3/19/2019

Magnetism and Induction

(Lecture in Physics for Engineers)

Reynold V. Luna
Physics Instructor, College of Science 1

Outline
o Magnetic Field
o Magnetic Flux and Gauss’ Law for
Magnetism
o Biot-Savart’s Law
o Magnetic Force
o Ampere’s Circuital Law
o Magnetic Properties of Materials
o Faraday’s Law of Induction

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Magnetic Field,

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Ørsted’s Discovery (1819)

Right-hand Rule

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Biot-Savart Law
Magnetic field due to a moving charged particle

⃗× ̂
=
4
Where: = permeability of free space = 4 × 10 T ∙ m/A
⃗
̂ = unit position vector =

SI Unit: tesla (T)

1 T = 1 N·s/C·m

Biot-Savart Law
Magnetic field due to a current

ℓ× ̂
=
4

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Applied Biot-Savart Law

The figure shows a straight wire
of length connected to a
battery. The current in the wire
is toward the right. Find an
expression for the magnetic
field at point , directly above
the midpoint of the wire.

A Bent Wire
The figure shows a bent wire connected to
an emf device. The orange segment of the
wire consists of two straight portions and
a portion that is a quarter of a circle of
radius . Point is at the center of the
complete circle. Find an expression for the
magnetic field at point . Assume the
portions of the wire shown in black are far
from point P and contribute a negligible
magnetic field

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Magnetic Force on charge

⃗ = ⃗×

Charged in Uniform Magnetic Field

Applications:
1. Velocity selector
2. Mass spectrometers
3. Cyclotrons

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Magnetic Force on a Conductor

⃗ = ℓ×

Moment on Current Carrying Loop

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Magnetic Flux,
Infinitesimal magnetic flux:
Φ = ∙ ⃗
Net magnetic flux through a finite area:

Φ = ∙ ⃗

Magnetic flux of a uniform magnetic field through

a flat area:
Φ = ∙ ⃗
where:
= magnetic field; ⃗ = infinitesimal area

Gauss’ Law for Magnetism

It is a peculiar property of magnetic field lines that they always form closed
loops. Magnetic field lines do not start and finish on isolated magnetic poles
even though we may draw them as starting from the north pole of a magnet
and finishing on the south pole. Magnetic field lines actually pass through the
magnet to join up again.

∙ ⃗=0

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Ampere’s Circuital Law

∙ ⃗=

Applied Ampere’s Law

Solenoid: Toroid:

= =
2

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Example Problem
A solenoid has length 20 cm, diameter 1 cm and 1000 turns.
What current must flow in the coil to develop a total flux of
106 Wb at the center of the solenoid?

Ampere-Maxwell’s Law
∙ ⃗= = +

Displacement current:

= = = =
Φ
=
Parallel-plate capacitor being charged. Thus,
There is no conduction current through
Φ
the surface that bulges out to pass ∙ ⃗= +
between the plates. The two surfaces have
a common boundary, so this difference in
Iencl leads to an apparent contradiction in
applying Ampere’s law.

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Sample Problem
A sinusoidally varying voltage is applied across a
capacitor as shown. The capacitance is C = 8.00 mF,
the frequency of the applied voltage is f = 3.00 kHz,
and the voltage amplitude is ΔVmax = 30.0 V. Find the
displacement current in the capacitor.
Given: C = 8 mF; f = 3 kHz; ΔVmax = 30.0 V; V = ΔVmax sin ωt
Sol’n: Id = dq/dt = d(Cv)/dt = C dv/dt = C d(ΔVmax sin ωt)/dt
Id = ω C ΔVmax cos ωt = 2πf C ΔVmax cos 2πf t
Id = 2π(3 × 103 Hz) (8 × 10-3 F) (30 V) cos {[2π (3 × 103 Hz)]t}
Id = 4.51 cos (1.88 × 104 t)

Force between 2 parallel Conductors

Same directions: Opposite directions:

