Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Capítulo 5
DISEÑO GEOMÉTRICO
TRANSVERSAL: SECCIONES,
ÁREAS Y VOLÚMENES
5.1 CONCEPTO
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5.2 ELEMENTOS GEOMÉTRICOS QUE INTEGRAN
LA SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL
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WHUUDSOpQXELFDGDHQUHFWDRHQWDQJHQWH
Figura 5.1 Sección transversal típica mixta, pavimentada en recta
/DcalzadaRVXSHUILFLHGHURGDPLHQWRHVDTXHOODSDUWHGHODVHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDOGHVWLQDGDDODFLUFXODFLyQGHORVYHKtFXORVFRQVWLWXLGDSRU
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3.30m 3.50m\ 3.65mUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(QOD7DEODVHVXPLQLVWUDQ
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Tabla 5.3 Valores recomendados para el bombeo
7,32'(683(5),&,('(52'$'85$ %20%(2
6XSHUILFLHGHFRQFUHWRKLGUiXOLFRRDVIiOWLFR
0X\EXHQD
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%XHQD
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5HJXODUD
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/D SHQGLHQWH WUDQVYHUVDO UHFRPHQGDGD SDUD ODV EHUPDV HV OD
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Figura 5.2 Sobre-ancho en las curvas, vehículos rígidos
Tabla 5.5 Dimensiones de los vehículos de tipo rígido en el cálculo del sobre-ancho
a b d e L
&$7(*25Ë$
P P P P P
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%XVPHGLDQR
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5.3.2 Vehículos articulados
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L1 5.95 m 'LVWDQFLDHQWUHHOHMHGHODQWHUR\HOHMHWUDVHURGHODXQLGDG
WUDFWRUD
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u 2.59 m $QFKRGHOYHKtFXORHQWDQJHQWH
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Figura 5.3 Sobre-ancho en las curvas, vehículos articulados
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S WC WT
'RQGH
S 6REUHDQFKRUHTXHULGRSRUODFDO]DGD
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u Rc Rc2 L1 L2
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Figura 5.4 Transición del sobre-ancho en las curvas
EJEMPLO 5.1: Sobre-ancho en curvas y transición, vehículos rígidos
Datos:
$QJXORGHGHIOH[LyQSULQFLSDO = ' = 130qD
5DGLRGHODFXUYDFLUFXODU = Rc = 73m
9HORFLGDGHVSHFtILFDGHODFXUYD = VCH = 50 Km/h
3HUDOWHUHFRPHQGDGR = e = 8%
3HQGLHQWHUHODWLYDGHORVERUGHV = m = 0.77%
$QFKRGHODFDO]DGDHQWDQJHQWH = 7.30m (dos carriles)
9HKtFXORWLSR = Camión de 2 ejes
Calcular:
D (OVREUHDQFKRQHFHVDULRSDUDHOFDPLyQ
E (OVREUHDQFKRDXQDGLVWDQFLDGH20PHWURVGHVGHVXLQLFLR
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Solución:
a) Sobre-ancho necesario
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PHWURV\GHDFXHUGRFRQODHFXDFLyQHOVREUHDQFKRQHFHVDULR
HV
0.150
S 2 §¨73 73 2 8.00 2 ·¸ 0.879 0.585 1.464m
© ¹ 73
b) Sobre-ancho a 20 metros
/DORQJLWXGGHWUDQVLFLyQGHSHUDOWDGRHV
Carril e 3.65 m 8.0%
Lt 37.922 m
m 0.77%
3RU ORWDQWR VHJ~QOD HFXDFLyQ HO VREUHDQFKRGHVDUUROODGRD
XQDGLVWDQFLDGH20PHWURVGHVGHVXLQLFLRHV
§ Lp · § 20 ·
Sp ¨¨ ¸¸S ¨ ¸1.464 0.772 m
© Lt ¹ © 37.922 ¹
EJEMPLO 5.2: Sobre-ancho en curvas y transición, vehículos articulados
Datos:
$QJXORGHGHIOH[LyQSULQFLSDO = ' = 130qD
5DGLRGHODFXUYDFLUFXODU = Rc = 73m
9HORFLGDGHVSHFtILFDGHODFXUYD = VCH = 50 Km/h
/RQJLWXGGHODHVSLUDO = Le = 80m
$QFKRGHODFDO]DGDHQWDQJHQWH = WT =7.30m (dos carriles)
9HKtFXORDUWLFXODGRWLSR = C3-S2
Calcular:
D (OVREUHDQFKRQHFHVDULRSDUDHOFDPLyQDUWLFXODGR
E (OVREUHDQFKRDXQDGLVWDQFLDGH20PHWURVGHVGHVXLQLFLR
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Solución:
a) Sobre-ancho necesario
(O DQFKR RFXSDGR SRU HO YHKtFXOR HQ OD FXUYD U GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD
HFXDFLyQHV
0.1VCH 0.150
Z 0.585 m
Rc 73
(ODQFKRGHODFDO]DGDHQFXUYDWCVHJ~QODHFXDFLyQHV
WC n U C n 1FA Z 2 5.084 0.90 2 10.110 0.585 12.663 m
'H HVWD PDQHUD HO VREUHDQFKR QHFHVDULR S GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD
HFXDFLyQHV
S WC WT 12.663 7.30 5.363 m
b) Sobre-ancho a 20 metros
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GH20PHWURVGHVGHVXLQLFLRHV
§ Lp · § Lp · § 20 ·
Sp ¨¨ ¸¸S ¨¨ ¸¸S ¨ ¸5.363 1.341m
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Figura 5.6 Posición de las estacas de chaflanes y de ceros
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Figura 5.7 Planta de chaflanes y ceros
5.4.3 Posición de los chaflanes
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Figura 5.8 Posición de los chaflanes
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5.5 ANCHOS DE BANCA Y ÁREAS DE LAS
SECCIONES TRANSVERSALES
5.5.1 Anchos de banca
*HRPpWULFDPHQWH HO ancho de banca GHSHQGH GHO DQFKR GH ORV
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Figura 5.9 Ancho de banca en recta y en corte
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q ANCHO DE BANCA EN CURVA Y EN TERRAPLÉN
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Figura 5.12 Ancho de banca en curva y en terraplén
r ANCHO DE BANCA EN RECTA Y SECCIÓN MIXTA
