Lec:1

19th SEp.,2017

Internal Combustion Engines

ME 4142
Dr. Saif ur Rahman
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 COURSE OVERVIEW
• TEXT BOOK
FUNDAMENTALS of INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES by
H.N.Gupta
Reference Books:
1. Internal Combustion Engines: Applied
Thermosciences by Colin R. Ferguson
2. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion
Engine (2nd Ed) by W.P Pulkrabek
3. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, by
Heywood, J. B.,
 Calendar of Activities (tentative)
Week Contents Tasks/Activities

1 Session 1-2; Thermodynamics review of IC engine related topics 2 Lectures

2 Session 3-4; Chap 1; Introduction Engine types and Basic Operations 2 Lectures

3-4 Session 5-8; Chap 2; Standard cycles and analysis, Operation parameters and characteristics 4 Lectures

5-6 Session 9-12; Chap 3; Thermo-Chemistry of fuel air Mixture 4 Lectures

7-8 Session 13-16; Chap 4; Fuel Cycles and Analysis 4 Lectures

9-10 Session 17-20; Chap 5; Models of Engine cycles 4 Lectures

11 Session 21-22; Chap 6; Combustion in spark ignition engine 2 Lectures

12 Session 23-24; Chap 7; Combustion in compression ignition Engine 2 Lectures

13-14 Session 25-28; Chap 8, 9, and 10; Fuels and Knocking Carburetors and fuel injectors 4 Lectures

15 Session 29-30; Misc. Chapters; Friction, Lubrication, and Pollution 2 Lectures

16 Session 31-32; Reports and Presentations 2 Lectures

 Grading
• Assignments 7%
• Quizzes 13%
• Term Project 10%
• Midterm Exam 20%
• Final Exams 50%
 Course Learning Outcomes
CLO 1. Demonstrate ability to apply and analyze various
thermodynamic cycles to internal combustion engines.
Analysis of combustion in engines. (C4)

CLO 2. Specify and interpret engine design parameters as well as

performance data for a variety of internal combustion
engine systems. (C5)

CLO 3. Develop an ability to explain pollutant formation, its effect

on environment and control. (C3)
CLO to PLO mapping
 PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES
PLO2 Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.

PLO4 Investigation: An ability to investigate complex engineering problems in a methodical way

including literature survey, design and conduct of experiments, analysis and interpretation
of experimental data, and synthesis of information to derive valid conclusions.

PLO7 Environment and Sustainability: An ability to understand the impact of professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of
and need for sustainable development.
 COURSE OVERVIEW
• Review of ME-2123 Thermodynamics II
• Important topics reviewed will be
Thermodynamic processes
Thermodynamic Cycles
Otto Cycle/ Diesel Cycle
 Engines Requiring Combustion
• External Combustion Engine
– Steam Engine
– Coal and Wood based transportation systems
• Internal Combustion Engine
– Petroleum based transportation systems
• Compression Ignition Engine
• Spark Ignition Engine
• Gas Turbines
Discovery of Petroleum
 Petroleum and ICE
• First major step towards the use of hydrocarbon fueled internal
combustion engines was the discovery of “large” amounts of petroleum in
1859 at Drake’s Well, Titusville, Pennsylvania (Fig. left)
• 20 barrels per day of oil was produced
• Transition from coal and wood fired transportation system to oil based
engine was slow at first
• A very important milestone in the evolution of internal combustion
engines was the discovery in 1901 of a vast reservoir of oil at Spindletop
Dome in east Texas. The Lucas #1 gusher (Fig. right) produced 100,000
barrels of oil per day
• This made sure that the Second Industrial Revolution would be fueled by
oil, not coal
 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

A thermodynamic process may be defined as the energetic

evolution of a thermodynamic system proceeding from an
initial state to a final state.
Paths through the space of thermodynamic variables are
often specified by holding certain thermodynamic variables
constant.
Processes:
Isothermal
Isobaric
Iso-volumetric
Adiabatic
Thermodynamic Processes - Isothermal
To keep the temperature
constant both the
pressure and volume
change to compensate.
(Volume goes up,
pressure goes down)
“BOYLES’ LAW”
Thermodynamic Processes - Isobaric
Heat is added to the gas
which increases the
Internal Energy (U) Work
is done by the gas as it
changes in volume.

The path of an isobaric

process is a horizontal line
called an isobar.

∆U = Q - W can be used since

the WORK is POSITIVE in
this case
Thermodynamic Processes - Isovolumetric
Thermodynamic Processes - Adiabatic
ADIABATIC- (GREEK-
adiabatos-
"impassable")
In other words, NO HEAT
can leave or enter the
system.
 Polytropic Process
• When a gas undergoes a reversible process in which
there is heat transfer, the process frequently takes
place in such a manner that a plot of the Log P
(pressure) vs. Log V (volume) is a straight line. Or
stated in equation form
• PVn = constant.
• This type of process is called a polytropic process. An
example of a polytropic process is the expansion of
the combustion gasses in the cylinder of a water-
cooled reciprocating engine
 The Polytropic process: PVn=Const.
Assumptions
• Changes in KE and PE are zero
• Quasistatic process State 1
• Ideal gas
p
Quasi-Static processes are processes in which
every state of the process is an equilibrium
process. The process is carried out so slow
such that when we look at the state it looks at
equilibrium. State 2
Expression for work:
V2
W1 2,by   PdV
V1
W1 2 ,by  
V2 C1
dV V
V2
  P(V )dV
V1 V n

V1 P2V2  P1V1

Process equation: 1 n

P V  C1  PV
n n Note that n cannot equal
1 1 one, which is the general
case.
 Polytropic Process

• Particular Cases
SUMMARY