BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE AND LIPID DISORDER

Lipids- major constituents of all biological membrane

- Loosely defined groups of molecules that are insoluble in water primarily composed of C, H, O;
others have P and N.
- Store twice as much energy as carbohydrates
Functions:
1. Energy storage
2. Protection and cushioning of body organs
3. Structural components of membranes
4. Chemical messengers (hormones)

Ester linkage- a covalent bond which binds the building blocks of lipids (fatty acids and glycerol-
components of lipids)

Phospholipids and membrane structure:

Micelle- a large head group is attached to a single hydrocarbon chain, the molecule is wedge- shaped
and will tend to form spherical micelles

Bilayer membranes- a double tail yields a roughly cylindrical molecule, such molecule can easily pack
parallel to form extended sheets with hydrophilic head groups facing outward into the
aqueous regions on the other side

3 major classes of membrane- forming lipids in cylindrical molecular structure:

1. Glycerophospholipids- are the major class of naturally occurring phospholipids, lipids with
phosphate- containing head groups.
- these compounds make up a significant fraction to the membrane lipids
throughout the bacterial, plant and animal kingdoms
2. Sphingolipids- the head group contains saccharides. Lipid containing saccharides is known as
glycolipids
3. Glycosphingolipids- they include such molecules as the cerebrosides and gangliosides
Group of lipids

1. Fats, oils and waxes

2. Phospholipids- composed of one molecule of glycerol bonded to 2 molecules of fatty acids at
one end and to a phosphate group linked to an organic compound usually containing N
at the other end
- has a hydrophilic “head” and a hydrophobic “tail” (2 carbon tails)
3. Steroids- consist of C atoms arranged in four attached rings; component of cholesterol and sex
hormones
Plasma membrane- surrounds the entire cell and is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins and glycolipids
 Fluid mosaic model- a part of cell that regulates the entrance and exit of molecules into
and out of the cell. (proposed by S. J. Singer and G. L. Nicholson in 1972)

Motion of biological membrane

It is essential that the membranes in living cells be fluid, the membrane composition is
regulated so as to keep the transition temperature below the body temperature of the
organism.
Cholesterol has a specific and complex effect on membrane fluidity. It does not
influence the transition temperature but broaden the transition

Types and functions of proteins in the plasma membrane:

1. Channel proteins- a channel that allows a substance to move through the membrane
2. Carrier proteins- combine with a substance and help it move through the membrane
3. Cell recognition proteins- glycoprotein that help the body recognize when invaded by pathogen
so that the immune reaction can occur
4. Receptor proteins- have shape which allows certain molecules to bind to it
5. Enzymatic proteins- proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions.

Permeability of plasma membrane:

1. Is selectively permeable
2. Some molecules can freely pass across the membrane following their concentration
3. Large molecules and some ions and charged molecules may move using channel proteins ,
carrier proteins or by vesicle formation

Summary Mechanism for transport across cell membrane

1. Passive transport - Hypertonic solution
 Diffusion - Hypotonic solution
 Facilitated diffusion 2. Active transport
 Osmosis  Exocytosis
- Isotonic solution  Endocytosis
 LIPID DISORDERS

Lipid disorder means that you have high levels of either low density lipoprotein (LDL)
cholesterol, or elevated levels of fats called triglycerides.
 High LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) or high triglycerides- increase the risk for developing
heart disease
Can result:
1. Diabetes
2. Hypothyroidism
3. Metabolic syndrome
4. Medication side effect
5. Cushing’s syndrome
6. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
7. Kidney diseases

Bad dietary habbits can cause High LDL cholesterol or high triglycerides like in:
1. Foods- containing saturated fats from cheese, milk, butter,steak, palm oil and coconut oil
2. Transfats- trans- fatty acids found in peanut butter, margarine, and potato chips
- Decreases your defenses against heart disease and stroke

CHOLESTEROL READINGS:
LDL
ACCEPTABLE: 100 mg/dL or lower
BORDER LINE: 130- 159 mg/dL
HIGH: 160 mg/dL or higher

LDL
ACCEPTABLE: 45 mg/dL or higher
LOW 39 mg/dL or lower

TRIGLYCERIDES
ACCEPTABLE: 140 mg/dL or lower
BORDER LINE: 150- 199 mg/dL
HIGH: 200 mg/dL or higher
*cholesterol level should be no higher than 200 mg/Dl
# a combination of exercise and correct medication can correct high cholesterol and triglycerides.

 high triglycerides- causes to high level cholesterol, heart disease and diabetes
 Sphingolipidoses- lipid storage diseases
-condition is characterized by deficiency of one of the degradative enzymes, with concomitant
accumulation within the lysosome of the substrate for the deficient enzyme
- impaired central nervous system
Ex.
Tay- Sach disease- commonly relative among ashkenazic jews
-defeciency of the lysosomal N-actylhexosaminidase A, particularly in the brain
-causes nervous system degeneration, mental retardation, blindness, and death, by
the age of four

Sources:
http://googleweblight.com/?lite_url=http://www.health/high-cholesterol/lipid-
disorder&ei=8dZzKD&lc=en-PH&s=1&m=513&host=www.google.com.ph&f=1&client=ms-
samsung&ts=1458691859&sig=APY536zi//
General Biology (Biology 11) Lecture Guide. Department of Biological Sciences: Visca Baybay City, Leyte.
2011.
 SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY
HINUNANGAN, SOUTHERN LEYTE
HINUNANGAN CAMPUS

Biological Chemistry
“Biological Membrane And
Lipid Disorder”

Prepared by:
Reslie S. Carino
Arianne Mae D. Terante
BSE-3 BIO SCI

Submitted To:
Mr. Bombeth Lim
Instructor
 SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY
HINUNANGAN, SOUTHERN LEYTE
HINUNANGAN CAMPUS

Lesson Plan In Biological

Chemistry
“Biological Membrane And
Lipid Disorder”

Prepared by:
Reslie S. Carino
Arianne Mae D. Terante
BSE-3 BIO SCI

Submitted To:
Mr. Bombeth Lim
Instructor