LESSON 1.

3
FACTORING
To factor a number means
to write it as a product of
two or more numbers.
 12 = (6) ( 2)

PRODUCT FACTORS
Factoring a polynomial
means writing it as a product
of other polynomials. It is the
reverse process of
multiplication.
x² +6x +8 =(x+4)(x + 2)
PRODUCT FACTORS
Any polynomial that
cannot be written as the
product of two other
polynomials, except 1 and
-1, is said to be prime.
A polynomial is said to be
factored completely when
it has been written as a
product consisting only of
prime factors.
MATH VOCABULARY
1. Product - the result of
multiplying two or more
numbers or algebraic
expressions.
2. Factors- numbers that are
being multiplied; a factor is a
number that evenly divides a
larger number.
3. Greatest Common
Factor (GCF) - is the largest
number that a set of numbers
or polynomials have in
common. Factors are also
divisors, so the GCF is also
the greatest common
divisor of the given numbers.
4. Dividend- the number
that is being divided by
another number.
5. Divisor- the number by
which another number is being
divided.
I. FACTORING THE
GREATEST COMMON
MONOMIAL FACTOR
Common Monomial
Factoring is the reverse of
multiplying polynomial by a
monomial.
Study the illustrative
example on how
factoring the Greatest
Common Monomial
Factor is being done.
Factor 12x³y – 20x y²z
5 5

a. Find the greatest

common factor of the
numerical coefficients.
b. Find the variable with
the least exponent that
appears in each term of the
polynomial.
c. The product of the
greatest common factor
in (a) and (b) is the GCF
of the polynomial.
d. To completely factor
the given polynomial,
divide the polynomial
by its GCF, the
resulting quotient is
the other factor.
Thus, the factored form
of 12x³y –20x y²z
5 5

is 4x³y²(3y³ - 5x²z)

LET’S PRACTICE!
Factor Completely.
1. 2x + 10
2. -8m -12
3. 3x³-12x²- 9x
4. y + y
5 3
5. 6y-18
6.10x² - 5x
7. m n² + mn
5

8. 18x³y - 12x²y
4 5

9. 6x y - 3x²y
4 5 4
10. 8x² + 16x

ACTIVITY 1:
Factor using the
greatest common
monomial factor:
1.32x² + 64x³- 48x
2.24y³- 30y²+ 54y 4

3.36m + 72m -81m

5 6 7

4.12c² + 16c³+ 36c 5

 5.28n³ + 35n -42n
8 7

ACTIVITY 2:
Factor using the greatest
common monomial
factor:
1. 8x³y + 32xy²
4

2. 9xy² - 36x²y
3. 28a y² - 14a²y³z
4

4. 21x³y² + 7x²y 5

5.3xy² + 6x²y -24xy 4

QUIZ:
FACTOR THE
FOLLOWING
POLYNOMIALS.
1. x²y - xy² + x³
2. 7x²y+14xy-21xy²
3. 30𝐲 z² + 45yz
𝟒

4. 2x³ +7x² - 3x
5. 21xy²-14xy + 7x
6. 3x²-6x – 30
7. 16𝐱 𝐲 - 24x²𝐲
𝟒 𝟓 𝟒

8. 9x²𝐲 - 15x𝐲
𝟑 𝟓

9. 11y -121
10.3x²+9x³ +6𝐱 𝟒
II. FACTORING
DIFFERENCE OF TWO
SQUARES
Observe the following:
1. 4x²– 36y²
= (2x + 6y) (2x – 6y)
2. 64x – 64
2

= (8x + 8) (8x – 8)
3.49a – 25
2

= (7a + 5) (7a – 5)
The factored form of a
polynomial that is a
difference of two squares
is the sum and difference
of the square roots of the
first and last terms.
LET’S PRACTICE!
Factor the following
using difference of two
squares:
1. – 16
a 2

2. 9x – 4
2

3. 64c – 1
2

4.100y – 49z
2 2

5. y – 81
2
6. 4m²-n²
7. 25x - 9y²
4

8. 81c - 16d²
4

9. 4900 – 25
10.144e - 64f²
4
ACTIVITY 1:
Factor the ff using
difference of two
squares.
1. x² – y²
2. 4x² – 36
3. a²b – 81
4

4. 16a – 25b²
6

9 1
5. ( r –
4
t²n )
6
16 25
ACTIVITY 2:
1.1600 – 144
2. 64m - 36n²
4

3. 121y - 225z
6 4

4. 25c – 400d²
4
5. 100b - 441c²
6

6. 4x – 16
6
QUIZ:
Factor the following
using difference of two
squares:
1. 49a – 144b²
2
2. 81x – 4x²
4