/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDHVWHFDVRFRQWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVFRQRFLGRV
YLVWRVDQWHULRUPHQWH
(QHVWHFDVRHODQFKRGHEDQFDBVHSODQWHDFRPR
B 2c 2b g c g t f
'HLJXDOPDQHUDORVYDORUHVGHgcgt\fVRQ
e
gc
nm
e
gt
tt m
d
f SRUORWDQWR
n
e e d
B 2c 2b
n - m tt m n
͔͗͘
Figura 5.13 Ancho de banca en recta y sección mixta
&RQDSR\RHQORVFDVRVEiVLFRVJHQHUDOHVDQWHULRUHVVHSXHGHSODQWHDU
ODHFXDFLyQSDUDFDOFXODUHODQFKRGHEDQFDGHFXDOTXLHURWUDVHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDO FRQ XQD YDULHGDG GH LQFOLQDFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV FRQ
ERPEHRHQUHFWDHQWUDQVLFLyQHQ UHFWD\FXUYD\FRQSHUDOWHHQ
FXUYD\DVHDHPSOD]DGDVVRODPHQWHHQFRUWHVRODPHQWHHQWHUUDSOpQ
RPL[WD
5.5.2 Áreas de las secciones transversales
n ÁREA DE UNA SECCIÓN HOMOGÉNEA SIMPLE EN RECTA
6HGHQRPLQDhomogéneaVLVHWUDWDGHVyORFRUWHRVyORWHUUDSOpQ\HV
simpleVLHOSHUILOGHOWHUUHQRQDWXUDOHVPiVRPHQRVXQLIRUPH
&RQHODYDQFHWHFQROyJLFRKR\HQGtDSDUDGHWHUPLQDUHOiUHDGHODV
VHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVHXWLOL]DQWpFQLFDVGHFRPSXWDGRUFRPRSRU
HMHPSOR HQ SODWDIRUPDV GH $XWRFDG 6LQ HPEDUJR H[LVWHQ YDULRV
PpWRGRVPDQXDOHVTXHHYHQWXDOPHQWHSXHGHQVHUXVDGRV\TXHVRQOD
EDVH DQDOtWLFD GH ODV WpFQLFDV FRPSXWDFLRQDOHV (Q OD PHGLGD GH VX
DSOLFDELOLGDGVHH[SRQGUiQDTXtODVEDVHVWHyULFDVVREUHODVFXDOHVVH
IXQGDPHQWDFDGDXQRGHHOORV
͕͗͘
͖͗͘
ª1 § B · º ª1 § B · º ª1 º ª1 º ª1 º
Ac « 2 ¨ 2 ¸Yd » « 2 ¨ 2 ¸Yi » « 2 h d X d » « 2 h d X i » « 2 Y X d »
¬ © ¹ ¼ ¬ © ¹ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ª1 º ª1 º ª§ 2 c 2 b 2 g c B · º
« Y X i » « 2 c 2 b 2 g c h » «¨ ¸d »
¬2 ¼ ¬ 2 ¼ ¬© 2 ¹ ¼
'HVDUUROODQGR
1 §B· 1 1
Ac ¨ ¸Yd Yi Y X d X i X d X i h d c b g c h
2©2¹ 2 2
Bd
c b g c d
2
)DFWRUL]DQGRVHOOHJDD
B Yd Yi X d X i Y h d Bd
Ac c b g c h d
4 2 2
'RQGH
§ e · §d ·
B 2c 2b 2¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸
©n-m¹ ©n¹
B Yd
Xd
2 tc
B Yi
Xi
2 tc
e
gc
nm
h m c b g c
Método de las coordenadas de los vértices:
6HXWLOL]DXQVLVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDVxyGHRULJHQODFRWDURMDHQHO
HMH GH OD YtD WDO FRPR VH DSUHFLD HQ OD )LJXUD DQWHULRU SDUD OD
FXDOODVFRRUGHQDGDVGHORVYpUWLFHVVRQ
9pUWLFHb >0 , 0 @
9pUWLFHc >- c b g c , - h @
͗͗͘
͗͘͘
'HVDUUROODQGR\IDFWRUL]DQGRVHREWLHQH
B Yd Yi
2Ac X d X i Y h d Bd 2 c b g c h d
2
3RUORWDQWR
B Yd Yi X d X i Y h d Bd
Ac c b g c h d
4 2 2
2EVpUYHVHTXHpVWDHVODPLVPDH[SUHVLyQFDOFXODGDSRUODHFXDFLyQ
GHOPpWRGRGHODVILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDV
EJEMPLO 5.3: Ancho de banca y área de una sección homogénea
simple en recta, por figuras geométricas y coordenadas
Datos:
/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDXQDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOKRPRJpQHDVLPSOHHQ
FRUWH \ HQ UHFWD GH OD FXDO SUHYLDPHQWH VH FRQRFH OD VLJXLHQWH
LQIRUPDFLyQ
$QFKRGHFDUULO c 3.65m
$QFKRGHEHUPD b 2.00m
%RPEHRQRUPDO m 0.02
3HQGLHQWHGHODFXQHWD n 0.50
(VSHVRUGHOSDYLPHQWR e 0.50m
3URIXQGLGDGGHODFXQHWD d 0.60m
7DOXGHQFRUWH tc 2
&RWDGHWUDEDMRDOHMH Y 2.294m
$OWXUDGHOFKDIOiQGHUHFKR Yd 2.351m
$OWXUDGHOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGR Yi 3.852m
Calcular:
D (ODQFKRQHFHVDULRGHEDQFD
E (O iUHD GH OD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO HQ FRUWH SRU HO PpWRGR GH ODV
ILJXUDV JHRPpWULFDV \ SRU HO PpWRGR GH ODV FRRUGHQDGDV GH ORV
YpUWLFHV
͙͗͘
Figura 5.16 Ancho de banca y área, por figuras geométricas y coordenadas
͚͗͘
Solución:
a) Ancho de banca
6HJ~QODHFXDFLyQHODQFKRGHEDQFDBHV
§ e · §d · § 0.50 · § 0.60 ·
B 2c 2b 2 ¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸ 2 3.65 2 2.00 2 ¨ ¸ 2¨ ¸
© n - m ¹ © ¹ n © 0.50 0.02 ¹ © 0.50 ¹
B 15.783m
b) Área de la sección transversal
0pWRGRGHODVILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDV
3DUDHOFiOFXORGHOiUHDHVQHFHVDULRWDPELpQFRQRFHUORVYDORUHVGH
XdXigc\h
B Yd 15.783 2.351
Xd 9.067 m
2 tc 2 2
B Yi 15.783 3.852
Xi 9.818 m
2 tc 2 2
e 0.50
gc 1.042 m
n m 0.50 0.02
h m c b g c 0.02 3.65 2.00 1.042 0.134m
3RUORWDQWRVHJ~QODHFXDFLyQHOiUHDAcHV
B Yd Yi X d X i Y h d Bd
Ac c b g c h d
4 2 2
15.7832.351 3.852 9.067 9.818 2.294 0.134 0.60
Ac
4 2
15.783 0.60
3.65 2.00 1.042 0.134 0.60
2
Ac 43.421 m 2
0pWRGRGHODVFRRUGHQDGDVGHORVYpUWLFHV
&RQ EDVH D OD )LJXUD HQ OD )LJXUD VH RUJDQL]DQ ODV
FRRUGHQDGDVxyGHORVYpUWLFHV
͗͛͘
Figura 5.17 Ejemplo de cálculo del área por las coordenadas de los vértices
$SOLFDQGRODVXPDGHORVSURGXFWRVGHODVOtQHDVFRQWLQXDVPHQRVORV
SURGXFWRVGHODVGLVFRQWLQXDVVHWLHQHTXHHOiUHDAcHV
1
Ac > 0.134 7.892 0.734 9.818 2.2949.067 1.617 7.892
2
0.7346.692 @ > 0.734 6.692 3.118 7.892 2.294 9.818
1
2
0.7349.067 0.1347.892 @
Ac 43.422 m 2
4XHHVHOPLVPRYDORUREWHQLGRDQWHULRUPHQWH
o ÁREA DE UNA SECCIÓN MIXTA SIMPLE EN RECTA
6H GHQRPLQD mixta VL VH WUDWD GH FRUWH \ WHUUDSOpQ \ HV simple VL HO
SHUILOGHOWHUUHQRQDWXUDOHVPiVRPHQRVXQLIRUPH
$O LJXDO TXH HQ HO FDVR DQWHULRU SDUD HO FiOFXOR GHO iUHD VH SXHGH
HPSOHDUFXDOTXLHUDGHORVPpWRGRVGHVFULWRVDVDEHU
͗͘͜
͗͘͝
'HLJXDOPDQHUDHQOD)LJXUDVHKDQRUJDQL]DGRODVFRRUGHQDGDV
xyGHORVGLIHUHQWHVYpUWLFHV
