Hamilton 1

Noah Hamilton

Prof. Dunham

ENG 1201 Online

28 June 2019

Annotated Bibliography

Bondarescu, Ruxandra, et al. ​Women in Science: Surpassing Subtle and Overt Biases through

Intervention Programs.​ 2018. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsarx&AN=edsarx.1808.05549&site

=eds-live.

Bondarescu, Ruxandra, et al., having undergraduate and graduate degrees in physics

and/or chemistry from The United States, India and Switzerland, composed an academic

journal, ​Women in Science: Surpassing Subtle and Overt Biases through Intervention

Programs​, regarding societal restraints on women that create a lack of women in STEM

based fields. The article begins by describing the difference in treatment towards children

based on gender. For instance, many toys resembling leadership, science and mechanics

are defined as masculine, while many toys resembling fashion and beauty are defined as

feminine. Thus, in childhood, many young girls are restrained from developing a STEM

based interest. The journal proceeds to provide statistics supporting the claim of a gender

bias in STEM fields. For example, a male in The United States (a country with one of the

smallest gender gaps in STEM careers) is nine times more likely to enter and succeed in

the attainment of a STEM career. In conclusion, a gender bias must be present for this

difference in likelihood to occur. The authors’ purpose is to empower women and inform
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the public of this gender bias in STEM fields. Although this piece mainly reflects on the

United States’ gender bias, the authors have very diverse backgrounds. Some of the

authors did not study in The United States, so those authors have less anecdotal

experiences to support their claim. But, the authors each hold outstanding credentials and

supported their journal with an extensive bibliography, so the work is evidently credible.

This information can be used to describe the biases implanted in developing children

leading to the gender gap in STEM based fields. The information answers “why are

women less likely than men to enter a STEM based field?”, which is directly related to

my Research Proposal question.

Fatourou, Panagiota, et al. “Women Are Needed in STEM: European Policies and Incentives.”

Communications of the ACM, ​vol. 62, no. 4, Apr. 2019, pp. 52–57. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1145/3312565.

Fatourou, Panagiota, et al., developed an academic journal, “Women Are Needed in

STEM: European Policies and Incentives”, pertaining to action taken to promote gender

equality in Europe and the expected effect over time in various european countries. The

journal begins with a depicted chart showing percentages by year from 2011-2017 of

students in an informatics major that are female. As represented by the chart, Belgium

and Denmark lay beneath the 10% by 2017. These countries differed significantly from

Estonia and Romania with results in 2017 of approximately 30%. Thus, North Eastern

Europe is promoting gender equality in STEM based fields in a far superior manner to

North Central Europe. Meanwhile, Western Europe held median results, but Western

Europe’s results were increasing by year at the highest rate. In conclusion, actions taken
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in Europe are most effective in Western Europe. So, the article’s purpose is to persuade

European officials to take further action in underperforming countries. Unfortunately, the

work’s diagrams only contain research prior to 2018, so the journal could be more up to

date. But, the article contains an extensive bibliography and extremely relevant charts and

diagrams. So, the article is credible and contains information regarding “How are foriegn

countries approaching the gender gap in STEM based fields.” This information is directly

related to my Research Proposal question and can be used in my research paper.

Hill, Catherine. “Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics.” ​AAUW,​ AAUW, 2019, ​www.aauw.org/research/why-so-few/​.

Catherine Hill developed a report titled “Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics.” to discuss the cause of the gender gap in STEM fields.

She began by mentioning the progress women have contributed to business, law and

medicine, but she proceeds by questioning the lack of women in STEM. Hill explains the

social factors shaping young girls’ interest in science and maths, the college environment

and the continuing conscious and unconscious biases in the world today refraining

women in STEM fields. The environmental factors in girls’ youth are described as social

stereotypes in the learning environment that lower both young girls’ aspirations for and

test scores in sciences and maths. Hill references research showing girls told they have

equal science and math abilities to boys statistically test better and are thenceforth more

likely to enter a STEM field. She then provides research showing women are more likely

than men to be unsatisfied with a college environment when in a STEM department, thus

proving current college environments may lead to less women completing a STEM major
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and entering a STEM career. Hill later mentions research showing people relating STEM

careers to a masculine identity and art related careers to a feminine identity. So, many

employers may reject a female applicant as opposed to a male applicant due to the

unconscious bias of a man being more competent in STEM than a woman. The writer's

purpose of writing this report is to inform the public, more specifically educators and

employers, of the many reasons the gender gap in STEM exists, so these persons can

work towards fixing these societal problems. This report was written in 2019 and Hill

provided extensive credible research to support her claims, so I conclude this source to be

credible. I intend to use this source to provide examples and evidence of the societal

restraints on women in STEM.

