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*Physical changes
*Chemical changes
a) Physical Changes
1. Physical change are defined as the changes that only affect the physical properties of substances.
2. The characteristics of physical change are:
Involves only physical changes such as shape or size of a substance.
Involves changes in the state of matter; solid, liquid and gas.
Chemicals composition and chemical properties of substances remain unchanged so that no new
substances are formed.
Less energy is needed.
The changes are reversible.
3. Physical changes in our daily life are:
(a) *Melting of ice:
(b) Freezing:
(a) Sublimation:
b) Chemical Changes
1. Defined as the changes that affect the chemical composition and chemical properties of the substances.
2. The characteristics of chemical change are:
New substances known as products.
Chemical composition and chemical properties of the new substances are different from the original
substance which is known as reactant.
Is usually fixed and irreversible.
Needs large amount of energy.
3. Chemical changes in our daily life are:
Respiration.
Burning of paper or fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide and ash.
Digestion of food.
Washing dishes with detergent or washing hair using shampoo.
Change in colour of peeled apple when exposed to air.
Decomposition of animal carcasses.
Making bread from wheat flour.
Photosynthesis.
4. Examples of chemical changes being studied in a laboratory are:
(a) Respiration
(b) Neutralisation:
Endothermic reactions
1. Absorb energy or gain heat (surrounding temperature to decrease).
2. The characteristics of exothermic reaction are:
Heat is absorbed.
Energy is aborded.
Surrounding temperature decreases and temperature of the mixture increases.
Energy content of the reactant(s) is lower than energy content of the product(s)
3. Endothermic reactions are:
Boiling water.
Heating copper sulphate crystals.
Melting wax.
Dissolving ammonium chloride in water.
Photosynthesis.
Decomposition of mercury oxide by heat and decomposition of copper carbonate by heat.
Haber Process
Contact Process
Haber Process
1. The production of ammonia through the Haber process involves the reaction between nitrogen and
hydrogen gases mixed in the proportional 1:3
2. The Haber process is an exothermic reaction. It is a reversible reaction (forward and backward reaction).
3. Catalyst (iron) at a temperature of 450-500°C and a pressure of 200-250 atmospheres.
The Haber Process
Contact Process
1. The Contact process is an industrial process to produce sulphuric acid
2. Catalyst (vanadium(V) oxide) at a temperature of 450-500°C and a pressure 1 atm.
3. Sulphurid acid is used:-
In the production of chemical fertilisers
In the production of detergent
As the electrolyte in accumulators (batteries)
As a dehydrating agent
5.5 ELECTROLYSIS
1. Electrolysis is the decomposition of electrolytes by electric current
2. During electrolysis, electrical energy changes to chemical energy
Term Explanation
Electrolyte a substances (in liquid or molten state) that allows electricity to flow through it.
Electrode carbon rod or platinum sheet dipped in the electrolyte
Anode positive electrode connected to the positive source of the battery
Cathode negative electrode connected to the negative source of the battery
Anions negative ions that are attracted to the anode
Cations positive ions that are attracted to the cathode
Electrolysis In Industry
Extraction of metals
Purification of metals
Electroplating of metals
Extraction of metals
1. Metals placed above carbon in the reactivity series of metals can be extracted from their oxides by
electrolysis
2. Examples:
Extraction of aluminium from aluminium oxide (bauxite)
Extraction of sodium from sodium chloride
Purification of metals
1. The following conditions must be satisfied:
Anode: the strip of impure metal
Cathode: the strip of pure metal
Electrolyte: a salt solution containing the ions of the metal that is to be purified.
Electroplating of metals
1. Electroplating is defined as the process of covering the surface of a metal with another metal with
electrolysis.
2. The reasons for electroplating are:
To prevent and protect metals from corrosion and rusting
To make a metal surface look more attractive
3. In electroplating, the following conditions must be satisfied
Anode: the plating metal
Cathode: the object that is to be electroplated
Electrolysis: a salt solution containing the plating metal
4. Example: electroplating an iron spoon with silver
Anode: silver metal
Cathode: iron spoon
Electrolysis: silver nitrate solution