Figura 5.19 Área sección mixta por las coordenadas de los vértices
$SOLFDQGRODVXPDGHORVSURGXFWRVGHODVOtQHDVFRQWLQXDVPHQRVORV
SURGXFWRV GH ODV GLVFRQWLQXDV VH WLHQH TXH HO GREOH GHO iUHD GH
WHUUDSOpQAtHV
2Ac
>Yd h d @X 0 d > h d X d @ ^ h>B c b g t @ ` mX 0 d c b g c
͔͘͘
3RUORWDQWRGHVDUUROODQGR\IDFWRUL]DQGRVHOOHJDD
Ac
h d X d X 0 d g t g c B mX 0 d c b g c X d
2 2
Y h X 0 d c b g t B
d
2
p ÁREA DE UNA SECCIÓN HOMOGÉNEA SIMPLE EN CURVA
6HWUDWDUiDTXtXQDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOGRQGHHODQFKRGHEDQFD B\D
KDVLGRFDOFXODGRSUHYLDPHQWHSDUDXQDVHFFLyQHQUHFWD(QHVWHFDVR
DGLFLRQDOPHQWHDORVHOHPHQWRVDQWHULRUHVDSDUHFHQHOSHUDOWH m \ HO
VREUHDQFKR S DSOLFDGRV D XQD GHWHUPLQDGD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO (O
iUHDVHSXHGHFDOFXODUSRUFXDOTXLHUDGHORVVLJXLHQWHVPpWRGRV
Método de las figuras geométricas:
(QODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVHQUHFWDSDUDbancas planasDQLYHOGH
VXEUDVDQWH SDUD XELFDU ORV FKDIODQHV YHUWLFDOPHQWH VH WRPD FRPR
UHIHUHQFLDHOSODQRKRUL]RQWDOGHODEDQFD
(QVHFFLRQHVHQFXUYDSDUDWHQHUHQFXHQWDODLQFOLQDFLyQGHODEDQFD
TXH IDFLOLWH HO SHUDOWH GH OD FDO]DGD VH DGRSWD FRPR SODQRV
KRUL]RQWDOHVGHUHIHUHQFLDORVTXHSDVDQSRUFDGDXQRGHORVH[WUHPRV
GH ODEDQFD /D )LJXUD PXHVWUD XQD VHFFLyQGH WHUUDSOpQ VLPSOH
HQXQDFXUYDKRUL]RQWDOL]TXLHUGDDODFXDOVHOHKDDSOLFDGRXQSHUDOWH
m \ XQ VREUHDQFKR S HQ VX LQWHULRU 7DO VHFFLyQ VH KD GLYLGLGR HQ
FXDWURWULiQJXORVGHEDVHV\DOWXUDVFRQRFLGDVDVt
B 1 §B ·
Triángulo 1 : Base S , Altura Yi , Área A1 ¨ S ¸Yi
2 2©2 ¹
1
Triángulo 2 : Base Y , Altura Xi , Área A2 Y X i
2
1
Triángulo 3 : Base Y , Altura Xd , Área A3 Y X d
2
B 1 §B·
Triángulo 4 : Base , Altura Yd , Área A4 ¨ ¸Yd
2 2©2¹
͕͘͘
Figura 5.20 Área sección homogénea simple en curva, por figuras geométricas
$OFDOFXODUODViUHDVGHHVWDPDQHUDVHSXHGHYHUTXH
(OiUHDabcaVHFDOFXOyGRVYHFHVHOiUHDdbfdQRVHFDOFXOyHOiUHDfghf
WDPSRFR VH FDOFXOy \ HO iUHD igji VH FDOFXOy SRU IXHUD 3RU
FRPSHQVDFLyQSXHGHGHFLUVHTXHODViUHDVFDOFXODGDVDGLFLRQDOPHQWH
abca H igji VRQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH LJXDOHV D ODV TXH VH GHMDURQ GH
FDOFXODUdbfd\fghf
'HHVWDPDQHUDHOiUHDWRWDOGHWHUUDSOpQAtHV
1 §B · 1 1 1§B·
At A1 A2 A3 A4 ¨ S ¸Yi YX i YX d ¨ ¸Yd
2©2 ¹ 2 2 2©2¹
1 ª§ B · §B · º
At «¨ ¸Yd ¨ S ¸Yi Y X d X i »
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ©2 ¹ ¼
Método de la cartera de chaflanes:
'HDFXHUGRFRQOD)LJXUDDQWHULRUODFRWDGHOSODQRKRUL]RQWDOGH
UHIHUHQFLDSDUDVLWXDUHOFKDIOiQGHODGHUHFKDFRQUHVSHFWRDODFRWD
GH WUDEDMR Y HQ HO HMH HVWi DXQD DOWXUD fi SRU HQFLPD D OD FXDO VH OH
OODPDcota nominal de trabajo3DUDHOFKDIOiQGHODL]TXLHUGDODDOWXUD
HVfcSRUGHEDMR3RUORWDQWRSDUDHVWHFDVR
͖͘͘
3DUDHOFKDIOiQGHUHFKR
§B·
Cota nominal de trabajo Y fi Y m ¨ ¸
©2¹
B Yd
Xd
2 tt
3DUDHOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGR
§B ·
Cota nominal de trabajo Y fc Y m ¨ S ¸
© 2 ¹
§B · Y
Xi ¨ S¸ i
© 2 ¹ tt
(Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH OD )LJXUD VH KD GLVSXHVWR OD FDUWHUD GH
FKDIODQHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDORVGDWRVGHOD)LJXUDDQWHULRU
(OPpWRGRGHFiOFXORGHOiUHDSRUFKDIODQHVGHQRPLQDGRregla de las
crucesLOXVWUDGRHQODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHOD)LJXUDXWLOL]DODFDUWHUD
GHFKDIODQHVDUWLILFLDOPHQWHFRORFDQGRXQFHUR0HQHOGHQRPLQDGRU
GHOTXHEUDGRGHOFHQWUR\DGLFLRQDQGRXQSDUGHTXHEUDGRVH[WUHPRV
GHQXPHUDGRUFHUR0\GHQRPLQDGRUHOYDORUGHODVHPLEDQFDB/2+S
\B/2UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
Figura 5.21 Área sección homogénea simple en curva, por chaflanes
͗͘͘
6L VH HIHFW~DQ ORV SURGXFWRV HQ GLDJRQDO GH WDO PDQHUD TXH D ORV
SURGXFWRV GH ODV OtQHDV FRQWLQXDV VH OH UHVWHQ ORV GH ODV OtQHDV
GLVFRQWLQXDVVHREWHQGUiHOGREOHGHOiUHD3RUORWDQWR
§B · §B·
2At ¨ S ¸Yi X i Y Y X d Yd ¨ ¸
©2 ¹ ©2¹
1 ª§ B · §B · º
At «¨ ¸Yd ¨ S ¸Yi Y X d X i »
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ©2 ¹ ¼
4XHHVODPLVPDHFXDFLyQ
Método de las coordenadas de los vértices:
/D )LJXUD SUHVHQWD OD VHFFLyQ WUDQVYHUVDO EDMR HO VLVWHPD GH
FRRUGHQDGDVxy
Figura 5.22 Área sección homogénea simple en curva, por coordenadas de los
vértices
2UJDQL]DQGRODVFRRUGHQDGDVGHORVYpUWLFHVVHJ~QOD)LJXUDVH
WLHQH
2At
mB
X d Y X i §¨ mB mS Yi ·¸§¨ B S ·¸ §¨ mB mS ·¸ B
2 © 2 ¹© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹2
§ mB ·B § mB · § mB ·§ B ·
¨ Yd ¸ Y X d ¨ mS ¸ X i ¨ ¸¨ S ¸
© 2 ¹2 © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹© 2 ¹
͘͘͘
Figura 5.23 Área sección homogénea simple en curva, por coordenadas
2At
mB
X d Y X i mB §¨ B ·¸ mB S mS§¨ B ·¸ mS S Yi §¨ B ·¸ Yi S
2 2 ©2¹ 2 ©2¹ ©2¹
mB § B · § B · mB § B · §B· mB
¨ ¸ mS ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ Yd ¨ ¸ Y X d X i mS X i
2 ©2¹ ©2¹ 2 ©2¹ ©2¹ 2
mB § B · mB
¨ ¸ S
2 ©2¹ 2
2UJDQL]DQGRORVWpUPLQRVUHVXOWD
1 ª§ B · §B · º
At ¨ ¸Yd ¨ S ¸Yi Y X d X i »
2 «¬© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ ¼
1 ª§ mB · º
«¨ ¸ X d X i mS S B X i »
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼
(VWDH[SUHVLyQGDHOárea exactaGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO2EVpUYHVH
