000 kNm
= 2.000 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
65.79 x 524 = 58.06
2
= 58.06 N/mm N/mm2

200 x 103
= 0.00029029
( 125 - 27.63 ) x 58.06

( 1000 - 27.63 ) 200 x 103
= 2.907E-05
∈𝑚 = 2.907E-05 -
3.8 x 1000 x 125 x( 125 - 27.63 ) x

0.000290291 x 524 x( 125 - 28 )
1- 1.330 x 103
0.670 x 103

BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 2.907E-05 - -0.0030784
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = 0.0031 >
∈𝑚 = 2.907E-05
1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 85.1 x 2.90698E-05
1 +2( 85.1 - 45 )/( 125 - 27.63 )
= 0.004 mm > 0.25 mm
Bearing Pressure
Bearing Pressure under the base = 10.0 kN/m2
2
Asummed bearin pressure = 100 kN/m > 10.0 kN/m2
Hence, Bearing pressure is OK
1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
Section Modulus of section, Z = 1/6 x bd2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 75
3
= 937,500.00 mm

6
= 2.000 x 10
937,500.00
2
= 2.13 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 2.13 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 58.06 N/mm
Hence OK
𝑓 50𝑓
75𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
Design of Standard DitchType 2 ( 0.6m<H ≤ 1.0m)

Design of Walls
Dimensions

= 100 mm
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 100
Equ. 2 = 37.50 kNm > 9.370

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
6
z = 0.5x 100 1+ 1 -5.057 x 9.370 x10^
25 x 1000 x 100 2
= z
95.0 mm
= 0.95d
0.95 x 100
= 95.0 < 95.0
𝑀𝑢
= 9.370 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 95.0
2
= 246 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 100
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 150 mm

2

Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 100
2
BS 5400-4 = 120 mm
2

= 22.480 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 100 = 0.225
2 2
= 0.225 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm2
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 100
= 1.5
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 524 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 100.0
2
stress
= 0.509 x 1.5 N/mm2
2
= 0.764 > 0.225 N/mm
Hence OK
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 3.450 kNm
Mg = 2.230 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 150 + 45 + 10/2 - 10 /2
2
= 85.1 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 524 +
0.5
15.38 x 524 2 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 524 x 100
1000
x = 32.88 mm
z = d-x/3
= 100 - 32.88 /3
= 89.04 mm
= 3.450 + 2.230
= 5.680 kNm
= 5.680 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
89.04 x 524 = 121.83
2 2
= 121.83 N/mm N/mm

200 x 103
= 0.00060917
( 150 - 32.88 ) x 121.83

( 1000 - 32.88 ) 200 x 103
= 7.377E-05
∈𝑚 = 7.377E-05 -
3.8 x 1000 x 150 x( 150 - 32.88 ) x

0.000609172 x 524 x( 150 - 33 )
1- 3.450 x 103
2.230 x 103
BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 7.377E-05 - -0.0009777
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = 0.0011 >
∈𝑚 = 7.377E-05

1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 85.1 x 7.37701E-05
1 +2( 85.1 - 45 )/( 150 - 32.88 )
= 0.0112 mm > 0.25 mm

1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 100
3
= 1,666,666.67 mm

6
= 5.680 x 10
1,666,666.67
2
= 3.41 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 3.41 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 121.83 N/mm
Hence OK

Design of Base
Dimensions

2
Table 5,6
For Hogging Moment
= 100 mm
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 100
3
= 1,666,666.67 mm
6
BS 5400-4 = 1.99 x10 / 1,666,666.67
2
1990 = 1.194 N/mm
For Sagging Moment
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 100
Equ. 2 = 37.50 kNm > 9.33

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −

6
z = 0.5x 100 1+ 1 -5.057 x 9.330 x10^
25 x 1000 x 100 2
z = 95.0 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 100
= 95.0 < 95.0
𝑀𝑢
= 9.330 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 95.0
2
= 245 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 100
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 150 mm
2

Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 100
2
BS 5400-4 120 mm
=
2
T 10 @