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Magnetic Moments of Atom

Period: =
Current: = =

Angular momentum: =

Magnetic moment: ≡ =

Quantized Angular momentum: = ℏ

Thus, = = 9.27 × 10 J/T

Bohr Magneton

Magnetic Properties of Materials

Magnetization, =
Magnetizing field,
Magnetic susceptibility, =

Magnetic permeability, = = = 1+

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Curie’s Law
Curie’s Law: =

Curie-Weiss’s Law: =

where: = Curie constant

= Curie temperature

Hysteresis loop for Ferromagnet

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Property Diamagnet Paramagnet Ferromagnet

Cause of magnetism Orbital motion of electrons Spin motion of electrons Formation of domains formed
Weakly magnetized in a Get weakly magnetized in the Get strongly magnetized in the
State of
direction opposite to that of direction of applied magnetic direction of applied magnetic
magnetization
applied magnetic field field field
Magnetic induction
B < B0 B > B0 B >> B0
B
Magnetic
Low and negative | | ≈ 1 Low but positive ≈1 Positive and high ≈ 102
susceptibility
On cooling, these get These get converted into
Dependence of c on Does not depend on
converted to ferromagnetic paramagnetic materials at
temperature temperature
materials at Curie temperature Curie temperature
Intensity of in direction opposite to that of in the direction of H but in the direction of H and
magnetization (M) H and its value is very low value is low; = value is very high.
Magnetic moment
Very low Very low Very high
(μ)
Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Bi, Sb, NaCl, Al, Mn, Pt, Na, CuCl2, O2
Examples H2O air and diamond and crown glass
Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Fe3O4

Electromagnetic Induction Experiment

Actions which induce a current in the coil:

A. Moving the magnet B. Moving a second, current- C. Varying the current in the
toward or away from the coil carrying coil toward or away second coil (by closing or
from the coil opening a switch)

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Three Causes of Induced emf

The magnitude of the
magnetic field varies with
time (B ≠ constant)

The area of the loop changes

with time (A ≠ constant)

The angle between vectors

and , represented as ,
changes with time.

Faraday’s Law of Induction

“The induced emf, ℰ in a closed loop is
equal to the negative time rate of change
of magnetic flux through a loop.”

For a single loop:

Φ
ℰ=−

For coil with N-loops:

Φ
ℰ=−

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Sample Problem
A 500-loop circular wire coil with radius 4.00 cm is placed between the poles of
a large electromagnet. The magnetic field is uniform and makes an angle of 60
with the plane of the coil; it decreases at 0.200 T/s. What are the magnitude
and direction of the induced emf?
Given: N = 500 dB/dt = -0.200 T/s
A = π(0.04m)2 ϕ = 30°

Sol’n: ℰ = - NdΦ /dt = - N(dB/dt)(A cos ϕ)

ℰ = -(500)(-0.200 T/s)[π(0.04m)2·cos30°]
ℰ = 0.435 V

“The direction of any magnetic induction effect

Lenz’s Law is such as to oppose the cause of the effect.”

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Generator 1: Simple Alternator

A simple alternator is a device that generates an emf.
A rectangular loop is rotated with constant angular
speed about the axis of rotation. The magnetic field
is uniform and constant. At time t = 0, = 0.
Determine the induced emf.
Given: Φ = cos ; where A and B are constants

Sol’n: ℰ=− =− cos

ℰ= sin

Generator 2: DC generator
Consider a motor with a square, 500-turn coil 10.0 cm
on a side. If the magnetic field has magnitude 0.200 T,
at what rotation speed is the average back emf of the
motor equal to 112 V?

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Generator 3: Slide wire generator

(a) Will there be an induced EMF
across AB, if the magnetic field
changes from a value of 2.0 × 10–2
Wb/m2 to zero in a time of 5.0 ms?
(b) Calculate the value of the EMF and
the direction of the induced current
around the loop ABCD.
(c) If the rod now is moved to the right at a velocity of 5 × 10–2 m/s, with the
magnetic field remaining constant at its initial value, what will be the
induced EMF across AB now?