TXH OD SULPHUD SDUWH GH HOOD HV HO iUHD GDGD SRU ORV GRV PpWRGRV
DQWHULRUHV(FXDFLyQ'HDOOtTXHODVHJXQGDSDUWHUHSUHVHQWDOD
FRUUHFFLyQTXHSDUDHIHFWRVSUiFWLFRVHVPX\SHTXHxDPRVWUDQGRDVt
ODDSOLFDELOLGDGGHHOORV6LQHPEDUJRWRGDVODVYHFHVTXHVHTXLHUDHO
iUHD SUHFLVD GHEHUi FRQVLGHUDUVH H[SUHVLRQHV FRPR OD GDGD SRU OD
HFXDFLyQ
͙͘͘
͚͘͘
Figura 5.25 Área sección mixta compuesta en curva, por chaflanes
§B ·
2At X 0 i Y Y X 2 Y2 X 1 Y1 X d Yd ¨ S ¸ X 2 Y1 X1 Yd
© 2 ¹
1ª §B · º
At Y X 0 i X 2 Yd ¨ S X1 ¸ Y1 X d X 2 Y2 X1 »
2 «¬ © 2 ¹ ¼
5.6 VOLÚMENES DE TIERRA: CUBICACIÓN
8QDYH]TXHVHKDQFDOFXODGRODViUHDVGHODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV
VHSXHGHSURFHGHUDFDOFXODUHOYROXPHQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHHQWUHHOODV
3DUDTXHGLFKRYROXPHQVHSXHGDFDOFXODUIiFLOPHQWHVHUiQHFHVDULR
VXSRQHUTXHHQWUHFDGDSDUGHVHFFLRQHVFRQVHFXWLYDVH[LVWHXQVyOLGR
JHRPpWULFR FRPSXHVWR GH HOHPHQWRV FRQRFLGRV R LGHQWLILFDEOHV (Q
HVWHVHQWLGRHOVyOLGRTXHPiVVHDSUR[LPDDHVWDFRQILJXUDFLyQHVHO
prismoideFRPRHOLOXVWUDGRHQOD)LJXUD(OSULVPRLGHHVDTXHO
VyOLGR JHRPpWULFR OLPLWDGR HQ ORV H[WUHPRV SRU ODV FDUDV ODWHUDOHV
SDUDOHODV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV VHFFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV \
ODWHUDOPHQWH SRU ORV SODQRV GH ORV WDOXGHV HO SODQR GH OD EDQFD \ OD
VXSHUILFLHGHOWHUUHQRQDWXUDO
͛͘͘
Figura 5.26 El prismoide en carreteras
(OYROXPHQGHOprismoideVHFDOFXODPHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
A1 A2 4 Am
6
'RQGH
9ROXPHQGHOSULVPRLGHP
A1 ÈUHDGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOH[WUHPDLQLFLDOP
A2 ÈUHDGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOH[WUHPDILQDOP
Am ÈUHD GH OD VHFFLyQ PHGLD P (V DTXHOOD VHFFLyQ VLWXDGD
H[DFWDPHQWHD /2
7DPELpQ SXHGH XWLOL]DUVH HQ IRUPD DSUR[LPDGD OD IyUPXOD GH ODV
áreas medias(VWHPpWRGRVXSRQHTXHHOiUHDGHODVHFFLyQPHGLD Am
HVLJXDODOSURPHGLRDULWPpWLFRHQWUHA1\A2(VWRHV
͘͘͜
A1 A2
Am
2
5HHPSOD]DQGRHQODHFXDFLyQ
ª § A A2 ·º
« A1 A2 4¨ 1 ¸» 3 A1 3 A2
6¬ © 2 ¹¼ 6
§ A1 A2 ·
¨ ¸
© 2 ¹
(VWDIyUPXODHVPiVSUHFLVDDPHGLGDTXHA1\A2WLHQGDQDVHULJXDOHV
&XDQGR XQD GH ODV VHFFLRQHV WLHQGH D FHUR HO YROXPHQ VH FDOFXOD
FRPRXQpirámoide
A
3
2WURWLSRGHVyOLGRJHRPpWULFRTXHDSDUHFHFRQIUHFXHQFLDFXDQGRVH
IRUPDQVHFFLRQHVPL[WDVHVHOtronco de pirámoideFX\RYROXPHQVH
FDOFXODFRPR
3
A A
1 2
A1 A2
/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDODIRUPDFLyQGHHVWRVWUHVVyOLGRVJHRPpWULFRV
FX\RVYRO~PHQHVVRQ
(QWUHODVHFFLyQ\ODVHFFLyQ
olumen de corte rismoide c
1
A1 A2 4 Am
6
7DPELpQ
§ A1 A2 ·
olumen de corte rismoide c 1¨ ¸
© 2 ¹
(QWUHODVHFFLyQ\ODVHFFLyQ
olumen de corte Tronco de pirámoide c
2
3
A A
2 3
A2 A3
A4 2
olumen de terrapl n irámoide t
3
͘͘͝
Figura 5.27 Prismoide, tronco de pirámoide y pirámoide
EJEMPLO 5.4: Áreas y volúmenes de terraplén y corte
Datos:
8Q WUDPR GH XQD FDUUHWHUD VHFXQGDULD GH 30 PHWURV GH ORQJLWXG \ 10
PHWURVGHDQFKRGHEDQFDWLHQHORVFKDIODQHVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQOD
7DEOD
Tabla 5.6 Cartera de chaflanes en recta. Ejemplo 5.4
,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2
.
.
.
.
.
.
͙͔͘
Calcular:
/DViUHDV\ORVYRO~PHQHVGHWHUUDSOpQ\FRUWHHQWRGRHOWUDPR
Solución:
(Q OD )LJXUD VH KD GLEXMDGR XQ HVTXHPD WULGLPHQVLRQDO GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ GDGD UHIHUHQWH D DEVFLVDV FRWDV GH WUDEDMR FKDIODQHV \
FHURVSDUDFDGDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO
Figura 5.28 Abscisas, cotas de trabajo, chaflanes y ceros
a) Áreas de las secciones transversales
(QOD)LJXUDVHKDGLVSXHVWRODFDUWHUDGHFKDIODQHVGHWDOPDQHUD
TXHVHSXHGDQFDOFXODUODViUHDVGHODVVHFFLRQHVSRUHOPpWRGRGHOD
UHJODGHODVFUXFHV
͙͕͘
Figura 5.29 Áreas de las secciones por el método de los chaflanes. Ejemplo 5.4
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.3 9.8 4.2 4.2 13.2 5.45 @ 70.050 m 2
2
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.4 9.9 3.2 3.2 8.6 2.5 5 @ 44.350 m 2
2
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 4.5 10.3 1.9 1.9 5 @ 25.785 m 2
2
͙͖͘
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.8 10.5 1.0 1.0 1.6 @ 15.550 m 2
2
&RUWH
1
Ac >3.6 5 1.6 3.6 @ 6.120 m 2
2
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.2 @ 8.000 m 2
2
&RUWH
1
Ac >3.5 5 @ 8.750 m 2
2
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >5 3.6 3.6 3.4 @ 2.880 m 2
2
&RUWH
1
Ac >3.42.4 2.49.4 9.35 @ 38.610 m 2
2
b) Volúmenes entre secciones transversales
(QWUHODVVHFFLRQHVGHDEVFLVDV.\.
7HUUDSOpQ3ULVPRLGHVHJ~QHFXDFLyQ
§ A1 A2 · §70.050 44.350 ·
¨ ¸ 10 ¨ ¸ 572.000 m
3
t
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
(QWUHODVVHFFLRQHVGHDEVFLVDV.\.
7HUUDSOpQ3ULVPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
͙͗͘
§ A1 A2 · § 44.350 25.785 ·
¸ 175.338 m
3
t ¨ ¸ 5¨
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
(QWUHODVVHFFLRQHVGHDEVFLVDV.\.
7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHVHJ~QHFXDFLyQ
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 53 >25.785 15.550 25.785 15.550 @ 102.265 m 3
&RUWH3LUiPRLGHVHJ~QHFXDFLyQ
A 6.120 5
c 10.200 m 3
3 3
(QWUHODVVHFFLRQHVGHDEVFLVDV.\.