3. 64c – 100d²
2

4.100y – 49z
2 2

5. x - y
4 2

6. 64m²-121n²
7. 225x - 9y²
6

8. 81c - 196d²
8

9. 400e – 25f²
8

10. 8100 - 6400

FACTORING DIFFERENCE
OF TWO SQUARES
Directions: Form difference of
two squares problems by
pairing two squared quantities
then find their factors.
x²y³ 16s² 25 81𝐦 𝟒

k² 4𝐦 24p²
𝟔
100𝐧 𝟖

𝐰 𝐝𝟔 𝟏𝟖 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝐤 𝐮 9
36 𝐡 𝟏𝟎
20𝐚𝟒
25a²b³
144 1 121𝐜 𝟒
88𝐦 𝟒
 𝟏𝟔
49x²𝐲 𝟖
(x + 3)
𝟔𝟒
36𝐳 𝐱
𝟒 𝟏𝟔
121𝐡 𝟏𝟖

169 225𝐯 𝟐𝟐
(x – 7)²
30𝐫 𝐩
𝟒 𝟔
196𝐝𝟏𝟖
III.FACTORING THE SUM
OR DIFFERENCE OF TWO
CUBES
To find the factors of the sum
or difference of two cubes,
recall the product of a
binomial and a trinomial of
the form (a± b)(a²∓ab+b² )
(a + b)(a²– ab +b² ) = a³ + b³
(a – b)(a²+ ab +b² ) = a³ – b³

Reversing the equations,

we have the formula for
factoring the sum or the
difference of two cubes.
a³ + b³=(a + b)(a²– ab +b² )
a³ – b³=(a – b)(a²+ ab + b²)
A polynomial is a sum or
difference of two cubes if it
satisfies these two conditions:
a. It is a binomial
b. Each term is a cube
Examples:
1. Factor 8x³ + 27y³
2. Factor 64x³ – 1
3. Factor 2a³ + 16b³
LET’S PRACTICE:
State whether each
expression is a sum or
difference of two cubes.
Factor if it is a sum or
difference of two cubes.
1. x³ - 8
2. x³ + 27
3. 3x³ - 1
4. 27𝑥 + 𝑦
15 4
5. 8x³ - 1
6. 27x³ + 125𝑦 12

7.𝑥 𝑦 + 64
6 4

8. 1000𝑥 𝑦 – 1
6 12

9. 8𝑥 𝑦 - 𝑧
3 21 15
10. h³g³ - 64
ACTIVITY 1:
Factor the following
1. 125h³ - 64k³
2. 8m³ + 27n³
3. p –729q
6
 1
4. + r³
64
5.8x³ - 125y³
ACTIVITY 2:
Factor the following
1. m³n³ + 27
2. 64p – 8
6
3. 729r³ + 125
4. 24b³– 3c 6

5. 54x y³ +16x²
5
GROUP ACTIVITY:
Factor the following
expressions.
1. 125v³ + 8u³
 27 12
2. 8g –
6
h
64
3. 64t – 343w³
9

4. d e f + 216
3 6 9
5. 27k m – q r
3 3 3 3
1 3 27 6
6. x + y
8 8
7. 512a – 27b³
6
 1
8. + x 3
64
9. 16m n + 54m²
5 3

10. 3c³ – 24d³

11. m³n³ + 27
12. 64p – 8
6

13. 729r³ + 125

14. 24b³– 3c
6

15. 54x y³ +16x²

5
QUIZ:
Factor the following
sum or difference of
two cubes.
1. 125v³ + 8u³
27 12
2. 8g –
6
h
64
3. 343e – q³
9
4. d e f + 216
3 6 9

5. 27k m – q r
3 3 3 3

6. m³n³ + 27
7. 64p – 8
6
8. 729r³ + 125
9. 24a³b³– 3c 9

10. 54x y³z³ +16x²

5
GROUP ACTIVITY
1. 125v³ + 8u³
= (5v + 2u) (25v² – 10uv + 4u²)

6 27 12
2. 8g – h
8
2 3 4 4 4 9
= ( 2g – h ) ( 4g + 3g²h + h8 )
2 4

3. 64r 9 – 343w³
6
= (4r³ – 7w) ( 16r + 28r³w + 49w²)

