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Apparent Values of ch Determined from Field Behavior of two Soft Clay

Deposits in Southern Vietnam

Conference Paper · October 2011

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE GEOTEC HANOI 2011-
GEOTECHNICS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTIHANOU VIETNAM/6-7 OCTOBER 20!1

technics for
u tainabl velopment
Edited by
Phung Due Long
Vietnamese Society for Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering
WSP Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam

-.,.

IIIII~
IIIIUUII Ill
ll'illli!HIIIIIIIllllllll

CONSTRUCTION PUBLISHING HOUSE/ HANOI/2011

 PATRONISED BY

.eft ) Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan.

Jl
ORGANISED BY

FECON Foundation Engineering &

E Underground Construction JSC, Vietnam

Vietnamese Society for Soil Mechanics &

Foundation Engineering (VSSMGE), Vietnam

Ci vi I Engineering-Mechanics-Material
Association, France

The texts of the various papers in this volume were set individually by typists under the supervision of each of the
authors concerned.

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clients, is granted by FECON Foundation Engineering and Underground Construction JSC, Hanoi,
Vietnam.

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Pubishing process: Publishing Process Department, Construction Publishing House
Cover designer: Nguyen Anh Due

Published by:
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ISBN 978 604 82 000 8

© 2011 FECON & Construction Publishing House
Printed in Vietnam
 Geotechnics for Sustainable Development- Gootee Hanoi 2011, Phung (edt), Construction Publishing House. ISBN 978-604-82.()()()..8

Table of contents

Preface XIII

Organisation XIV

Acknowledgements XV

Session 1. Soft soil improvement and reinforcement

Keynote lecture: Soil improvement by preloading and vertical drainage 3

S. Hansbo
Design method of vertical drains for rapid construction of reclaimed land with 21
dredged clay
K. Ohishi, M Katagiri, T. Yoshifuku, K Yamada
Apparent value of ch determined from field bahaviur uf two soft clay deposits in South- 31
ern Vietnam
K. Suzuki, C. 0. Nguyen
Settlement calculation of soft soil foundation improved by PV.D using equivalent filtra- 37
tion consolidation method (EFCM)
C.M Nguyen
Simulation vacuum preloading method by tri-axial apparatus 45
W. Teparaksa; T.D. Ngo, R Tanaka
·Application of vacuum consolidation for aratozawa irrigation reservoir construction 57
K. Tomoya, K. Takeya, K. Koichi, T. Nipon ,
Performance of vacuum consolidation for high embankment of expressway con- 65
struction on an extremely soft ground
K. Toshiaki, K Masatsugu, 1 Motohiro, T. Nipon
Applicability of deep mixing technique in improving engineering characteristics of 75
soft soils in Southern Vietnam
D. R Shiwakoti, R Manai
Application examples of deep mixing method as aseismic measures 83
H Kinoshita, A. T. Ngo, N. Shinkawa,, H Fukada

v
 Geotechnics for Sustainable Development- Geotec Hanoi 2011, Phung (edt). Construction Publishing House ISBN 978-604-82-000-5

Apparent value of c11 determined from field bahavior of two soft clay
deposits in Southern Vietnam

Koji Suzuki
Toa Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. E-mail: ko_suzuki@toa-const.co.jp.

Nguyen Cong Oanh

Toa-Toyoloilll Venture, Ba Ria-Vrmg Tau, Vietnam. E-mail: nguyencongoallh@yalwo.com.

Keywords: Soft clay, soil improvement, PVD, horizontal coefficient of consolidation, settlement monitoring.

ABSTRACT: Apparent value of horizontal coefficient of consolidation, denoted ChtapJ in this paper, is de-
termined from t1eld data for two soft clay deposits in Southern Vietnam improved by venical drain
method. In order to evaluate ch(apJ> Asaoka's observational method is applied to settlement data obtained
by extensometers and settlement plates. The v~lnes of ch(npJ at the two sites are from 40cm2/d to 80cm2/d
with PVD spacing from 0.85m to 1.5m. Then, they are compared with venical coefficient of consolida-
tion Cv given by laboratory consolidation test. The comparison shows that ch(apJ is 2 to 2.5 times as much
as Cv- Furthermore, ch values are evaluated from ch(npJ by using Barron's and Hansobo's approximations.
Values of ch are found to be 3 to 7 times as much as Cv.

1. INTRODUCTION Prefabricated venical drain (PVD) was used to

accelerate consolidation and reduce future
Horizontal coefficient of consolidation c11 is an settlement. Settlement reached 3m to 3.5m umler
essential parameter in design of venical drain surcharge loading.
method. It is· well known that c" in smear zone Constant rate of strain consolidation test was
formed around vertical drain is smaller than that applied to study consolidation characteristics of
in intact part. Since individual information of c" the deposits. Hydraulic piston sampler was used to
in smear zone and intact part is not available in obtained high quality undisturbed soil samples.
usual soil investigation work. apparent value of
ch. denoted ch<•r> in this paper, is used in nearly
every design work of venical drain method.
However, there is no efficient way in laboratory
or in field to determined Ch(apl· Therefore, it is
very important for evaluating ChtnpJ to investigate
regional experiences of vertical drain application.
In this regard, the first Author reponed his
experience in Hai Phong in Northern Vietnam
(Suzuki and Takeuchi, 2008).
In this paper, other two experiences in South-
ern Vietnam are presented. The values of ch(apJ are
evaluated for the two sites with Asaoka's observa-
tional method applied to field data given by exten-
someters and settlement plates.
Location of the two sites is shown in Figure 1.
They are in swampy areas along riverside,
having approximately 35m thick soft clay deposits. Figure !. Location of two sites.