7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 34 >15.550 8.000 15.550 8.000 @ 46.271 m 3
&RUWH7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
c
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 34 >6.120 8.750 6.120 8.750 @ 29.584 m 3
(QWUHODVVHFFLRQHVGHDEVFLVDV.\.
7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 63 >8.000 2.880 8.000 2.880 @ 31.360 m 3
&RUWH7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGHHFXDFLyQ
c
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 63 >8.750 38.610 8.750 38.610 @ 131.481 m 3
&DOFXODGDV ODV iUHDV \ ORV YRO~PHQHV VH HODERUD OD FDUWHUD GH
FXELFDFLyQWDOFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQOD7DEOD
&RPRVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUHQODFDUWHUDGHFXELFDFLyQSDUDFDGDDEVFLVD
DSDUHFHHQODSDUWHL]TXLHUGDODSRVLFLyQGHORVFKDIODQHV\FHURVHQOD
SDUWHFHQWUDOODViUHDVUHVSHFWLYDV\HQODSDUWHGHUHFKDORVYRO~PHQHV
HQWUHVHFFLRQHVVXFHVLYDV
͙͘͘
͙͙͘
Figura 5.30 Áreas de las secciones por el método de los chaflanes. Ejemplo 5.5
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
(V XQD VHFFLyQ PL[WD FRQ XQ FHUR HQ HO HMH SDUD OD FXDO ODV iUHDV
UHVSHFWLYDVVRQ
&RUWH
1
Ac >5 4.46 @ 11.150 m 2
2
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >2.96 5 @ 7.400 m 2
2
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
(V XQD VHFFLyQ PL[WD FRQ XQ FHUR ODWHUDO L]TXLHUGR FX\DV ODV iUHDV
VRQ
&RUWH
1
Ac >5 3.28 3.28 1.20 @ 6.232 m 2
2
7HUUDSOpQ
1
At >1.20 2.58 2.58 10.18 3.525 @ 23.480 m 2
2
͙͚͘
6HFFLyQGHDEVFLVD.
6H WUDWD GH XQD VHFFLyQ KRPRJpQHD FRPSXHVWD HQ WHUUDSOpQ FRQ XQ
FHURHQHOFKDIOiQL]TXLHUGRGHiUHD
1
At >5.00 1.22 1.60 3.32 3.323.60 2.8410.20 3.58 5 3.60 3.58 @
2
28.672 m 2
b) Volúmenes entre secciones transversales
(QWUHODVVHFFLRQHVGHDEVFLVDV.\.
&RUWH7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGH
c
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 18
3
>
11.150 6.232 11.150 6.232 @ 154.307 m 3
7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGH
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 18
3
>
7.400 23.480 7.400 23.480 @ 264.369 m 3
(QWUHODVVHFFLRQHVGHDEVFLVDV.\.
&RUWH3LUiPRLGH
A 6.232 16
c 33.237 m 3
3 3
7HUUDSOpQ7URQFRGHSLUiPRLGH
t
3
A A
1 2 A1 A2 16
3
>
23.480 28.672 23.480 28.672 @ 416.525 m 3
(QOD7DEODVHUHVXPHQODViUHDV\ORVYRO~PHQHVGHHVWHWUDPR
Tabla 5.9 Áreas y volúmenes. Ejemplo 5.5
È5($6P 92/Ò0(1(6P
$%6&,6$
&257( 7(55$3/e1 &257( 7(55$3/e1
.
.
.
͙͛͘
EJEMPLO 5.6: Cálculo de ancho de banca, talud y área
Datos:
3DUDXQDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOOD7DEODPXHVWUDODGLVSRVLFLyQGH
ORVFKDIODQHV
Tabla 5.10 Cartera de chaflanes. Ejemplo 5.6
,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2
6HFFLyQ
Calcular:
(ODQFKRGHODEDQFDHOWDOXGXVDGR\HOiUHDGHODVHFFLyQ
Solución:
(Q OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH OD )LJXUD VH KD GLEXMDGR OD VHFFLyQ
WUDQVYHUVDOFRQODLQIRUPDFLyQGDGDSDUDODFXDO
Figura 5.31 Cálculo de ancho de banca, talud y área
͙͘͜
$QFKRGHEDQFD B
0.00
LQGLFDXQFHURHQHOFKDIOiQGHUHFKRHVWRHV
3.60
0.00 0.00
GHGRQGH
3.60 B / 2
B 7.20 m
7DOXG tc
tc 2.40
GHGRQGH
1 6.00 3.60
t c 1 , talud del 1 45 $
ÈUHD Ac
6HWUDWDGHXQDVHFFLyQKRPRJpQHDFRPSXHVWDHQFRUWH6HJ~QODSDUWH
LQIHULRUGHOD)LJXUDDODSOLFDUODUHJODGHODVFUXFHVVHWLHQH
1
Ac >3.60 2.40 6.00 2.16 2.16 2.88 1.48 3.60 @ 16.574 m 2
2
EJEMPLO 5.7: Posición de chaflanes y área
Datos:
8QDVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDOHQUHFWDSUHVHQWDODVVLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
JHRPpWULFDV
$QFKRGHEDQFD 15m
&RWDGHWUDEDMRHQHOHMH -0.50m
7DOXGHQFRUWH 1 hori ontal por 1 ertical
7DOXGHQWHUUDSOpQ 2 hori ontales por 1 ertical
(OWHUUHQRQDWXUDOHVEDVWDQWHXQLIRUPHEDMDQGRKDFLDODGHUHFKDFRQ
XQDSHQGLHQWHGH5 hori ontales SRU 1 ertical
Calcular:
D /DSRVLFLyQGHORVFKDIODQHVGHUHFKRHL]TXLHUGR
E (OiUHDGHODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO
͙͘͝
Solución:
'HDFXHUGRFRQOD)LJXUDVHWLHQH
Figura 5.32 Posición de chaflanes y cálculo de área
a) Posición de los chaflanes
&HURODWHUDOGHUHFKR X0d
X 0d 5
GHGRQGH
0.50 1
X 0 d 0.50 5 2.50 m
&KDIOiQL]TXLHUGR Xi , Yi
5HODFLRQDQGRWULiQJXORVFRQUHVSHFWRDOWHUUHQRQDWXUDOVHWLHQH
X i X 0d 5
Yi 1
5HODFLRQDQGRWULiQJXORVFRQUHVSHFWRDOWDOXGGHFRUWH
X i 7.50 1
Yi 1
Yi X i 7.50
͚͔͘
5HHPSOD]DQGR
X i 2.50 5
X i 7.50 1
X i 2.50 5 X i 37.50 HVWRHV
X i 10.00 m
Yi X i 7.50 10.00 7.50 2.50 m SRUORWDQWR
Y - 2.50
l chaflán i uierdo es : i
X i 10.00
&KDIOiQGHUHFKR Xd , Yd
,JXDOPHQWHUHODFLRQDQGRWULiQJXORV
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X d 5Yd 2.50
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Xd
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10.833
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2
Y 1.667
l chaflán derecho es : d
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2
Ac « «
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼ 2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼
1 ª§ B · º 1 ª§ 15 · º
At «¨ X 0 d ¸y d » «¨ 2.50 ¸1.667 » 4.168 m 2
2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼ 2 ¬© 2 ¹ ¼
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x /RV PDWHULDOHV REWHQLGRV HQ ORV FRUWHV PXFKDV YHFHV QR VLUYHQ
SDUDKDFHUUHOOHQRVQLVRORVQLPH]FODGRV(QHVWHFDVRKD\TXH