4. d3 e6 f 9 + 216
4 6
= (de²f³ + 6) (d²e f – 6de²f³ + 36)
5. 27k 3 m3 – q3 r 3
= (3km – qr) (9k²m² + 3kmqr + q²r²)

1 3 27 3
6. x + y
8 8
1 3 1 3 9
= ( x + 𝑦 ) ( x² – 𝑥𝑦 + y² )
2 2 4 4 4

7. 512a3 – 27b³
= ( 8a – 3b) (64a² + 24ab + 9b²)
1
8. + x3
64
 1 1 1
=( + x)( – x + x²)
8 64 8

5 3
9. 16m n + 54m²
= 2m² ( 8m³n³ + 27)
= 2m² ( 2mn + 3)( 4m²n² –6mn + 9)

10. 3c³ – 24d³

= 3(c³ – 8d³)
= 3 (c – 2d ) (c² + 2cd + 4d²)

11. m³n³ + 27 = (mn + 3) (m²n² - 3mn + 9)

12. 64p6 – 8 = (4p² - 2) (16p4 + 8p² + 4)

13. 729r³ + 125 = ( 9r + 5) (81r² -45r + 25)

6 6
14. 24b³– 3c = 3 (8b³ - c )
= 3 (2b - c² ) (4b² + 2bc² + c 4 )

5
15. 54x y³ +16x²= 2x² ( 27x³y³ + 8)
= 2x²( 3xy – 2)( 9x²y² -6xy+ 4)
 6 27 12
16. 8g – h
64
2 3 4 4 3 4 9
= ( 2g – h ) ( 4g + g²h + h8 )
4 2 16

17. 343e9 - q³
= (7e³ – q) ( 49e6 + 7e³q + q²)

18. 24a³b³– 3c 9 = 3 (8a³b³ - c 9 )

= 3 (2ab - c³ ) (4a²b² + 2abc³ + c 6 )

19. 54x 5 y³z³ +16x²= 2x² ( 27x³y³z³ + 8)

= 2x²( 3xyz – 2)( 9x²y²z² -6xyz+ 4)
IV.FACTORING
PERFECT SQUARE
TRINOMIALS (PST)
 A Perfect square
trinomial is the result of
squaring a binomial. A
perfect square trinomial
has first and last terms
which are perfect squares
and a middle term which
is twice the product of the
square root of first and
last terms.
To factor perfect square
trinomials:
1. Get the square root of
the first and last terms.
2. List down the square
root as sum/difference of
two terms as the case may
be.
 REVIEW:
(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
(a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²
Squaring a Binomial
Complete each product
by writing the missing
terms:
1. (x +9)²= x² +___+ 81
2. (3x-4)²=___-24x +___
3.(x²y-3z)²=𝒙 y²-___+9z²
𝟒
 Reversing the
equations above, we
have the formulas for
FACTORING PERFECT
SQUARE TRINOMIALS
(PST)
a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b) ²
a² - 2ab + b² = (a - b)²
Examples:
1. x² - 6x + 9
2.4𝑥 + 36x² + 81
4

3.16𝑥 +56x²y³+49𝑦
4 6

4. n² + 16n + 64
5. 4r² - 12r + 9
6. 75s² + 30s² +3s
LET’S PRACTICE:
Determine whether
these are PST. If yes,
factor the trinomial.
1.y² +2y+ 1
2. 4m²+12m+ 36
3. 9𝑥 -60x³𝑦 +100𝑦
6 4 8

4. 𝑥 + 8x³ + 64
6

5. 81x² - 54x + 9
6. 4𝑥 + 36x² + 81
4
7.144m²+72m +36
8.25𝑥 +70x²y³+ 49𝑦
4 6

9. m² + 10m – 25
10. a² -24ab +144b²
GROUP ACTIVITY:
Factor the following PST
1. m² + 12m + 36
2.16d² – 24d + 9
3. 𝑎 b² – 6a²bc + 9c²
4
4. 9n² + 30nd + 25d²
5. 49g² – 84g + 36
6. 121c + 66c² + 9
4

7. 25r² + 40rn + 16n²

 1 1 4
8. x² + x +
16 3 9
9.18h² + 12h + 2
10. 20f – 60f³ + 45f²
4
ACTIVITY:
Find the missing term in
each case so that the
expression forms a PST.
1. 25x² + _____ + 1
2. 9x + 60x²y + _____
4