= 26.260 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 100 = 0.263
2 2 2
= 0.263 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 100
= 1.5
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 524 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 100.0
2
= 0.509 N/mm
= 0.509 x 1.5 stress
2
= 0.764 > 0.263 N/mm = 0.764
2
Hence OK N/mm
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 3.450 kNm
Mg = 2.210 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 150 + 45 + 10/2 - 10 /2
2
= 85.1 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 524 +
2 0.5
15.38 x 524 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 524 x 100
1000
x = 32.88 mm
z = d-x/3
= 100 - 32.88 /3
= 89.04 mm
= 3.450 + 2.210
= 5.660 kNm
= 5.660 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
89.04 x 524 = 121.41
2
= 121.41 N/mm N/mm2

200 x 103
= 0.00060703
( 150 - 32.88 ) x 121.41

( 1000 - 32.88 ) 200 x 103
= 7.351E-05
∈𝑚 = 7.351E-05 -
3.8 x 1000 x 150 x( 150 - 32.88 ) x

0.000607027 x 524 x( 150 - 33 )
1- 3.450 x 103
2.210 x 103

BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 7.351E-05 - -0.0010062
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = 0.0011 >
∈𝑚 = 7.351E-05
1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 85.1 x 7.35103E-05
1 +2( 85.1 - 45 )/( 150 - 32.88 )
= 0.011 mm > 0.25 mm
Bearing Pressure
2
1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 100
3
= 1,666,666.67 mm

6
= 5.660 x 10
1,666,666.67
2
= 3.40 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 3.40 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 121.41 N/mm
Hence OK
𝑓 50𝑓
75𝑓 𝑓 𝑓

Design of Walls
Dimensions

= 99 mm
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 99
Equ. 2 = 36.75 kNm > 22.330

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
6
z = 0.5x 99 1+ 1 -5.057 x 22.330 x10^
25 x 1000 x 99 2
= z
85.8 mm
= 0.95d
0.95 x 99
= 94.1 > 85.8
𝑀𝑢
= 22.330 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 85.8
2
= 650 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 99
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 149 mm

2

Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 99
2
BS 5400-4 = 119 mm
2

= 33.780 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 99 = 0.341
2 2
= 0.341 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm2
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 99
= 1.5
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 754 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 99.0
2
stress
= 0.577 x 1.5 N/mm2
2
= 0.865 > 0.341 N/mm
Hence OK
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 6.910 kNm
Mg = 6.620 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 150 + 45 + 12/2 - 12 /2
2
= 84.7 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 754 +
0.5
15.38 x 754 2 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 754 x 99
1000
x = 37.71 mm
z = d-x/3
= 99 - 37.71 /3
= 86.43 mm
= 6.910 + 6.620
= 13.530 kNm
= 13.530 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
86.43 x 754 = 207.62
2 2
= 207.62 N/mm N/mm

200 x 103
= 0.0010381
( 150 - 37.71 ) x 207.62

( 1000 - 37.71 ) 200 x 103
= 0.00012114
∈𝑚 = 0.00012114 -
3.8 x 1000 x 150 x( 150 - 37.71 ) x

0.001038101 x 754 x( 150 - 38 )
1- 6.910 x 103
6.620 x 103
BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 0.00012114 - -3.19E-05
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = 0.0002 >
∈𝑚 = 0.00012114

1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 84.7 x 0.000121138
1 +2( 84.7 - 45 )/( 150 - 37.71 )
= 0.018 mm > 0.25 mm

1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 99
3
= 1,633,500.00 mm

6
= 13.530 x 10
1,633,500.00
2
= 8.28 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 8.28 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 207.62 N/mm
Hence OK

Design of Base
Dimensions

2
Table 5,6
For Hogging Moment
= 99 mm
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 99
3
= 1,633,500.00 mm
6
BS 5400-4 = 4.95 x10 / 1,633,500.00
2
1990 = 3.0303 N/mm
For Sagging Moment
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 99
Equ. 2 = 36.75 kNm > 22.13