Malhotra, Charu. “The Malaise of Under-Representation of Women in Science: The Indian

Story.” ​Current Science (00113891),​ vol. 115, no. 9, Nov. 2018, pp. 1714–1723.

EBSCOhost, doi:10.18520/cs/v115/i9/1714-1723.

Charu Malhotra of the Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology wrote the

article “The Malaise of Under-Representation of Women in Science: The Indian Story.”

to review the Gender gap in scientific institutions over time and the potential solutions to

this issue in India. Malhotra discusses the domination of men in scientific institutions and

the lack of women in said institutions. She mentions the causes of this problem being

social and cultural biases and a lack of government action on the gender gap. But, she

recommends the workplace biases being addressed, an increase in women in leadership

positions, and a more collaborative work environment. The author’s purpose is to address

the government and science institutions in regards to the gender gap in the institutions.
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While Malhotra only references research from 2016 and prior to 2016, her main claims

are very similar to the claims of current academic journals on the same topic. The author

also has outstanding credentials that prove her credibility, so the provided information is

believable. I intend to use Malhotra’s article for potential solutions to the gender gap in

STEM.

Pattatucci, Angela M. ​Women in Science : Meeting Career Challenges.​ Thousand Oaks, Calif. :

Sage Publications, [1998], 1998. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat01128a&AN=scc.b1147364&site=e

ds-live.

Angela Pattatucci wrote the book ​Women in Science : Meeting Career Challenges t​ o

inspect factors contributing to a lack of female representation in science fields. She

mainly addresses the social stereotypes leading to women not entering these science

fields. Females are developed in a society in which masculinity is related to science, so

women are led to be less interested in sciences and more interested in studies given a

feminine identity. Plus, employers are more likely to reject a female applicant, as a

woman would be viewed as less scientifically competent than a man. Although, this book

was written in 1998, so the information provided may be less relevant than a more current

source. But, this source may still be trusted, as 25 female scientists with sufficient

credentials provide personal anecdotes in relation to the matter. So, the book contains a

diverse database of credible information. The author's purpose was to inform the public

of the pressing issue of the gender gap in science fields. I will likely use the information

in this source to provide personal anecdotes as support for my main claims.

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Rugheimer, Sarah. “Women in STEM Resources.” ​Women in STEM Resources - Sarah

Rugheimer,​ 2019, ​www.sarahrugheimer.com/Women_in_STEM_Resources.html​.

Physics professor Sarah Rugheimer wrote​ ​“Women in STEM Resources.” to explain the

causes and possible solutions for the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields.

First, Rugheimer discusses the gender wage gap, and the need for balance in wages for

both genders. She also mentions the subtle gender bias of Science faculties and the need

for people to be more conscious and aware of these unconscious biases. These two major

problems and solutions are believed by Rugheimer to be two of the largest in relation to

the underrepresentation of women in STEM. The author’s purpose is to inform the public

of these problems and solutions, so the public can overcome these wage gaps and gender

biases. Overall, Rugheimer’s article is believable, as she is a credible physics professor,

the article was relevantly published in 2019, and an extensive bibliography is presented. I

plan to use this information as support for my claims of the unfair gender wage gap and

the immoral gender biases in STEM.

van Staden, Antoinique, et al. “‘Gender Shouldn’t Matter Because We Are All Scientists Here’:

A Narration of the Panel Discussion at the 2nd International Women in Science Without

Borders Conference.” ​South African Journal of Science,​ vol. 115, no. 3/4, Mar. 2019, pp.

33–36. EBSCOhost, doi:10.17159/sajs.2019/5865.

van Staden, Antoinique, et al. wrote “‘Gender Shouldn’t Matter Because We Are All

Scientists Here’: A Narration of the Panel Discussion at the 2nd International Women in

Science Without Borders Conference.” to report the discussion at the 2nd International

Women in Science Without Borders Conference. The main issues discussed were the
 Hamilton 7

gender wage gap and the need to encourage young girls to enter science fields. First,

mean are generally paid more than women for completing the same tasks in a job/career,

thus women are less financially motivated than men to enter a science field. Then, van

Staden discusses the need to encourage women to enter the sciences. Stereotypes in

society have led to an underrepresentation of women in science institutions, thus young

girls must know they are more than capable of understanding and creating progress in the

sciences. The author's purpose is to fix the gender wage gap and empower women. The

source is credible, as it is a narration of an academic conference and is relevant

information from 2018. I intend to use the information to create a call to action. The

gender wage gap and lack of empowerment for young girls are two major issues that

could be changed if people only knew of these problems.