Science

Gamete- A mature haploid male or female germ cell Hypostatic-gene that is masked or modified.
that is able to unite with the opposite sex in
Sex-linked traits-traits controlled by genes located
sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
in the X chromosome.
Allele- one of two or more alternative forms of a
Sex-limited traits-traits are autosomal traits found
gene that arise by mutation and are found at
only one sex.
the same place on a chromosome.
Sex-influenced traits-traits are autosomal traits
Dominant allele-allele that produces same
that are influenced by sex.
phenotype if paired allele is identical or
different.

Recessive allele-allele that produces it

characteristics only when its paired allele is
identical.

Phenotype-the set of observable characteristics of

an individual resulting from the interaction of
its genotype with the environment.

Genotype-the actual set of genes carried by an

organism.

Incomplete Dominance-one allele is unable to Dominant-BBEE,BBEe,BbEE,BbEe

express its full phenotype in a heterozygous
individual. Recessive-bbEE,bbEe

Heredity-the passing of traits from parents to Albino-BBee,Bbee,bbee

offspring.

Genetics-the science that deals with the study of

heredity.

Co dominance-a situation in which both alleles are

equally strong and are visible on the hybrid.

Multiple allele-involves more than two alleles.

Epistasis-interaction between two or more genes

to control a single phenotype results in a
inheritance pattern.

Epistatic-gene that does the masking or modifying.

 Biodiversity:(Mass Extinction)
 The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat
or ecosystem.
Can be classified as:
Genetic Diversity-the total number of genetic characteristics
in the genetic makeup of a species.
Species Diversity-number of different species that are
represented in a given community (a database)-
incorporates both the number of (species richness).
Ecological Diversity-the largest scale of biodiversity and
within each ecosystem, there is a great deal of both
species and genetic diversity.
World Wide Fund-for nature is an international non-
govermental organization founded in 1961, working in
the field of the wilderness preservation, and the
reduction of humanity’s footprint on the environment.
International Union for conservation of Nature(IUCN)
officially international union for conservation of nature
and natural resources is an international organization
working in the field of nature conservation and
sustainable use of natural resources.
Basic needs and Economic Benefits
 Cultural, Spiritual, and Aesthetic Benefit
 Health Benefits
 Education/Information
 Regulating and Supporting Ecosystem Services
 Flood control and Prevention of soil erosion
 Agriculture, crop pollination, and soil fertility
According to the U.S Endangered Species Act:
An endangered species is “in danger of becoming extinct
throughout all or a significant portion of its range”. A
threatened species is “likely to become endangered in
the foreseeable future”.
Extinction-the death of the last surviving
individual of species, population, or gene,
locally or globally.
Causes of Extinction:
1. Natural Causes of Extinction
2. Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction
Natural causes of extinction
 Climate change
 Change in Sea Level or Currents
 Asteroids /Cosmic radiation
Climate Change- a change in global or regional
Climate patterns, in particular a change
apparent from the mid to late 20th
century onwards and attributed largely to
the increased levels of atmospheric
carbon dioxide produced by the use of
fossil fuels.
Change in Sea Levels or Currents-the two major
causes of global sea level rise are thermal
expansion caused by warming of the
ocean(since water expands as it warms)
and increased melting of land-based ice,
such as glaciers and ice sheets.
Asteroid Asteroids/Cosmic Radiation-meteors
and cosmic radiation are ways that some
organisms could have been made extinct
or extirpated. It involves any space debris
that comes in contact with Earth or any
visible, ultraviolet, or infrared rays from
the sun.
Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction
 Overexploitation
 Pollution
 Invasive Species
 Disease and Parasitism
Overexploitation-human harvesting of wild plants or Group 1=1+
animals at rates exceeding ability of populations of 2=2+
those species to rebound. 3=3+
5=3-
Pollution-human harvesting of wild plants or animals at
6=2-
rates exceeding ability of populations of those 7=1-
species to rebound.

Invasive Species-species that humans have moved from

native locations to new geographic regions.

Disease and Parasitism-a population declines when

there are more deaths than there are births and
extinction occurs when there continue to be more
deaths than births even as the population declines
towards zero.

Mass Extinction

Ordovician-Silurian Extinction-dropping and rising of sea

levels caused by the formation and melting of
glaciers.

Late Devonian Extinction-global cooling and lowering of

sea levels.

Permian-Triassic Extinction-it was caused by volcanic

eruptions.

Triassic-Jurassic/End Triassic Extinction-the result of

massive lava flood coming from the central Atlantic
magmatic province, leading to the breakup of
Pangea and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.

Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction-this may have been

triggered by an asteroid impact.

Chemistry

1s-2s-2p-3s-3p-4s-3d-4p-5s4d-5p-6s-4f-5d-6p-7s-5f-6d-7p
s=2
p=6
d=10
f=14