RSM79-P1-LOM-PH-1

1. IIT-JEE Syllabus
Newton’s laws of motion, concept of i nertial and accelerated frame of reference,
Force, Spring Force, Frictional force, Gravitational force.

2. Force
2.1 Concept of force

A force is a push or a pull acting on a body. It is a vector quantity : i.e. it has both
magnitude & direction.

In 3 dimensions, using vector notation, we can write F  Fx ˆi  Fy ˆj  Fzkˆ , where Fx, Fy

and Fz represent the x, y, z components of the force F . î , ĵ and k̂ represent the
(dimensionless) unit vectors along x, y and z respectively. Forces are measured in SI
units in Newton. 1 Newton (N) is that force which when applied to a body of mass 1 kg,
causes an acceleration of 1 m/s2.

2.2 System

A system consists of bodies, whose motion is to be analysed. In this chapter we will be

analysing the motion of rigid bodies.

2.3 Forces and their classification

Force

System Wise Source (Origin) Ref. Frame Nature

(Workdone)

Field Contact Real Pseudo

External Internal Conservative Non-conservative

The first classification is self explanatory.

All forces acting on a body can be classified as:
(a) contact, and
(b) non-contact forces.
(a) Contact force: Forces experienced by objects due to contact with each other are
contact forces The component of the contact force normal to the surface of contact (or
line of contact) is usually known as the normal reaction, and a tangential component of
the force, may act along the surface of contact.

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(b) Non-contact force: Bodies can exert forces on each other without actual physical
contact. This is known as action at a distance. Such forces are known as non-contact
forces .e.g. gravitation, coulomb repulsion between like charges, etc.

For the moment, we will deal with actual forces. Suffice it to say that there exist pseudo-
forces acting in a non-inertial frame of reference.
Forces may be conservative or non-conservative depending on whether work done
against them by an external agent is recoverable or otherwise. This will be discussed in
a later chapter.

Some typical forces we will be dealing with are tension, spring force, normal reaction,
etc. Some free body diagrams for these forces are shown below :
(i) Tension in a string : For a block A pulled by a string,

(ii) Spring forces :

(a) F = kx,
Where x = extension in the spring
= present length – normal length

(b) F’ = kx
where x’ = compression in the spring
= normal length - present length
You can use either of the above diagrams: (A) or (B)
(iii) Normal Reaction
A block A rests on another block B. The normal
reaction N acts between A and B as shown in the
diagram.

3. Newton’s Laws of Motion

3.1 Newton’s first law of motion

Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless it is compelled by an externally impressed force to act otherwise.

The tendency of material bodies to maintain their velocity constant is known as inertia.

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Mass is a measure of inertia. When an external force acts on a body, it changes its
velocity.
3.2 Newton’s second law of motion

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied

force and acts in the direction of the force.

Momentum is the ‘quantity of motion’ present in a body. It is a vector quantity and for
small enough velocities (v << c, the velocity of light), it is given by,
  
p  m v , where m is the mass of the body and v its velocity.

For a body,

dP 
 F
dt
d  
or, (m v )  F
dt 
dv 
or, m  F
dt

  dv 
F  k.m  ,
 dt 
where k is aconstant. With proper choice of units, k = 1. Thus,
 dv 
Fm  ma .
dt

Illustration 1: A body of mass m = 1 kg falls from a height h = 20 m from the ground level
(a) What is the magnitude of the total change in momentum of the body
before it strikes the ground?
(b) What is the corresponding average force experienced by it?
(g = 10m/sec2).

Solution: (a) Since the body falls from rest (u = 0) through a distance h before
striking the ground, the speed v of the body is given by
v2 = u2 + 2 as ; putting a = g and s = h
we obtain v = 2gh
 The magnitude of total change in momentum of the body
= P =  mv – 0  = mv where v = 2gh  P = m 2gh
 P = (1) (2  10  20) kg m/sec
 P = 20 kg m/sec.
P
The average force experienced by the body = Fav = where
t
t = time of motion of the body = t(say). We know P = 20 kg m/sec.
Therefore we will have to find t using the given data. We know from
kinematics that,
1 1
s = ut + at2 h= gt2 (u = 0)
2 2

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2h P P
t= 
 Fav =
g t t
Putting the general values of P&t we obtain
m 2gh
 
Fav = 2h = mg  Fav  mg .
g

where mg is the weight (W) of the body and g is directed vertically
downwards. Therefore the body experiences a constant vertically
downward force of magnitude mg.