Motional electromotive force

Calculating the motional emf (induced
emf) for a moving current loop. The
velocity can be different for different
elements if the loop is rotating or
changing shape. The magnetic field B
can also have different values at
different points around the loop.
The total emf is:
ℰ= ⃗× ∙ ⃗

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Induced Electric Fields

By Faraday’s law the induced emf in the loop is: ℰ = − =−

Induced Electric Fields

What force makes the charges move around the wire loop?
 It is an induced electric field in the conductor caused by the
changing magnetic flux.
Induced electric fields are very different from the electric fields caused
by charges.
When a charge goes once around the loop, the total work done on it
by the electric field must be equal to ℰ.

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Faraday’s law for a stationary

integration path
= ℰ
⃗ ∙ ⃗= ∙ ⃗ = ℰ → ∙ ⃗= ℰ

Restatement of Faraday’s Law:

Φ
∙ ⃗= −

“The line integral of electric field around path is equal to the negative
of the time rate of change of magnetic flux through path.”

Sample Problem
Suppose the long solenoid (in the figure) has 500 turns
per meter and cross-sectional area 4.0 cm2. The current
in its windings is increasing at 100 A/s. (a) Find the
magnitude of the induced emf in the wire loop outside
the solenoid. (b) Find the magnitude of the induced
electric field within the loop if its radius is 2.0 cm.

Solution:
(a) ℰ = − = − 4 × 10 500 4 × 10 m = −25 μV
∙

ℰ ×
(b) ∮ ∙ ⃗ = ℰ → 2 = ℰ → = = = 2.0 × 10 V/m
×

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Generator 4: AC generator
Show that the induced emf in an AC
generator is
= sin = sin

and the current is

= sin = sin

Self-Induction
Process of creating back EMF

ℰ =− =− =−

Where:
= (inductance of solenoid)

SI Unit: henry (H), 1 H = 1 V/A·s

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Sample Problem
A coil has 1000 turns, length 300 mm
and diameter 40 mm wound on a
cardboard former.
Determine the inductance of the coil
and the energy stored within it when
carrying a current of 1.5 A.

Mutual Induction
ℰ , =− = =−

Where:
= (coefficient of mutual inductance)

Relation of mutual and self-inductance

=

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Analogy between capacitors and inductors

Capacitor, Inductor,
∆
= (parallel-plate capacitor) = (solenoid)
Electric field between plate Magnetic field in coils
Voltage ∆ across plates Current in wire
Charge stored by capacitor Magnetic flux Φ through inductor
Capacitance Inductance
= ∆ Φ =
= (parallel-plate capacitor) = (solenoid)

= ∆ =

Transformers

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Activity
A transformer purchased from an electronics store is labeled as
240 V AC input, 56 V CT @ 120 VA output. Calculate:
(a) the voltages available at the output;
(b) the maximum output current able to be drawn;
(c) the current drawn from the mains supply at maximum
output

RL Circuit

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LC Circuit
Show that the current in
the circuit is given by

=− sin +

where: =

References:
• Hawkes, Robert, et al., Physics for Scientists and Engineers: An Interactive
Approach, 2nd ed., Nelson Education, Ltd., 2018
• Serway, Raymond A. and Vuille, Chris, College Physics, 11th ed., Cengage Learning,
2018
• Katz, Debora M., Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
with Modern Physics, Cengage Learning, 2017
• Knight, Randall D., Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, 4th
ed., Pearson Education, Inc., 2017
• Walker, James S., Physics, 5th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., 2017
• Young, Hugh D. and Freedman, Roger A., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics
with Modern Physics, 14th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., 2016
• Mazur, Eric, Principles and Practice of Physics, Pearson Education, Inc., 2015

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