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −

6
z = 0.5x 99 1+ 1 -5.057 x 22.130 x10^
25 x 1000 x 99 2
z = 86.0 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 99
= 94.1 > 86.0
𝑀𝑢
= 22.130 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 86.0
2
= 643 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 99
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 149 mm
2

Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 99
2
BS 5400-4 119 mm
=
2
T 10 @

= 37.620 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 99 = 0.380
2 2 2
= 0.380 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 99
= 1.5
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 754 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 99.0
2
= 0.577 N/mm
= 0.577 x 1.5 stress
2
= 0.865 > 0.380 N/mm = 0.865
2
Hence OK N/mm
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 6.860 kNm
Mg = 6.560 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 150 + 45 + 12/2 - 12 /2
2
= 84.7 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 754 +
2 0.5
15.38 x 754 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 754 x 99
1000
x = 37.71 mm
z = d-x/3
= 99 - 37.71 /3
= 86.43 mm
= 6.860 + 6.560
= 13.420 kNm
= 13.420 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
86.43 x 754 = 205.93
2
= 205.93 N/mm N/mm2

200 x 103
= 0.00102966
( 150 - 37.71 ) x 205.93

( 1000 - 37.71 ) 200 x 103
= 0.00012015
∈𝑚 = 0.00012015 -
3.8 x 1000 x 150 x( 150 - 37.71 ) x

0.001029661 x 754 x( 150 - 38 )
1- 6.860 x 103
6.560 x 103

BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 0.00012015 - -3.358E-05
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = 0.0002 >
∈𝑚 = 0.00012015
1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 84.7 x 0.000120153
1 +2( 84.7 - 45 )/( 150 - 37.71 )
= 0.018 mm > 0.25 mm
Bearing Pressure
2
1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 99
3
= 1,633,500.00 mm

6
= 13.420 x 10
1,633,500.00
2
= 8.22 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 8.22 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 205.93 N/mm
Hence OK
𝑓 50𝑓
75𝑓 𝑓 𝑓

Design of Walls
Dimensions

= 149 mm
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 149
Equ. 2 = 83.25 kNm > 47.940

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
6
z = 0.5x 149 1+ 1 -5.057 x 47.940 x10^
25 x 1000 x 149 2
= z
130.4 mm
= 0.95d
0.95 x 149
= 141.6 > 130.4
𝑀𝑢
= 47.940 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 130.4
2
= 919 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 149
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 224 mm

2
Cl 5.8.9 Spacing in less than 150mm, Henc it is satisfied the shinkage & temperature 100 mm
Reinforcement requirement
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 149
2
BS 5400-4 = 179 mm
2

= 58.380 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 149 = 0.392
2 2
= 0.392 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm2
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 149
= 1.35
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 1131 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 149.0
2
stress
= 0.576 x 1.35 N/mm2
2
= 0.778 > 0.392 N/mm
Hence OK
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 12.860 kNm
Mg = 16.200 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 100 + 45 + 12/2 - 12 /2
2
= 65.4 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 1131 +
0.5
15.38 x 1131 2 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 1131x 149
1000
x = 56.68 mm
z = d-x/3
= 149 - 56.68 /3
= 130.11 mm
= 12.860 + 16.200
= 29.060 kNm
= 29.060 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
130.11 x 1131 = 197.49
2 2
= 197.49 N/mm N/mm

200 x 103
= 0.00098745
( 200 - 56.68 ) x 197.49

( 1000 - 56.68 ) 200 x 103
= 0.00015002
∈𝑚 = 0.00015002 -
3.8 x 1000 x 200 x( 200 - 56.68 ) x

0.000987447 x 1131 x( 200 - 57 )
3
1- 12.860 x 10
3
16.200 x 10
BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 0.00015002 - 0.00014031
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = 1E-05 <
∈𝑚 = 9.7173E-06

1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 65.4 x 9.71732E-06
1 +2( 65.4 - 45 )/( 200 - 56.68 )
= 0.0015 mm > 0.25 mm

1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 149
3
= 3,700,166.67 mm

6
= 29.060 x 10
3,700,166.67
2
= 7.85 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 7.85 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 197.49 N/mm
Hence OK