Exercise 1: A body of mass m = 2 kg changes its velocity v 1 = (i+2j+3k) m/sec to

v2=(-2i+2j-k) m/sec. during 2 seconds. (a) Find the magnitude of the
change in momentum of the body (b) What is the magnitude of the
average force experienced by the body?

3.3 Newton’s third law of motion


Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. This implies that if a force FAB is

applied by a body A on a body B, then a reaction force FBA acts on A due to B.
According
 to 
the third law,
FAB  FBA , is they are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

This law is true for all forces – contact forces (such as friction)and non-contact forces
(such as gravitation and electrostatics ) but does not apply to pseudo forces.

Illustration 2 : Two blocks of mass 2 kg and 4 kg are kept in contact

with each other on a smooth horizontal surface. A 2
1
horizontal force of 12 N is applied on the first block
due to which the pair moves with a constant
acceleration. Calculate the force acting between the
blocks.

a
Solution : Let a be the common acceleration of
a
the blocks, F R
R = Force between the two blocks R
1
From FBD of Ist block 2
F – R = m1 a . .. . (i)
F.B.D.
From FBD of block 2,
R = m2 a . . . .(ii)
 From (i) & (ii), F = (m1 + m2). a
F 12
 a=   2 m/sec2
m1  m2 6
 Force between blocks = R = m2 a = (4  2) N = 8 N.
3.4 Application of Newton’s laws of motion : techniques and approach

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A separate diagram of the body is drawn showing all the different forces exerted by the
bodies in the environment. This diagram is known as the free body diagram.

Application of Newton’s Laws to any system (consisting of one or more objects) can be
done by following a systematic method. We recommend the following steps in the order
given below –

(i) Draw the complete free body diagram (FBD), showing all the forces acting on each
separate body.
(ii) Select proper coordinates for analysing the motion of each body.
Include any pseudo-forces within the FBD, if required.
(iii) If there are any constraints, write theproper constraint equations.

(iv) Apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion : F  ma for each body. This leads to a system
of equations.
(v) Solve these equations:
(a) Identify the known and unknown quantities. Check that the no. of equations
equals the number of unknowns.
(b) Check the equations using dimensional analysis.
(c) After solving, check the final solution using back substitution.
 
(vi) If the velocity ( v ) or, position ( x ) is required, proceed from a knowledge of the

acceleration

( a ) as found from equations in step (v) and apply kinematics:
dv 
 a (known) and finally integrate.
dt

4. Frame of Reference
A frame of reference is a set of coordinates with respect to which the motion of a body is
analysed. Different types of coordinates may be used – Rectangular Cartesian
coordinates or Polar coordinates.

A frame of reference may be inertial


or non-inertial and this has to be borne in mind

when Newton’s 2nd law of motion F  m a is applied to a body.

4.1 Inertial frame of reference

Any frame of reference in which Newton’s I st law is observed to hold is inertial i.e.
a body on which no net force is acting moves with constant velocity with respect
to this frame.
All frames of reference moving with constant velocity w.r.t. any inertial frame of reference
(IFR) are also inertial. Any two inertial frames of reference (i.e. any two frames in which
Newton’s Ist law holds) move with constant velocity relative to each other.
4.2 Non-inertial frame of reference

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A frame of reference which is moving with non-zero acceleration w.r.t. any IFR is non-
inertial. Newton’s 2nd law requires appropriate modification before it is applied to an
object in a non-IFR.

For analysis of different types of terrestrial motion (e.g. motion of a car), the earth is
found to be a suitable inertial frame of reference.