3. ____ - 24x + 9
4. 81x² + _____ + 9
5. 49x² + _____ + 9y²
6. x² + 14x + _____
7. 36x² - 120xy + ______
8. 4x² - 32xy + ______
9
9. x² - x + _______
3
10. x + _____ + 25𝑦
12 4
V. FACTORING BY
GROUPING
We can use FACTORING BY
GROUPING technique in
finding the factors of a
polynomial with more than
 three terms.
1. Group terms with common
factor.
2. Factor out the greatest
common monomial factor
in each group.
3. Factor out the common
binomial and write the
remaining factor as sum or
difference of binomial.
Examples:
1. x (a-b) + y(a-b)
2. b (a+ 6) – 2( a+6)
3. 3y( y+1) - 2( y+1)
4. 5m -15 +3m² - 9m
5. xy + 3x +6y + 18

LET’S PRACTICE!
Factor the following by
grouping.
1. 2x –10 +xy – 5y
2. ac +2bc + ax+2bx
3. 10a³ +25a4 – a² –10
4. 3x² + 3x +x²y +xy
5. 6(m-n) + y(m-n)
ACTIVITY 1:
THINK-PAIR SHARE
Factor the following by
grouping.
1.4b(a–8) + m(a – 8)
2.ab +ac +db + dc
3. n³ + n +n² + 1
4. 3xy–zw +3xw –yz
5. ab –2ac + 5b -10c
ACTIVITY 2:
Factor the following by
grouping
1.2ax +2by +4ay + bx
2. ax – ay – bx + by
3. ab + 2a + b +2
4. xy– y² – xz + zy
5. xy+2x– y –2
6. 3xk – 3xh + ak – ah
7. 20 + 5x +8y +2xy

GROUP ACTIVITY:
Directions: With your group
mates factor the following
expressions by grouping
and write a four - letter word
using the variable of the
factors to reveal the 10
most frequently used four -
letter word.
1. 4wt + 2wh + 6it + 3ih
2. 15te –12he +10ty – 8hy
3. hv + av + he + ae
4. 10ti – 8ts – 15hi + 12hs
5. 88fo +16ro–99fm-18rm
6. 7sm +35om +9se+45oe
7. 42wa+54wt+56ha+72ht
8. 36yu–24ro+12ou– 72yr
9. 72he+16we+27hn+6wn
10.26wr–91or+35od-10wd
VI. FACTORING
QUADRATIC
TRINOMIALS
 An algebraic
expression of the form
ax² + bx + c, where a, b,
and c are constants and
a ≠ 0, is called a
quadratic trinomial.
 To factor a quadratic
trinomial, transform the
expression as a product
of two binomials.
A. Factoring Quadratic
Trinomials of the form
ax² + bx + c where a=1
Examples:
1. Factor x² + 5x +6
 Identify the value of a,
b, and c in the quadratic
trinomial
 Find two factors of c
whose sum equals the
coefficient b
 Using the two factors,
transform the expression
as a product of two
binomials using this
 form ( x +__ )(x + __ )
2. x² - 10x + 21
3. y² + 2y - 35
4. n² - 3n -70
LET’S PRACTICE:
FACTOR THE
FOLLOWING QUADRATIC
TRINOMIALS
1. x² + 8x + 12
2. x² - 7x + 10
3. x² - 11x + 18
4. x² + 11x - 12
5. x² - 7x – 18
ACTIVITY 1:
FACTOR THE
FOLLOWING QUADRATIC
TRINOMIALS
1. x² - 12x - 64
2. x² + 12x + 32
3. x² - 25x - 54
4. x² -27x + 50
5. x² + 30x + 81
ACTIVITY 2: THINK-PAIR
FACTORING QUADRATIC
TRINOMIALS OF THE
FORM ax² + bx + c
where a = 1
1. x² + 4x + 3
2. x² + 8x + 7
3. y² - 4y + 3
4. y² - 6y + 5
5. m² - 16m + 63
6. m² + 24m + 80
7. d² - 4d - 45
8. y² -14y + 33
9. x² +12x - 28
10. b² - 5b - 14
ACTIVITY:
EXPRESS THE
FOLLOWING AS
PRODUCT OF TWO
BINOMIALS
1. c² + 9c + 14
2. d² - 9d + 20
3. e² - 3e - 18
4. f² + 6f - 16
5. g² + 11g + 10
B. Factoring Quadratic
Trinomials of the form
ax² + bx + c where a ≠ 1
 Identify the value of a,
b, and c in the quadratic
trinomial
 Multiply a and c
 Find two factors of ac
whose sum equals the
coefficient b
 Rewrite the trinomial by
replacing b by the two
factors
 Group the factors
having common factors
 Factor out the common
factor from each group.
 Factor out the common
binomial factors
Examples:
1. 2x²- 9x-18
2. 4x² + x -14
3. 3x² - 2x – 1
4. 25x² -20x +4
LET’S PRACTICE:
FACTOR THE FOLLOWING
QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS
1.2x² + 5x + 3
2.4x² +7x – 2
3.6p² -5p – 6
4.12x² +20x + 3
5. 8x² - 34x - 9
GROUP ACTIVITY:
FACTOR THE FOLLOWING
QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS
1. 3x² +8x + 5
2. 2x² - 7x + 6
3. 5x² +21x + 4
4. 7x² -33x -10
5. 5x² +7x – 6
ACTIVITY:
A. FACTORING
QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS
OF THE FORM ax² + bx + c
where a = 1
1. x² + 4x + 3
2. x² + 8x + 7
3. y² - 4y + 3
4. y² - 6y + 5
5. m² - 16m + 63
6. m² + 24m + 80
7. d² - 4d - 45
8. y² -14y + 33
9. x² +12x - 28
10. b² - 5b - 14
B. FACTOR THE
FOLLOWING QUADRATIC
TRINOMIALS of the form
ax² + bx + c where a ≠ 1
1. 3x² +8x + 5
2. 2x² - 7x + 6
3. 5x² +21x + 4
4. 7x² -33x -10
5. 5x² +7x – 6
ACTIVITY:
Apply Factoring
quadratic trinomials
1. What are the
dimensions of a
rectangular lot whose area
is (6x²-20x +6) m²?
2. The area of a
rectangular garden is
(8x² + 6x - 20) m², solve
 for the dimension.
3. The area of a square is
x² + 22x + 121 sq. units.
What expression
represents the length of
the side?
4. The area of a
rectangular photo album is
x² + x –12, what is its
length and width?
5. What are the
dimensions of a
rectangular swimming pool
if its area is
11x² + 23x + 2?
6. A rectangular
swimming lot has an
area of (x² -17x + 30) m²,
what are the dimensions
of the lot?
7. Mrs. Cruz will build a
house with a floor area of
25a² - 9b². If her lot is
(5a- 3b) in length, what
must be its width?
1. 125v³ + 8u³ = (5v + 2u) (25v² – 10uv + 4u²)
27 12 3 9
2. 8g –
6
h = ( 2g – h ) ( 4g + 3g²h +
2 4 4 4
h8 )
8 2 4

