Evaluation is the process of collecting data

on a programme to determine its value or

worth with the aim of deciding whether to
adopt, reject, or revise the programme

The public want to know whether the

curriculum implemented has achieved its
aims and objectives

Teachers want to know whether what they

are doing in the classroom is effective

The developer or planner wants to know

how to improve the curriculum product.
Curriculum evaluation should be concerned
with assessing the value of a

program of study

and a course of study

a field of study
Worthen and Sanders (1987) define
curriculum evaluation as “the formal
determination of the quality, effectiveness,
or value of a programme, product, project,
process, objective, or curriculum”
Ornstein and Hunkins (1998) define curriculum
evaluation as “a process or cluster of
processes that people perform in order to
gather data that will enable them to decide
whether to accept, change, or eliminate
something- the curriculum in general or an
educational textbook in particular”
Plan for Curriculum Evaluation

The basis for evaluation

Objectives of evaluation
Curriculum description
Evaluation report
Evaluation design
 Need for Curriculum Evaluation
To provide a conceptual framework for specific
purpose of the evaluation.
Several experts have proposed different models
describing how and what should be involved in
evaluating a curriculum.
Models are useful because they help us define the
parameters of an evaluation, what concepts to
study and the procedures to be used to extract
important data
 Tyler’s evaluation model

•The Tyler Model is often referred to as the ‘objective

model’ because of it’s objective approach to
educational evaluation
•It emphasizes consistency among objectives, learning
experiences, and outcomes
•Curriculum objectives indicate both behaviour to be
Tyler recommends that curriculum planners
identify general objectives by gathering data from
three sources:
•The learners
•Contemporary life outside the school
•Subject matter.
After identifying numerous general objectives, the
planners refine them by filtering them through two
screens:
The philosophical screen
The psychological screen
 (Objectives)

(Instructional strategies and content)

(Organization of learning experiences)

(Assessment and evaluation)

•Stating Objectives
The progressive emphasizes the importance of studying the
child to find out what kinds of interests he has, what problems
he encounters, what purposes he has in mind. The progressive
sees this information as providing the basic source for selecting
objectives

•Selecting Learning Experiences

Tyler believes that students learn through exploration
Like his mentor, John Dewey, Tyler believes teachers
should encourage children to become actively engaged in
discovering what the world is like
 Organizing Learning Experiences
Central to Tyler’s Model is effectively organizing the learning
activities
Students need concrete experiences to which the readings are
meaningfully connected
Three major criteria are required in building organized learning
experiences: continuity, sequence and integration

•Evaluating the Curriculum

The process of assessment is critical to Tyler’s Model and begins with the
objectives of the educational program
The process of evaluation is essentially the process of determining to
what extent the educational objectives are actually being realized by the
program of curriculum and instruction
 Strengths of model
Involves the active participation of the learner
Objectives are clearly defined in the purposes. These purposes are
translated into educational objectives.
Simple linear approach to development of behavioral objectives

The Tyler Model is:

One of the best known models for curriculum development.
Known for the special attention it gives to the planning phases.
Deductive for it proceeds from the general to the specific
 Criticisms of the Tyler model
•Narrowly interpreted objectives (acceptable verbs)

•Difficult and time consuming construction of behavioural objectives

•Curriculum restricted to a constricted range of student skills and knowledge

•Critical thinking, problem solving and value acquiring processes cannot be

plainly declared in behavioural objectives

•Learning experiences are individual and are not totally within the power of
the teacher to select

•The teacher can control the learning experience through the manipulation
of the environment, which results in stimulating situations sufficient to evoke
the kind of learning outcomes desired
•Hilda Taba believed that the curriculum should be
designed by the teachers rather than handed down by
higher authority.

•Further, she felt that teachers should begin the process

by creating specific teaching-learning units for their
students in their schools.

•Taba advocated an inductive approach to curriculum

development.

•In the inductive approach, curriculum workers start with

the specifics and build up to a general design as opposed
to the more traditional deductive approach of starting with
the general design and working down to the specifics.
Some of the problems from using the Taba Model are:
Teachers not understanding the connection
between the content, activities, teaching methods
and evaluation.
Keeping the resources up to date.
Maintaining training for new teachers on the
method as well as support needed for teachers as
they must review the plan often.
Robert Stake's "countenance model" (Stake, 1967)
was originally formulated for curriculum studies in
the late 1960s.
The countenance model aims to capture the
complexity of an educational innovation or change
by comparing intended and observed outcomes at
varying levels of operation.
Three sets of Data
1. Antecedents
•Conditions existing before implementation
2. Transactions
•Activities occurring during implementation
3. Outcomes
•Results after implementation
•Describe the program fully
•Judge the outcomes against external standards
Stake divides descriptive acts according to whether they
refer to what was intended or what was actually
observed.
He argues that both intentions and what actually took
place must be fully described.
He then divided judgemental acts according to whether
they refer to the standards used in reaching judgements
or to the actual judgements themselves.
He assumes the existence of a rationale for guiding the
design of a curriculum.
Stake wrote that greater emphasis should be placed
on description, and that judgement was actually the
collection of data.
He also noted connections between intentions and
observations, which he called
congruence(similarity).
Stake developed matrices for the notation of data for
the evaluation. Data is collected through these
matrices.
 CIPP model was originated by Daniel
Stufflebeam and Egon Guba