Illustration 3: A block of mass m = 10 kg is pulled by a force F

F = 100 N at an angle  = 30o with the horizontal m 

along a smooth horizontal surface. What is the
acceleration of the block? (g = 10 m/s2)

Y
Solution: The F.B.D. of the block shows the N
force components. F sin 

Along X-axis, let the acceleration

x
of the block be 'a' F cos 
 F cos  = ma …(1)
F cos  mg
 a= …(2)
m
100 cos 30o 100 3
=   5 3 m / s2
10 2  10
 The acceleration of the block is 5 3 m / s2 directed towards right.
Since F sin < mg & the surface is rigid, the block remains in equilibrium
along y-axis.
m1 m2
Exercise 2: Two balls of masses m1 = 5 kg, m2 = 10 kg
F
are connected by a light inextensible string.
A horizontal force F = 15 N is acting on the
ball m2. What is the (a) acceleration of the
balls (b) tension in the string?

m1
Illustration 4: A block of mass m1 = 2 kg is kept on a
smooth horizontal table. Another block of
mass m2 = 1 kg is connected to m1 by an
light inextensible string passing over a
m2
smooth pulleys as shown in the figure. If the
blocks are released what will be the (a)
Acceleration of each block (b) tension in the
string?
N
Solution: From the F.B.D. of m1
a
N = m1g …(1)
T = m1a …(2) T
From the F.B.D. of m2 m 1g
m2g - T = m2a …(3)

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(a) From (2) and (3), T

a
m2g = (m1+m2)a
m2 m2g
 a = g …(4)
m1  m2
1
=  9.8 m / s2 = 3.26 m/s2
3

(b) From (2) and (4), T

T = m1a
m1 m2
= g T
m1  m2
2 1
=  9 .8 N
2 1
= 6.52 N.

Illustration 5:. A man of mass M is standing on a plank kept in a

box. The plank and box as a whole has mass m. A
light string passing over a fixed smooth pulley
connects the man and box. If the box remains
M
stationary, find the tension in the string and the
m
force exerted by the man on the Plank.

Solution: The fixed pulley is taken as frame of reference. Y

The forces on man and box with plank are
T T
shown in figure. T X
The forces are as follows:
i. Weight of the man = Mg
ii. The tension in the string = T. M
Mg
iii. The normal contact force between the
m
man and the plank = N. N
iv. The weight of the plank and box = mg
Referring to figure. The equation of mg

motion of the man is given as

T+N-Mg = M a
since M > m and the box remains at rest, the
man will had to be at rest
T N T

T + N – Mg = 0 …(1)
Similarly referring to figure,
T – N – mg = ma = 0 . . . (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we obtain, Mg N mg
(M  m)g (M  m)g
T= and N =
2 2
Illustration 6 : A pendulum is hanging from the ceiling of a car having an acceleration a 0
with respect to the road. Find the angle made by the string with the vertical.

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T cos 
Solution : For the vertical equilibrium of the T

bob
T cos  - mg = 0 a
m T sin 
Since the bob is accelerating
horizontally T sin = ma0
 tan  = a0/g
  = tan1 (a0/g) mg

Exercise 3: With what acceleration ‘a’ should a box descend so that a block of mass M
on it exerts a force Mg/4 on the floor of the box?

Exercise 4 : The time period of a simple pendulum in a lift, moving upwards with
constant velocity, is 4 sec. What will be its time period, if the lift starts
moving downwards with constant acceleration of 4 m/sec 2?

5. Application of Newton’s 2nd Law in Non-

Inertial frame of Reference

Consider a particle P of mass m moving


with an acceleration ar relative to a given
non-inertial frame of reference K (axes x,

y, z’ and origin O) and an acceleration a
relative to an inertial frame K (axes –x, y, z
and origin O).