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RWURVFRUWHVRPDWHULDOHVREWHQLGRVHQSUpVWDPRVGHRWUDVSDUWHV
x /D GLVWDQFLD GH WUDQVSRUWH GHO PDWHULDO HQWUH ORV FRUWHV \ ORV
WHUUDSOHQHV SXHGH VHU WDQ JUDQGH TXH D SHVDU GH TXH KD\D
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ORVFRUWHV\FRQVHJXLUSUpVWDPRVSDUDFRQIRUPDUORVWHUUDSOHQHV
6HOODPDmaterial depréstamoDTXHOTXHSRUFXDOTXLHUFLUFXQVWDQFLD
HV QHFHVDULR H[FDYDU IXHUD GH ORV FKDIODQHV GH OD YtD \ material de
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SUpVWDPRV R D YHUWHGHURV ERWDGHURV GH ORV FXDOHV VH H[WUDHQ ORV
PDWHULDOHVDSWRVTXHIDOWDQRHQORVFXDOHVVHGHSRVLWDQORVPDWHULDOHV
VREUDQWHV VHDQ DSWRV R QR (Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR WDOHV SUiFWLFDV
QHFHVLWDQ GHO FRQVHQWLPLHQWR GH ORV SURSLHWDULRV GH ORV WHUUHQRV
DIHFWDGRV TXLHQHV VXHOHQ UHFLELU XQ FDQRQ R FRQWUDSDUWLGD SRU FDGD
PHWURF~ELFRH[WUDtGRRYHUWLGRDGHPiVGHRWUDVFRPSHQVDFLRQHV(Q
DOJXQRV FDVRV PiV GLItFLOHV LQFOXVR KD\ TXH SUHYHU ORV SUpVWDPRV R
ORVYHUWHGHURVRDPERVHQHOGHVDUUROORGHORVHVWXGLRV\HOSUR\HFWR
LQFOX\HQGRODRFXSDFLyQGHORVWHUUHQRVGHORVELHQHVDIHFWDGRVDORV
FXDOHVVHOHVDSOLFDHOSURFHGLPLHQWRH[SURSLDWRULR
8QDSDUWHLPSRUWDQWHGHODVFRPSHQVDFLRQHVGHULYDGDVGHODDSHUWXUD
GHXQSUpVWDPRRGHXQYHUWHGHURVHUHILHUHD VXDFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR
ILQDOXQDYH]WHUPLQDGDODH[WUDFFLyQRHOGHSyVLWRGHPDQHUDTXHHO
LPSDFWR FDXVDGR HQ HO HQWRUQR UHVXOWH DGPLVLEOH 3UHFLVDPHQWH OD
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UHFXUVRDSUpVWDPRVRDYHUWHGHURVIRUPHSDUWHGHOLPSDFWRDPELHQWDO
GHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDFDUUHWHUD\SRUORWDQWRTXHVHHVWXGLHMXQWR
D ORV GHPiV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO LPSDFWR DPELHQWDO GXUDQWH OD IDVH GH
SODQHDPLHQWR
5.7.2 Representación del diagrama de masas
&RPR OD FRPSHQVDFLyQ GH YRO~PHQHV HV FRPSOHMD \ GLVSHQGLRVD VH
KDQ LGHDGR PpWRGRV JUiILFRV TXH GDQ XQD EXHQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ FRQ
EDVWDQWHVHQFLOOH]
7DO FRPR VH LOXVWUD HQ OD )LJXUD HO diagrama de masas HV OD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD GHO YROXPHQ GH WLHUUD D PRYHU \ GH ODV
GLVWDQFLDVDTXHKD\TXHWUDQVSRUWDUORHQXQWUDPRGHWHUPLQDGRGHOD
FDUUHWHUDHQFRQVWUXFFLyQ
7pFQLFDPHQWH HV XQD FXUYD R JUiILFR HQ HO TXH ODV GLVWDQFLDV
KRUL]RQWDOHVDEVFLVDVUHSUHVHQWDQODVHVWDFLRQHVGHODFDUUHWHUD\ODV
GLVWDQFLDVYHUWLFDOHVRUGHQDGDVLQGLFDQODVVXPDVDOJHEUDLFDVGHORV
YRO~PHQHVDFXPXODGRVGHORVFRUWHV\WHUUDSOHQHVDSDUWLUGHXQSXQWR
RULJHQHQHOSHUILOORQJLWXGLQDOGHODFDUUHWHUD
͚͗͘
Figura 5.33 Perfil longitudinal y diagrama de masas
/RVSXQWRVHQHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVVHFRQHFWDQFRQVHJPHQWRVUHFWRV
RFRQXQDOtQHDFRQWLQXD
(Q HVWH FDVR HO YDORU GH OD RUGHQDGD BC UHSUHVHQWD HO YROXPHQ
DFXPXODGRGHFRUWHHQWUHODVDEVFLVDVA'\B'UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH3DUDXQD
FRUUHFWDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQORVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWHVHFRQVLGHUDQSRVLWLYRV
+\ORVGHWHUUDSOpQQHJDWLYRV-
&XDQGR VH WLHQH FRUWH \ WHUUDSOpQ HQ OD PLVPD DEVFLVD VH XWLOL]D OD
GLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORVGRVFRPRRUGHQDGDHQHVHSXQWR\DTXHFXDQGR
HVWR VXFHGH HO WHUUDSOpQ VH FRQIRUPD FRQ HO FRUWH UHDOL]DGR HQ HVD
PLVPD DEVFLVD PRYLHQGR HO PDWHULDO HQ iQJXOR UHFWR FRQ HO HMH
ORQJLWXGLQDO R HQ acarreo transversal HV HO FDVR GH VHFFLRQHV
PL[WDV 6L VREUD PDWHULDO GH FRUWH pVWH VH FRQYLHUWH HQ acarreo
longitudinalTXHHVHOTXHLQWHUHVDFRQRFHU
͚͘͘
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LGHQWLILFDQRWUDVSURSLHGDGHVGHOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVWDOHVFRPR
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WDPELpQDFXPXODGRKDVWDHVHSXQWR
x /DSDUWHDVFHQGHQWHGHODFXUYDPDVDGHILQHXQD]RQDGHFRUWHHO
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x &XDOTXLHU SXQWR GH OD FXUYD PDVD VLWXDGR VREUH OD OtQHD EDVH
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'H HVWD PDQHUD ORV SXQWRV GRQGH OD FXUYD PDVD FRUWD OD OtQHD
EDVH VRQ ORV OtPLWHV GH ORV VHFWRUHV GH PRYLPLHQWR GH WLHUUD
FRPSHQVDGR GHQRPLQDGD sección balanceada 7DO HV HO FDVR GH
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x (Q OD PLVPD IRUPD TXH OD OtQHD EDVH GHWHUPLQD VHFWRUHV GH
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]RQDGHFRPSHQVDFLyQHQWUHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHOFRUWH F'C'VHUYLUi
SDUD FRQVWUXLU HO WHUUDSOpQ C'G' SRU VHU PiV R PHQRV LJXDOHV VXV
YRO~PHQHV&XDOTXLHUOtQHDKRUL]RQWDOTXHFRUWDODFXUYDPDVDHQ
GRVSXQWRVUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGHcompensadora
x /RVSXQWRVPi[LPRVGHODFXUYDPDVDLQGLFDQFDPELRVGHFRUWHD
WHUUDSOpQHQHOVHQWLGRGHODEVFLVDGRHOSXQWRPi[LPR CGHFXUYD
PDVDLQGLFDFDPELRGHFRUWHDWHUUDSOpQHQODDEVFLVD C'GHOSHUILO
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ORQJLWXGLQDO
͚͙͘
Figura 5.34 Propiedades del diagrama de masas
͚͚͘
x &XDQGRODFXUYDPDVDHVWiSRUHQFLPDGHXQDOtQHDKRUL]RQWDOTXH
HVWDEOH]FD FRPSHQVDFLyQ HO PRYLPLHQWR GHO PDWHULDO GHEH
UHDOL]DUVHHQHOVHQWLGRGHDYDQFHGHODEVFLVDGR\FXDQGRODFXUYD
PDVD HVWi SRU GHEDMR GH OD FRPSHQVDGRUD HO WUDQVSRUWH GHEH
UHDOL]DUVH KDFLD DWUiV HVWR HV HQ VHQWLGR RSXHVWR DO DYDQFH GHO