Design of Base
Dimensions

2
Table 5,6
For Hogging Moment
= 149 mm
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 149
3
= 3,700,166.67 mm
6
BS 5400-4 = 10.27 x10 / 3,700,166.67
2
1990 = 2.7756 N/mm
For Sagging Moment
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 149
Equ. 2 = 83.25 kNm > 47.94

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −

6
z = 0.5x 149 1+ 1 -5.057 x 47.940 x10^
25 x 1000 x 149 2
z = 130.4 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 149
= 141.6 > 130.4
𝑀𝑢
= 47.940 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 130.4
2
= 919 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 149
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 224 mm
2
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 149
2
BS 5400-4 179 mm
=
2
T 10 @

= 65.990 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 149 = 0.443
2 2 2
= 0.443 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 149
= 1.35
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 1131 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 149.0
2
= 0.576 N/mm
= 0.576 x 1.35 stress
2
= 0.778 > 0.443 N/mm = 0.778
2
Hence OK N/mm
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 12.850 kNm
Mg = 16.200 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 100 + 45 + 12/2 - 12 /2
2
= 65.4 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 1131 +
0.5
15.38 x 1131 2 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 1131 x 149
1000
x = 56.68 mm
z = d-x/3
= 149 - 56.68 /3
= 130.11 mm
= 12.850 + 16.200
= 29.050 kNm
= 29.050 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
130.11 x 1131 = 197.42
2
= 197.42 N/mm N/mm2

200 x 103
= 0.00098711
( 200 - 56.68 ) x 197.42

( 1000 - 56.68 ) 200 x 103
= 0.00014997
∈𝑚 = 0.00014997 -
3.8 x 1000 x 200 x( 200 - 56.68 ) x

0.000987108 x 1131 x( 200 - 57 )
3
1- 12.850 x 10
3
16.200 x 10

BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 0.00014997 - 0.00014078
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = 9E-06 <
∈𝑚 = 9.1972E-06
1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 65.4 x 9.19717E-06
1 +2( 65.4 - 45 )/( 200 - 56.68 )
= 0.001 mm > 0.25 mm
Bearing Pressure
2
1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 149
3
= 3,700,166.67 mm

6
= 29.050 x 10
3,700,166.67
2
= 7.85 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 7.85 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 197.42 N/mm
Hence OK
𝑓 50𝑓
75𝑓 𝑓 𝑓

Design of Walls
Dimensions

= 197 mm
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 197
Equ. 2 = 145.53 kNm > 85.350

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
6
z = 0.5x 197 1+ 1 -5.057 x 85.350 x10^
25 x 1000 x 197 2
= z
171.9 mm
= 0.95d
0.95 x 197
= 187.2 > 171.9
𝑀𝑢
= 85.350 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 171.9
2
= 1241 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 197
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 296 mm
BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 1241 mm

2
2
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 197
2
BS 5400-4 = 236 mm
2

= 84.910 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 197 = 0.431
2 2
= 0.431 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm2
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 197
= 1.26
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 1340 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 197.0
2
stress
= 0.556 x 1.26 N/mm2
2
= 0.700 > 0.431 N/mm
Hence OK
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 20.090 kNm
Mg = 31.640 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 150 + 45 + 16/2 - 16 /2
2
= 83.8 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 1340 +
15.38 x 1340 2 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 1340x 197 0.5
15.38 x 1340
1000 15.38 x 1340
x = 71.85 mm 15.38 x 1340
z = d-x/3
= 197 - 71.85 /3
= 173.05 mm
= 20.090 + 31.640
= 51.730 kNm
= 51.730 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
173.05 x 1340 = 223.01
2 2
= 223.01 N/mm N/mm

200 x 103
= 0.00111506
( 250 - 71.85 ) x 223.01

( 1000 - 71.85 ) 200 x 103
= 0.00021403
∈𝑚 = 0.00021403 -
3.8 x 1000 x 250 x( 250 - 71.85 ) x