According to Stufflebeam, evaluation is the process

of delineating, obtaining and providing useful
information for judging decision alternatives

‘Delineating’ refers to focusing of informative

requirements needed by decision-maker

‘Obtaining’ implies collection, organization

and analysis of information

. ‘Delineating’ and ‘providing’ ‘Providing’ refers to synthesizing of

operations are carried out
information
collaboratively between evaluator and
decision-maker, whereas the obtaining
of information is carried out primarily
by the evaluator
 Michael Scriven’s Goal free model

Scriven visualize evaluation as an assessment of merit.

He stresses the need to assess the merit of the goals
themselves.
He points out if the goals are not worth achieving, then it
is uninteresting how well they are achieved.
So considerable attention has to be paid to the quality of
goals itself.
Scriven also observed that action decision can be made
without completely understanding why one programme
Scriven detected that in most cases of
evaluation, the main focus of the evaluator is
gathering information regarding goals of the
program.
Such goal-preoccupation might actually be
interfering with the quality of evaluator’s work.
Therefore, Scriven has proposed a goal-free
evaluation model
The focus of the evaluator is on checking whether the
goals of the program have been achieved or not.
The evaluator focuses on the intended as well as
unintended outcomes of the program.
The chief advantage of goal-free evaluation is that it
encourages the evaluator to be attentive to a wider
range of program outcomes.
Goals are only a subset of predictable effects
Effects Intended effects and
Unintended effects
Roles of curriculum evaluation: Scriven
differentiates between two major roles of
curriculum evaluation:

the “formative” and the “summative”

Formative evaluation – during the development

of the programme

Summative evaluation – at its conclusion

For example, results of formative evaluation

may help in

1. Selection of programme components

Cronbach (1980), a student of Tyler, also focused on
the decision-making process.

Cronbach advocated that the evaluator should be a

teacher, educating the client group throughout the
evaluation process.

During this educative process, the evaluator is

constantly giving feedback to the clients.

Cronbach did not believe that the evaluator should

determine the worthiness of a program nor provide
According to Cronbach, the context of curriculum (i.e.
what the curriculum attempts to achieve) should also
be evaluated.

The achievement tests used should not test small

domains of the curriculum but include all aspects of
the curriculum.

School tests need to be understandable, reliable and

valid enough.
Curriculum is forced on people
The quality of the academic programs in public school
education may not be as high as those of private
schools.
Classrooms are usually larger in public schools
Public schools adhere to state and federal regulatory
standards.
Dropout and violence rates are generally higher in
public schools, even though public schools differ.
Pupils and students may be tested in ways that do not
suit their differences. Tests can be misleading.
The teaching tends to be averaged to the disadvantage
 Mukopadhya Model
This model has been developed in Indian
conditions.

This model is also based on Benjamin Bloom’s

evaluation approach.

The learning process is based on teaching.

Both learning and teaching are based on

objectives.

Teaching activities are performed with the help of

the content to be taught.
Identification of initial
objectives

Deciding the instructional

procedure

Using the available instructional

resources

Feedback for modification of

curriculum

Continuous observation and

evaluation of the teaching-learning
activities
 Saran’s Model

This model developed by Saran came to light in

1976.
This model employs systems approach and
analyses the input, process and output of a
curriculum.
This model emphasizes for specific behavioural
objectives.
This model gives importance for output
analysis in curriculum evaluation.
 Assumptions of this model

No curriculum is complete and perfect in itself.

Every curriculum requires modification and improvement.
New curriculum developed may not also be complete in
itself.
Therefore, it is better to analyse the existing curriculum to
diagnose its weakness which can be rectified and
improvements could be brought.
All the three elements such as input, process and output
help in evolving effective model of curriculum.
 Assumptions of this model

Input Process Output

Expertise Formulation of
Needs Specific
Curriculum
Objectives
Development
Material Selection of
Resources Content
 The following steps are used
•Survey is doneinfor
input,
needprocess and output
assessment
aspects.
•Assessment is done for future needs of the society and
students.
•Identification of objectives ( Input aspect)
•Writing objectives in behavioural terms (Process aspect)
•Selection of content with the help of subject experts
(Process aspect)
•Designing or preparing evaluation system (Output aspect)
•Resource development of curriculum
•Empirical tryout of new model of curriculum to examine its
workability