Then, if the position vector of the particle P

 
w.r.t. O is represented by r (t) = O P ,
then we obtain, by geometry,
  
OP  OO OP
 
r ( t )  R( t )  r ( t )
where the dependence on time, t, is shown explicitly. Taking derivates w.r.t. t, we get,
   2
 
 d r   dR   d r   d r d2
R d2 r
      and, the second derivative gives,  
 dt   dt   dt  dt 2 dt 2 dt 2
  
a  a O   ar
    
Writing Fnet  ma , in the inertial frame, gives Fnet  ma0  m ar
  
or, Fnet - m ao  mar

If we write in terms of components in a non inertial frame, we get, for the x component
marx = Fnet, x’ - malocal, x

where a local is the local acceleration of the point P of the non-inertial frame w.r.t. the
inertial frame.
The quantity - m alocal = mass of the body  (negative of the acceleration of the local

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point P attached to the non-inertial frame of reference)

This is known as the ‘Pseudo- force,’ which has to be added on to the actual forces, so
that in a non-inertial frame of reference we can apply Newton’s 2nd law.

6. Friction

When a body slides on a surface, the surface is observed

to exert a retarding force on the body, preventing relative
motion. When an external horizontal force is applied to a
body resting on a rough surface, the body does not
immediately start moving : this is due to the face that the
force of friction applied by the surface on this body prevents
the onset of relative motion.
Friction is an important force in several aspects of everyday life. Sometimes, it is
important to minimise friction (e.g. in the engine of a car); in other cases it is because of
friction that our machines work (from nails to bicycles and cars).
The force of friction acts tangential to the surface of contact between two bodies, and
acts in such a manner as to prevent relative motion.
There are two distinct type, of friction –
(i) Static friction: Where there is no relative motion between the bodies in contact.
(ii) Kinetic friction : Where there is relative motion kinetic friction may be sliding friction
or, rolling friction, according as whether the bodies involved slide or, roll on each other.
We will not discuss rolling friction.

6.1 Static friction

Suppose that a body is kept on a rough surface and

an external force Fext is applied on the body in the
horizontal direction.
The body does not accelerate initially (remains at
rest) due to the fictional force Ff opposing.

Relative motion between the two bodies: The force

Ff equals the external force. As Fext is increased, Ff
increases, until it reaches a maximum value Fflim,
also known as the limiting friction.
If Fext is increased thereafter, the force of friction F f suddenly drops and motion
commences. Friction is kinetic.
The actual force of static friction (Ff) is always less then its limiting value Fflim before
relative motion commences:
|Ff|  Fflim.
We must note that Ff lim. is not the actual force of static friction, it is merely a maximum
value. (upper bound)
6.2 Kinetic friction

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Once the body is in motion, the frictional force that acts on it is called kinetic (F K). In
general, for sliding, Fk  Fflim (static)

6.3 Laws of friction

Both the Static limiting frictional force F flim and sliding Kinetic frictional force (Fk) are
proportional to the normal contact reaction (N). The normal reaction N acts on the body
perpendicular to the surface.
Suppose that the normal contact reaction force on a body from the ground is N.
Then, Fflim  N
Fflim   s N …(1)
where  s is a constant of proportionality called co-efficient of static friction. It depends
on the nature of surfaces in contact.
For kinetic sliding friction,
Fk  N
Fk   k N …(2)
k is known as co-efficient of kinetic friction.
Physically,
Fk  Fflim, and,
k  s …(3)
The value of N in equation (1) and (2) depends on the orientation of surfaces in contact.

6.4 Angle of friction

The angle subtended by the resultant of the limiting force of N

F
static friction and the normal reaction, with respect to the M
Ff
normal reaction is known as the angle of friction.
Ff N
In figure, the block of mass M is resting under a maximum Mg
applied horizontal force F on a rough horizontal surface.
  
The resultant of Ff and N is R N
     
R  Ff  N R = Ff N R 

 
The angle between R and N is  , called the angle of  
Ff F
friction.
 Ff 
In fact, Ff   s N and tan  Mg
N
i.e. tan    s …(4)
6.5 Angle of Repose

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The maximum angle of inclination of an inclined plane Y

w.r.t. horizontal for which an object will remain at rest
N Ff
when placed on it, is known as the angle of repose.
N X
Suppose a block of mass M is kept on a rough inclined  
plane. The angle of inclination of the plane w.r.t.
horizontal is gradually increased from 0o. It is found as the
angle increases, the tendency of the block slipping
increases. Ultimately just at a particular maximum angle
Mg
of inclination  the block is on the verge of slipping as
shown in the figure.