DEVFLVDGR(VWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDODPXHVWUDQODVIOHFKDVHQODILJXUD
5.7.3 Factor de compensación en el movimiento de
tierras
'HEHWHQHUVHHQFXHQWDHOH[FHVRGHFRUWHQHFHVDULRSDUDREWHQHUXQ
WHUUDSOpQFRPSDFWDGRGHYROXPHQGHWHUPLQDGR
(Q JHQHUDO 1 m3 GH corte en banco QR HTXLYDOH D 1 m3 GH terraplén
compactado\DTXHLQIOX\HQXQDYDULHGDGGHFRQGLFLRQHVWDOHVFRPR
x 'HQVLGDGHVGHOPDWHULDOHQVXVHVWDGRVRULJLQDO\FRPSDFWDGR
x 7DPDxRGHODVSDUWtFXODV
x &RQWHQLGRVGHKXPHGDG
x *UDGRGHFRPSDFWDFLyQH[LJLGR
x 3pUGLGDVGHPDWHULDOHQHOWUDQVSRUWH
x $UUDVWUHGHPDWHULDOSRUHOYLHQWR\HODJXD
(VLPSRUWDQWHPHQFLRQDUTXHORVPDWHULDOHVSURGXFWRGHODH[FDYDFLyQ
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FRQWUDHQ SRU OD FRPSDFWDFLyQ H[LJLGD 3DUD WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HVWD
SURSLHGDGHQPRYLPLHQWRGHWLHUUDVVHXVDXQfactor de compensación
GHO 25%XRWURTXHHVSHFtILFDPHQWHVHLQGLTXHFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHXQ
DQiOLVLVGHVXHORV
3DUDHIHFWRVGHFRPSHQVDFLyQGHYRO~PHQHVUHVXOWDSUiFWLFDPHQWHOR
PLVPR UHGXFLU HQ XQ 25% HO YROXPHQ GH PDWHULDO GH FRUWH R VHD
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TXH DXPHQWDU HQ 33% HO YROXPHQ UHTXHULGR GH WHUUDSOpQ R VHD
͚͛͘
PXOWLSOLFDUOR SRU 1.33 VLQ PRGLILFDU HO YROXPHQ GH PDWHULDO GH FRUWH
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(Q RWUDV SDODEUDV HO IDFWRU GH FRPSHQVDFLyQ GHO 25% VLJQLILFD TXH
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compactadoRTXH1 m3GHterraplén compactadoVHFRQIRUPDFRQ1.33
m3GHcorte en banco
5.7.4 Uso del diagrama de masas
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n GRÁFICO DEL DIAGRAMA DE MASAS
6XSyQJDVH TXH SDUD HO SHUILO ORQJLWXGLQDO LOXVWUDGR HQ OD SDUWH
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HODXPHQWRUHODWLYRHQODFROXPQD fVHDQRWDQORVSURGXFWRVGHFDGD
XQR GH WDOHV YRO~PHQHV FROXPQD e SRU HO IDFWRU GH FRPSHQVDFLyQ
1.33WRGRVEDMRHOVLJQR-TXHOHVFRUUHVSRQGH
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FRUWH FROXPQD d \ WHUUDSOpQ FRPSDFWDGR FROXPQD f H[LVWHQWHV
HQWUHDEVFLVDVFRQVHFXWLYDV
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VXPD (VWRV YRO~PHQHV DFXPXODGRV UHSUHVHQWDQ ODV RUGHQDGDV GH OD
FXUYDPDVDORVFXDOHVVHGLEXMDQDXQDHVFDODDGHFXDGD
͚͘͜
͚͘͝
Figura 5.35 Ejemplo numérico del diagrama de masas
͔͛͘
o VOLÚMENES DE EXCAVACIÓN
3DUDXQDVHFFLyQEDODQFHDGDHOYROXPHQWRWDOGHH[FDYDFLyQVHSXHGH
H[SUHVDUGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
.T TA T
'RQGH
. T TA 9ROXPHQWRWDOGHH[FDYDFLyQVXPDWRULDGHORVFRUWHV
9ROXPHQGHH[FDYDFLyQTXHKD\TXHDFDUUHDUORQJLWXGLQDOPHQWH
T 9ROXPHQGHH[FDYDFLyQTXHKD\TXHDFDUUHDUWUDQVYHUVDOPHQWH
(QWUHHO 0+000\HO 0+180
0 180
.T TA ¦ Cortes 800 2400 3300 2700 700 100 100 10100 m 3
0 000
(VWRV10100 m3VHUiQDFDUUHDGRVORQJLWXGLQDO\WUDQVYHUVDOPHQWH
'H RWUR ODGR OD VXPDWRULD GH ORV YRO~PHQHV SRVLWLYRV + GH OD
FROXPQD g HQWUH HVWDV GRV DEVFLVDV UHSUHVHQWD HO YROXPHQ GH
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0 180
¦ alores positi os columna 5 800 2400 3300 2600 9100 m 3
0 000
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Área bajo la cur a
S
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2
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5HVXPLHQGRHQHVWHHMHPSORQXPpULFRHQWUHHO 0+000\HO 0+180VH
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PROBLEMA 5.3
Datos:
(QOD7DEODVHPXHVWUDQORVFKDIODQHV\ODWRSRJUDItDGHXQSDUGH
VHFFLRQHVGHDQFKRGHEDQFDSODQDGH8PHWURV
Tabla 5.13 Cartera de chaflanes y topografía. Problema 5.3
,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2
.
.
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVHQWUHHVWDVGRVVHFFLRQHV
>5HVSTerrapl n: 404.737 m3, Corte: 521.680 m3@
PROBLEMA 5.4
Datos:
/D)LJXUDLOXVWUDGRVVHFFLRQHVHQFXUYDVHSDUDGDV30PHWURV
Figura 5.38 Problema 5.4
Calcular:
(OYROXPHQHQWUHODVVHFFLRQHV>5HVS991.8 m3@
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PROBLEMA 5.5
Datos:
8Q WHUUDSOpQ GHVFDQVD VREUH XQD VXSHUILFLH KRUL]RQWDO HQ XQD FXUYD
L]TXLHUGDGHSHUDOWH 10 EDQFD 10 PHWURVVREUHDQFKR 2PHWURVFRWD
GHWUDEDMRHQHOHMHGH6 PHWURV\WDOXG3 hori ontalesSRU2 erticales
Calcular:
(OiUHDH[DFWD>5HVS123.555 m2@
PROBLEMA 5.6
Datos:
/D 7DEOD SUHVHQWD OD FDUWHUD GH FKDIODQHV GH XQ WUDPR UHFWR GH
XQDYtD(OVLJQRPHQRVLQGLFDFRUWH\HOVLJQRPiVWHUUDSOpQ
Tabla 5.14 Cartera de chaflanes en recta. Problema 5.6
,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2
.
.
.
.
Calcular:
(OYROXPHQWRWDOGHWHUUDSOpQ\FRUWHHQHOWUDPR
>5HVSTerrapl n: 166.467 m3, Corte: 437.098 m3@
PROBLEMA 5.7
Datos:
/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDODSODQWD\HOSHUILOGHXQWUDPRGHYtDGH37.50
PHWURVGHORQJLWXG
͔͘͜
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ontal\HQWHUUDSOpQ2 erticalesSRU3 hori ontales
hori
Figura 5.39 Problema 5.7
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVHQHOWUDPRGHYtD
>5HVSCorte: 894.775 m3, Terrapl n: 55.125 m3@
͕͘͜
PROBLEMA 5.8
Datos:
/D)LJXUDLOXVWUDHOSHUILOORQJLWXGLQDOGHXQDVXEUDVDQWHFRQVX
UHVSHFWLYR HMH \ ERUGHV GH EDQFD (Q OD 7DEOD VH PXHVWUDQ ODV
iUHDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV
Figura 5.40 Problema 5.8
Tabla 5.15 Áreas. Problema 5.8
È5($6P
$%6&,6$6
&257( 7(55$3/e1
.
.
.
.