3. 64r 9 – 343w³ = (4r³ – 7w) ( 16r 6 + 28r³w + 49w²)

4. d3 e6 f 9 + 216 = (de²f³ + 6) (d²e4 f 6 – 6de²f³ + 36)

5. 27k 3 m3 – q3 r 3 = (3km – qr) (9k²m² + 3kmqr + q²r²)

 1 3 27 3 1 3 1 3 9
6. x + y = ( x + 𝑦 ) ( x² – 𝑥𝑦 + y² )
8 8 2 2 4 4 4

7. 512a3 – 27b³ = ( 8a – 3b) (64a² + 24ab + 9b²)

1 1 1 1
8. + x 3
=( + x)( – x + x²)
64 8 64 8

9. 16m5 n3 + 54m² = 2m² ( 8m³n³ + 27)

= 2m² ( 2mn + 3)( 4m²n² –6mn + 9)

10. 3c³ – 24d³ = 3(c³ – 8d³)

= 3 (c – 2d ) (c² + 2cd + 4d²)
WRITE THE FOLLOWING
on a 1 whole sheet of
paper:
Lesson 1.1 Algebraic
Expressions & Polynomials
Lesson 1.2 Special
Products
I.Square of a Binomial
II.Square of a Trinomial
III.Product of the sum &
difference of two terms
IV. Cube of a Binomial
V. Product of a binomial
and a trinomial of the
form ( a± b)(a² ∓ab + b² )
Lesson 1.3 Factoring
I.Factoring the GCMF
II. Factoring difference of
two squares
III.Factoring the sum or
difference of two cubes
 IV.Factoring perfect
square trinomials (PST)
V. Factoring by grouping
VI. Factoring quadratic
trinomials
A. Factoring quadratic
trinomials of the form ax²
+ bx + c where a = 1
B. Factor the following
quadratic trinomials of
the form ax² + bx + c
where a ≠ 1