0.001115061 x 1340 x( 250 - 72 )
3
1- 20.090 x 10
3
31.640 x 10
BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 0.00021403 - 0.00023202
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = -2E-05 <
∈𝑚 = -1.799E-05

1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 83.8 x -1.79933E-05
1 +2( 83.8 - 45 )/( 250 - 71.85 )
= -0.0032 mm < 0.00 mm
Hence, Section is Uncracked

1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 197
3
= 6,468,166.67 mm

6
= 51.730 x 10
6,468,166.67
2
= 8.00 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 8.00 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 223.01 N/mm
Hence OK
Shinkage & Temparature Reinforcement
BS 5400-4 𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝑘𝑟 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑟
1990 kr = 0.005 , Acor = 0 Acor = 0
Cl. 5.8.9 Ac = 1000 x 250 = 250000
𝑘𝑟 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑟 = 1250 mm2
As = 1340 > 1250 Hence OK

Design of Base
Dimensions

2
Table 5,6
For Hogging Moment
= 197 mm
2
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 197
3
= 6,468,166.67 mm
6
BS 5400-4 = 21.36 x10 / 6,468,166.67
2
1990 = 3.3023 N/mm
For Sagging Moment
BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 25 x 1000 x 197
Equ. 2 = 145.53 kNm > 85.35

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −

6
z = 0.5x 197 1+ 1 -5.057 x 85.350 x10^
25 x 1000 x 197 2
z = 171.9 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 197
= 187.2 > 171.9
𝑀𝑢
= 85.350 x 10^6
0.87 x 460 x 171.9
2
= 1241 mm

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 197
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 296 mm
BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 1241 mm
2
2
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 197
2
BS 5400-4 236 mm
=
2
T 10 @

= 102.90 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 197 = 0.522
2 2 2
= 0.522 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 18.75 N/mm

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 197
= 1.26
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 1340 25
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 197.0
2
= 0.556 N/mm
= 0.556 x 1.26 stress
2
= 0.700 > 0.522 N/mm = 0.700
2
Hence OK N/mm
1990
Equation 24
Where,
BS 5400-4
1990
Equation 25
Where,
Mq = 20.090 kNm
Mg = 31.640 kNm
2 2 1/2
a cr = 150 + 45 + 16/2 - 16 /2
2
= 83.8 mm
= 200 / ( 26 /2 )
= 15.38
−∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ± ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 2 + 2𝑏 ∝𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑏
x =- 15.38 x 1340 +
15.38 x 1340 2 + 2x 1000x 15.38 x 1340 x 197 0.5
15.38 x 1340
1000 15.38 x 1340
x = mm x 1340
71.85 15.38 15.38 x 1340
z = d-x/3
= 197 - 71.85 /3
= 173.05 mm
= 20.090 + 31.640
= 51.730 kNm
= 51.730 x 10^6 stress, 𝑓𝑠
173.05 x 1340 = 223.01
2
= 223.01 N/mm N/mm2

200 x 103
= 0.00111506
( 250 - 71.85 ) x 223.01

( 1000 - 71.85 ) 200 x 103
= 0.00021403
∈𝑚 = 0.00021403 -
3.8 x 1000 x 250 x( 250 - 71.85 ) x

0.001115061 x 1340 x( 250 - 72 )
3
1- 20.090 x 10
3
31.640 x 10

BS 5400-4
1990 ∈𝑚 = 0.00021403 - 0.00023202
Equation 25 ∈𝑚 = -2E-05 <
∈𝑚 = -1.799E-05
1990 =
Cl 5.8.8.2
Table 1
= 3x 83.8 x -1.79933E-05
1 +2( 83.8 - 45 )/( 250 - 71.85 )
= -0.003 mm < 0.00 mm
Hence, Section is Uncracked
Bearing Pressure
2
1990 For concrete
= Mser /Z
2
= 1/6 x 1000 x 197
3
= 6,468,166.67 mm

6
= 51.730 x 10
6,468,166.67
2
= 8.00 N/mm

1990 = 0.50 x 25
2 2
Table 2 = 12.50 N/mm > 8.00 N/mm
Hence OK
Hence OK
For Reinforcements
2