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQ
>5HVSCorte: 704.569 m3, Terrapl n: 491.421 m3@
͖͘͜
PROBLEMA 5.9
Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHWLHQHODYLVWDHQSODQWDGHXQWUDPRUHFWRGHXQD
FDUUHWHUD GH DQFKR GH EDQFD SODQD GH 10 PHWURV FRQ OtQHDV GH QLYHO
DOWXUDV SDUDOHODV GH HTXLGLVWDQFLD 1 PHWUR $GHPiV SDUD OD VXE
UDVDQWHVHWLHQH
60m sim trica
$EVFLVDGHO 2+150
3HQGLHQWHGHHQWUDGD 6
3HQGLHQWHGHVDOLGD -4
&RWDHQA 56.00m
7DOXGHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV 2 erticales por 1 hori ontal
Figura 5.41 Problema 5.9
Calcular:
(O YROXPHQ WRWDO HQWUH ODV DEVFLVDV 2+100 \ 2+140 XVDQGR OD
FXDGUtFXODFRPRHVFDOD>5HVS2941.6 m3@
͗͘͜
PROBLEMA 5.10
Datos:
(Q XQD FDUUHWHUD GH DQFKR GH EDQFD 10 PHWURV VH SUHVHQWDQ GRV
VHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVHSDUDGDV40PHWURV(QORVUHVSHFWLYRVHMHVOD
SULPHUDVHFFLyQWLHQHXQDFRWDGHWUDEDMRGH6PHWURV\ODVHJXQGDGH0
PHWURV
(QWUH ODV VHFFLRQHV HO WHUUHQR QDWXUDO WLHQH XQD LQFOLQDFLyQ XQLIRUPH
GH 1 erticalSRU 4 hori ontales/RVWDOXGHVGHODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV
VRQ HQFRUWH 2 erticales SRU 1 hori ontal\HQWHUUDSOpQ 2 erticalesSRU 3
hori ontales.
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQ
>5HVSCorte: 1563.23 m3, Terrapl n: 13.88 m3@
PROBLEMA 5.11
Datos:
(QOD7DEODVHPXHVWUDODFDUWHUDGHFKDIODQHV\ODWRSRJUDItDGH
WUHVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVGHDQFKRGHEDQFDSODQDGH 10PHWURV(O
WDOXGHQWHUUDSOpQHVGH2 erticalesSRU3 hori ontales
Tabla 5.16 Cartera de chaflanes y topografía. Problema 5.11
,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2
.
.
.
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHWHUUDSOpQ\FRUWHHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 0+000\ 0+040
>5HVSTerrapl n: 1119.4 m3, Corte: 207.2 m3@
͘͘͜
PROBLEMA 5.12
Datos:
/DV VHFFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV GH OD 7DEOD HVWiQ EDVDGDV HQ XQ
DQFKRGHEDQFDSODQDGH 8PHWURV\WDOXGHVGHFRUWH 2 erticalesSRU 1
hori ontal \WHUUDSOpQ1 erticalSRU1 hori ontal
Tabla 5.17 Cartera de chaflanes y topografía. Problema 5.12
,=48,(5'2 (-( '(5(&+2
.
.
.
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 2+200\ 2+249
>5HVSCorte: 191.43 m3, Terrapl n: 460.76 m3@
PROBLEMA 5.13
Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHLOXVWUDQORVSHUILOHVORQJLWXGLQDOHVGHOWHUUHQRHQ
ORV ERUGHV GH OD EDQFD GHUHFKR H L]TXLHUGR \ HQ HO HMH GH XQD
FDUUHWHUDGHDQFKRGHEDQFDSODQDGH10PHWURV3DUDHOSHUILODOHMHVH
PXHVWUDVXUHVSHFWLYDVXEUDVDQWH
/RVWDOXGHVGHODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVRQHQFRUWH2 erticalesSRU1
hori ontal\HQWHUUDSOpQ2 erticalesSRU3 hori ontales
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 3+000\ 3+020,
VL OD FXUYD YHUWLFDO VLPpWULFD SDUD HO GHEH SDVDU D 1 PHWUR SRU
HQFLPDGHODFODYHGHODDOFDQWDULOOD
>5HVSCorte: 11.27 m3, Terrapl n: 246.72 m3@
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Figura 5.42 Problema 5.13
PROBLEMA 5.14
Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHPXHVWUDQGRVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVHSDUDGDV
20PHWURVFRQXQDQFKRGHEDQFDGH10PHWURV
/RVWDOXGHVGHODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVRQHQFRUWH2 erticalesSRU1
hori ontal\HQWHUUDSOpQ2 erticalesSRU3 hori ontales
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVDEVFLVDV 0+000\ 0+020.
>5HVSCorte: 11.27 m3, Terrapl n: 246.72 m3@
͚͘͜
Figura 5.43 Problema 5.14
PROBLEMA 5.15
Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHLOXVWUDDODHVFDODJUiILFDGDGDODSODQWDGHXQD
FDUUHWHUDHQUHFWDGRQGHDSDUHFHQ WUHVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV A B\
C FRQ VXV UHVSHFWLYDV FXUYDV GH QLYHO GH HTXLGLVWDQFLD 1 PHWUR \ OD
XELFDFLyQGHORVFKDIODQHV
/D VXEUDVDQWH DO HMH HV KRUL]RQWDO SHQGLHQWH ORQJLWXGLQDO 0
HQFRQWUiQGRVHHQODFRWD16
/RVWDOXGHVGHODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVRQHQFRUWH2 erticalesSRU1
hori ontal\HQWHUUDSOpQ2 erticalesSRU3 hori ontales
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQHQWUHODVVHFFLRQHVH[WHUQDV.
>5HVSCorte: 202.8 m3, Terrapl n: 51.3 m3@
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Figura 5.44 Problema 5.15
PROBLEMA 5.16
Datos:
(Q OD )LJXUD VH HVTXHPDWL]DQ FLQFR VHFFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV GH
iUHDVWUDQVYHUVDOHVFRQRFLGDVHQWHUUDSOpQAt\HQFRUWHAc
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQGHVGHODDEVFLVD 0+000DOD
DEVFLVD 0+050.
>5HVSCorte: 280.4 m3, Terrapl n: 828.7 m3@
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Figura 5.45 Problema 5.16
PROBLEMA 5.17
Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHHVTXHPDWL]DQFXDWURVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV
Calcular:
/RVYRO~PHQHVWRWDOHVGHFRUWH\WHUUDSOpQGHVGHODDEVFLVD 0+000DOD
DEVFLVD 0+060.
>5HVSCorte: 3387.3 m3, Terrapl n: 615.9 m3@
͘͜͝
Figura 5.46 Problema 5.17
͔͘͝
PROBLEMA 5.18
Datos:
(QOD)LJXUDVHLOXVWUDHOSHUILOORQJLWXGLQDOGHXQDFDUUHWHUDFRQ
HOGLDJUDPDGHPDVDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
7RPDQGR HO HMH GH ODV DEVFLVDV FRPR FRPSHQVDGRUD SDUD OD VHFFLyQ
EDODQFHDGDVHWLHQH
9ROXPHQGHDFDUUHRWUDQVYHUVDO 1200 m3
'LVWDQFLDGHDFDUUHRJUDWLV 150 m
9ROXPHQGHVREUHDFDUUHR 3200 m3
Figura 5.47 Problema 5.18
͕͘͝
Calcular:
D (O YROXPHQ WRWDO GH H[FDYDFLyQ SDUD OD VHFFLyQ EDODQFHDGD
>5HVS10200 m3@
E /DVDEVFLVDVHQWUHODVFXDOHVVHHIHFW~DHODFDUUHRJUDWLV
>5HVS 0+032 a 0+182@
F /D DEVFLVD KDVWD OD FXDO H[LVWH FRPSHQVDFLyQ GH YRO~PHQHV
>5HVS 0+216.21@
G /D GLVWDQFLD PHGLD GH DFDUUHR VLQ WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HO DFDUUHR
JUDWLV>5HVS118.10 m@
H /DGLVWDQFLDPHGLDGHDFDUUHRJUDWLV>5HVS82.24 m@
I /DGLVWDQFLDPHGLDGHVREUHDFDUUHR>5HVS33.10 m@
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Bibliografía
Índice temático
BIBLIOGRAF A
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