Calculation of Angle of Repose

Let  be the angle of friction according to the definition and  , the angle of repose.
With reference to the chosen X-Y axis in figure, we obtain for equilibrium under static
conditions,
Ff  Mg Sin  …(5) Y X

N  Mg Cos  …(6)
and Ff   s N …(7)
N N
Therefore from (5), (6) and (7) F f

tan    s …(8) 

Again we already know,

tan    s
Therefore,  is numerically equal to  .
Mg sin Mg cos

Illustration 7: A block starts slipping on an inclined plane. It moves one metre in one
second. What is the time taken by block to cover next one metre ?
N
f
A
u=0

B
1m
mg
C
1m

Solution : The forces acting on the block at any moment are

(i) mg (ii) N, normal reaction
(iii) f, friction force

Let a = acceleration of the block (down the plane)

1 2
Applying S = ut + at
2
1
For path AB, 1 = 0 +  a  (1)2
2

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a
1= . . . (i)
2
1
for path AC, 2 = 0 +  a  ( t )2
2
at 2
 2= . . . .(ii)
2
From (i) & (ii), t2 = 2  t = 2 sec.
 Time taken to cover the distance BC = (t – 1) sec = 0.41 sec.

Exercise 5: A block of mass m = 2 kg is kept on a rough horizontal surface. A

horizontal force F = 4.9 N is just able to slide the block. Find the coefficient
of static friction. If F = 4 N, then what is the frictional force acting on the
block?
m F
 = 0.25

Illustration 8: Two blocks A & B are connected by a light

inextensible string passing over a fixed
smooth pulley as shown in the figure. The
coefficient of friction between the block A &
 = 600
B the horizontal table is  = 0.2; If the block A
A is just to slip, find the ratio of the masses
of the blocks.
B
Solution : From F.B.D. of A, shown in fig T sin 

N + T Sin  = m Ag. …(1) T cos 

N = fmax
T Cos  = fmax =  N. …(2)
From (1), N = mAg – T Sin  …(3)
mAg
From (2) and (3),
F.B.D. of A.
T Cos  =  mAg -  T Sin 
T (Cos  +  Sin ) =  mAg …(4)
From F.B.D. of B,
T = mBg …(5)
Taking ratio of (4) and (5) T

 m
 B mB
Cos    Sin m A
m A Cos    Sin  mB g
  F.B.D. of B
mB 
1  3
Cos 60o  (0.2) Sin 60o  ( 0 .2 )  
= = 2  2  0.5  0.17
( 0. 2 )   
( 0 .2 ) 0 .2
(0.33 ) 67
= 
( 0.2 ) 20

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m A 67
  .
mB 20
A
Exercise 6: The block A is kept over a plank B. The
B a
maximum horizontal acceleration of the
system in order to prevent slipping of A
over B is a = 2m /sec2. Find the coefficient
of friction between A & B.

6.6 Newton’s second law of motion on a rough surface

The equation
 
for a body in motion on a rough surface is given by

F  Fk  Ma …(9)

where F is the applied external force on the particle (body) of mass M.
F  Fflim (for the surface) …(10)
The condition (10) decide whether the particle or the body will accelerate on that rough
surface or not. But the motion is governed by equation (9). If F  Fflim then
Ff = F and 0  Ff Fflim .

Illustration 9: A small block of mass ‘m’ is placed on a Plank m F

of mass ‘M’. The block is connected to plank
with the help of a light string passing over a M
light smooth pulley. Shown in Figure. The co-
efficient of static friction between the block
and plank is  . The co-efficient of friction
between the plank and the horizontal surface
is zero. What maximum horizontal force F
applied on the block of mass m can make the
block and plank not to slide relatively?
Solution: The force diagram and the F.B.D. are shown in figure respectively taking
the ground as reference frame.
N 2  mg …(1)
F T  f  0 …(2)
From Figure
N1  N 2  Mg N2 N1

…(3) T
F f
T f 0 f
…(4)
Again, fmax N 2 mg Mg N2

i.e. fmax  mg …(5)

For ‘m’ not to slide relatively on ‘M’,
f  fmax …
(6)
Using equation (1) to (5) and the condition (6), F max can be found out as,
Fmax = 2mg .