1990 = 0.75 x 460
2 2
Table 2 = 345 N/mm > 223.01 N/mm
Hence OK
𝑓 50𝑓
75𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
7 Reinforcement Arrangement
Standard Ditch Type 1,2,3 & 4 Standard Ditch Type 5
Figure 7-1 Reinforcement Details

Drain Member Number of bars Bar Shape lengths
Size(mm) Size (mm) Reinforcement bars for section for 6m length (mm)
Bar Shapes
Standard
Ditch Type Wall Base Wall Base T1 T2 T1 T2 L1 L2 L3
300 300 125 125 40 10 335 460 335 T1
Type 01
450 450 125 125 T10 @ 150mm T10 @ 150mm 40 13 485 610 485
0.3≤H≤0.6
600 600 125 125 40 16 635 760 635
Type 02 800 800 150 150 40 20 860 1010 860
T10 @ 150mm T10 @ 150mm
0.6<H≤1.0 1000 1000 150 150 40 23 1060 1210 1060
1200 1200 150 150 40 29 1260 1410 1260
Type 03 1300 1300 150 150 40 29 1360 1510 1360
T12 @ 150mm T10 @ 150mm
1.0<H≤1.5 1500 1500 150 150 40 35 1560 1710 1560 T2
1500 2500 150 150 40 41 1560 2710 1560
Type 04 1600 800 200 200 60 46 1710 1110 1710
T12 @ 100mm T10 @ 150mm
1.5<H≤2.0
Type 05 2000 2500 250 250 40 51 2160 2910 2660
T16 @ 150mm T10 @ 150mm
2.0<H≤2.5 2500
Table 7-1 Reinforcement Details

Standard Ditches With Surcharge

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Standard Ditches With Surcharge

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Table of Contents

List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... ii

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page i

Figure 1-1 Cross Section of Standard Ditches.......................................................................1

Table 1-1 Standard Ditches Details .......................................................................................1

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page ii

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page iii

Figure 1-1 Cross Section of Standard Ditches

No Type H1(mm) H2 (mm) B(mm)

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 1

ka =(1- sin 35)/(1+sin 35)

Active earth pressure coefficient for with sloping surcharge,

Where β is slope angle of backfill surface, β = 33.690

Then active lateral earth pressure (Pa ) is calculated. Pa= kaɤH

2.2 Spring constant of Foundation Material

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 2

3.1 Dead loads

3.2 Live Loads

3.3 Horizontal earth pressure

3.4 Load combinations and partial factors of safety

Loads ULS (γfl) SLS (γfl)

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 3

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 4

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 5

Figure 5-2 Type 1Shear Force

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 6

Figure 5-4 Type 2 Shear Force

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 7

Figure 5-6 Type 3 Shear Force

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 8

Figure 5-8 Type 4 Shear Force

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 9

Figure 5-10 Type 5 Shear Force

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 10

Table 5-1 Results Summary

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 11

Design Report – Standard Ditches Page 12

Design of Standard DitchType 1 ( 0.3m≤ H ≤ 0.6m)

Design Moments & Shear Forces

Reinforcement Design for Ditch wall

Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd

BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 115 mm2

BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement

BS 5400-4 Check for Shear

BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)

Steel Stain ∈𝑠 = 57.48

( 125 - 27.63 ) x 57.48

3.8 x 1000 x 125 x( 125 - 27.63 ) x

EXTENSION OF SOUTHERN EXPRESSWAY (ESE)

BS 5400-4 Stress Limitations

Service Stress of concrete = Mser /Z

BS 5400-4 Service Stress limit of concrete = 0.50𝑓𝑐𝑢

BS 5400-4 Service Stress limit of reinforcment = 0.75𝑓𝑦

EXTENSION OF SOUTHERN EXPRESSWAY (ESE)

Design Moments & Shear Forces

For Sagging Moment

Reinforcement Design for Ditch wall

Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

EXTENSION OF SOUTHERN EXPRESSWAY (ESE)

BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd

BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement

BS 5400-4 Check for Shear

BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)