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6.1 Introduction
Bond Stresses Due to Flexure Bond Stresses Due to Flexure (Cont.)
Round bar
reinforcement
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b. Splitting of the concrete along the bar when Development Length is defined as the length of
cover, confinement, or bar spacing is embedment needed to develop the full tensile
insufficient to resist the lateral concrete tension. strength of the bar.
Critical
section
A B C
Beam
Section
L1 L2
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Note: The product of αβ ≤ 1.7 24
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Modification Factor of
Definition of Parameters (Cont.) Development Length in Tension
625 mm
maximum bending moment at the mid-span. 200 mm o.c.
Regular uncoated reinforcing bars are used. A 10-28 mm φ
Concrete f’c = 28 MPa and main bar fy = 414 MPa. 65
65
10 m
65 270 65
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Source: Brzev and Pao (2006) Section A-A
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b. 20 mm and 25 mmφ
a. 90°Hook b. 180°Hook
c. 25 mmφ and smaller
Min. diameter of bend, D: 10 to 25 mmφ - 6db
28, 32, 36 mmφ - 8db
31 32
larger than 36 mmφ - 10db
0.24 β fy
Ldh = ⋅ db (6)
λ fc '
Modification Factors
Definition of Parameters (Cont.) (Standard Hooks in Tension)
fy
a. Bars with fy other than 414 MPa
β Coating a) Epoxy-coated β = 1.2 415
factor: reinforcement b. Concrete cover (36 mmφ main bar and smaller) 0.70
b) Other cases β = 1.0 • Side cover (normal to plane of hook) > 65 mm
• For 90˚ hook, cover on bar extension beyond
hook > 50 mm
λ Lightweight a) Lightweight concrete λ = 0.75 c. Stirrups and ties (36 mmφ main bar and smaller) 0.80
aggregate • Hook enclosed within ties/stirrups along Ld
factor: b) Other cases λ = 1.0
• Stirrup spacing < 3db
As (required )
d. Excess reinforcement
35 As ( provided
36 )
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Modification Factors
(Standard Hooks in Tension) Example 3
Determine the development or embedment length required
• For bars being developed by a hook at
for the uncoated top bars of the beam shown in the figure:
discontinuous ends of members
a.if the bars are straight, assuming Ktr = 0
Side cover and top (or bottom) cover over hook < 65 mm
b.if a 180˚ hook is used
Hook enclosed within ties/stirrups along Ld
c.if a 90˚ hook is used 62.5 225 62.5
Stirrup spacing < 3db
62.5
f’c = 28 MPa 112.5
500 mm
Factor for ties or stirrups shall not apply. 6-28 mm φ
A fy = 414 MPa
12 mmφ
• Hooks shall not be considered effective in stirrups
developing bars in compression. A
L 350 mm
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Section A-A
Modification Factors
(Deformed Bars in Compression) Example 4
As shown in the figure, the forces in the column bars are to
As (required )
a. Excess reinforcement be transferred into the footing with 28 mm φ dowels.
As ( provided ) Determine the development lengths needed for the dowels
(a) up into the column Ld1 and (b) down into the footing Ld2
b. Spiral stirrups 0.80 if fy = 414 MPa.
• Bar diameter ≤ 10 mm
• Pitch ≤ 100 mm f’c = 34 MPa
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Development Length of
Bundled Bars Bar Bends and Cut-offs
When space for proper bar clearance is restricted,
bundled bars are used: • The beams designed up to this point have been
selected on the basis of maximum moments.
• No more than four bars bundled in contact • These moments have occurred at or near span
centerlines for positive moments and at the
• Bar larger than 36 mmφ shall not be bundled in
beams faces of supports for negative moments. At
other points in the beams, the moments were
• Termination of each bar must be staggered at least
40 db less.
• Development length based on single bar in a bundle
Increase 20% for 3 bars
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Increase 33% for 4 bars
Bar Bends and Cut-offs (Cont.) Bar Bends and Cut-offs (Cont.)
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Development of Reinforcement at
NSCP Bar Cut-off Requirements Simple Supports
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wu = 75 kN/m
stirrups bar lengths, it is frequently necessary to splice bars
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in the field.
6-28 mm φ
• Splices in reinforcement at points of maximum
9m stress should be avoided, and when splices are
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Lap-spliced deformed bars 54
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Butt-welded splice
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References
ACI 315-99: Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement. American Concrete
Institute.http://pdf.ebooks6.com/ACI-315-99-Details-and-Detailing-of-Concrete-
Reinforcement-%28ACI-download-w6644.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2011.
McCormac, J. C. and Nelson, J.K. 2005. Design of Reinforced Concrete. 6th Edition.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New Jersey.
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