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Illustration 10: A block of mass m = 2 kg is N

accelerating by a force F = 20 N
P
applied on a smooth light pulley as
m F
shown in the figure. If the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and  = 0.3
the surface is  = 0.3, find its
acceleration.
Solution: From the F.B.D. of pulley shown in T
F
figure, T P
F –2T = mp ap
F
 T= …(1) (because mp 0)
2
N
From F.B.D. of the block
N = mg …(2) a
fR
 T-fk = ma T
i.e T-kN = ma …(3)
From (1), (2) and (3), mg
F
F  k mg F
k mg = ma  a= 2 = -kg
2 2m
m

 20 
 a=   3  9.8 m / s 2
 2  2 
= (5 – 2.94) m/s2 = 2.06 m/sec2.

Exercise 7: A block is moving with constant velocity F

when acted upon by a constant force F v
 m
inclined at an angle  to horizontal. Find
the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Exercise 8: A block of mass m moves with constant speed m

down the inclined plane of inclination  . Find the
coefficient of kinetic friction. 

Exercise 9: Two bodies A and B of masses 1 kg and 5 kg. Are

connected by a light inextensible string passing 5 kg
over a smooth pulley. If  k = 0.1 between A and the 1 kg 0 0
60 60
wedge and the other surface is smooth, find the
acceleration of the bodies.

Exercise 10 : A spring weighing machine inside a stationary lift reads 50 kg when a man
stands on it. What would happen to the scale reading if the lift is moving
upward with (a) constant velocity, and (b) constant acceleration?

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7. Solutions to the Exercises

1. (a) 10 kg m/sec
(b) 5 N

N1
2. From the F.B.D. of m1,
a
N1 = m1 g …(1)
T = m1 a …(2) T
From the F.B.D. of m2,
N2 = m2g …(3) m 1g

F-T = m2a …(4)

N2
(a) Therefore from (2) and (4)
a
F = (m1+m2)a
F 15 T F
 a=  m / s2  1 m / s2
m1  m2 15
m1F m2g
(b) T = = 5N.
m1  m2

4. When the lift is moving with constant velocity, acceleration = 0


 Time period T = 2 = 4 sec. … (i)
g
Now, when the lift moves downwards, with constant acceleration of 4 m/sec2
then, new time period

T = 2 …(ii)
g4
From (i) and (ii),
T 2  / g T g 4
  
T  2  /( g  4 ) T g

T2  4  4 
  1    1   = 0.6
T 2  g   10 
T2 ( 4 )2 4
 T2 =   T = .
0 .6 0.6 0 .6
= 5.16 sec.

N
5. The maximum frictional force fmax acting on the
block over the surface is given by,
fmax F = 4N F = 4N
fmax = N =
N mg
where N = mg since the block is in equilibrium.
fmazx 4.9
 =   0.25
mg 2  9.8

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Since the applied horizontal force is F = 4 N

 F < fmax

We known that when F < fmax the block does not slide, that means the net force
 
acting on it is zero. Let f be the frictional force  F  f  0
 (0 < f < fmax)
 The frictional force on the block is f = 4 Newton.

6. For the block A, fmax = mamax

amax of A = maximum acceleration of plank in order to have no slipping between A
and B.

 fmax =  mg   mg = ma max
amax 2
 = =  .2
g 10

10. Acceleration of the man relative to the elevator = 2 m/s 2 (upwards). Acceleration
of the elevator relative to earth = 3 m/s2 (downwards)
Hence, acceleration of the mass relative to earth = 3 – 2 = 1 m/s2 (downwards)
Consider free body diagram of man:
If T = tension in the spring ;
mg – T = ma
 50  10 – T = 50  1
 T = 450 N.
450
Hence, extension in the spring = = 0.225 m.
2000

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