31

'·-::•,
 Water Content(%) cr'v (kPa) c. c. (cm2 /d)
20 40 60 80 100 0 100 200 300 400 0 2 3 10 20 40 100
51=Gil=+::::+:~
b_ -~

8~ lc
I• ..
c ~·
0.(')_
~~t-·
00
b .i l•lm
fS'o ~
--
0'0
..(). -- ·- 15JC I• ~o
l& ·~-~--
~ .
0
c::
rJ ~
w

Figure 2(a). Consolidation parameters of Site-! clay.

Water Content("/,. cr'y (kPa) Cc C:v (cm2/d)

20 40 60 80 100 0 100 200 300 400 0 2 3 10 20 40 100
5 ,.......,.,..,--.,-........,........,

n .n
0
00 19:>
t---
o"' -~b
r--- -;~ -
c;
c (
0 0
0 n
~
> I~ ~~
<II j:
w - - ---~ --
J<o '-'o
,.,:;>

~
(

r--'i --- r---

0
(

Figure 2(b). Consolidation parameters of Site-2 clay.

2. SUBSOIL PROPERTIES OF THE TWO SITES
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) demonstrate consolidation
profile of the soft clay deposits in two sites.
Thickness of the deposits is about 35m in both
sites. Constant rate of strain consolidation test
were carTied out with a strain rate of 0.02%/min
to study consolidation parameters. Figure 3 indi-
cates some examples of test results. Yielding
point is clearly observed in the curves, which
suggests that quality of undisturbed samples is
very high, and consolidation parameters in Fig-
ure 2 are reliable.
The deposits are slightly overconsolidated.
Consolidation yielding stress dy is larger than
overburden stress d v~ 1 by 20kPa to 50kPa in shal-
low depths, and by 70kPa to lOOkPa in deep
depths. Compression index determined from the
steepest part in e-log dv curve mostly falls be-
tween 1.0 to 2.0, excepting top and middle of the
deposit in Site-2.
Values of Cv determined for normally consoli-
dated state and their depth trend are almost the
same in both sites. In the upper pan of the deposit,
2
Cv is around 40cm /d. This is higher than that in
the lower part where Cv is around 20cm 2/d. This
difference in Cv implies that consolidation settle-
ment of upper part is faster than lower part. The
avera?e value through the depth is approximately
25cm /d for both sites.

32
 3.2 Monitored Settlement
Examples of extensometer data are presented in
Figure 4 for both sites. Installed depths of target
Ill magnets are already shown in Figure 2. It is very
0 clear in the figure that settlement of upper part of
;;
a:: 1.4 the deposit is almost finishing at the time of sur-
"0
1.2 charge removal, and that settlement of lower part
~ is stil,l continuing. This difference is consistent
with the depth trend of Cv values that are about two
times higher in upper part than in lower part.
D

3.2 Values of CJ,(apJ

0

- 0
Asaoka's observational method can provide value
of c 11 {apJ through Equation l, where d. is the diame-
R~
·2.3m
·18.8mf ter of radial drainage cylinder, dw is the equivalent
-30.8mf ?! diameter of PVD, IJ.t is the time interval adopted to
101
Asaoka method and fJ is the slope of straight line
Figure 3. Examples of .CRS consolidation test results in Asaoka graph. The value of dw is assumed to be
for Site- I clay
Scm in this paper.
2
Fde ln/3
3. VALVES OF ch<np) DETERMINED FROM ch(np) =--s-·{;1
MONITORED SETTLEMENT (I)

3.1 PVD Installation

PVDs in both sites were installed down to the bot-
tom of the soft clay deposits. PVD spacing in Site-
1 is mainly l.2m and l.Sm square arrangement,
and that in Site-2 is 1.06m and l.Sm triangle ar-
rangement. The shape of mandrel used for the in-
stallation is rectangular one ( 140mm x 70mm,
t=l2mm) in Site-1 and circular one (¢=135mm,
t=l4mm) in Site-2.
The values of Ch(ap) determined for each moni-
toring position with Equation l are summarized
in Table l(a) for Site-!, and l(b) for Site-2. For
extensometers, c11 rap) values in upper and lower
parts of the deposit are individually evaluated.
From the values in the table, followings can be
pointed out.

r 10
'b) Site-2-
..I
::::
"0
c:
II
Ji: "<!!Y ±
ro
8 I~
..I
IJJ >'" -
•u: 4
0

e
"'
:;:: 100
c:
~
J!
=200
J!

Figure 4. Examples of extensometer measurement.

33
Table l(a). Values of C!1(api determined by Asaoka Table l(b). Values of C!i(np! determined by Asaoka
method (Site·ll method (Site-2)
Top Top
Whole Below Whole Below
PVD n Equipt Position to PVD n Equipt Position to
Dep. -5m Dep. -!Om
-5m -10m
0.85m Settl. SP-IA 47
19.2 SS-48 41
Square Plate
" Settl. SP-IB 58
E-3 47 72 36 Ob
§ Plate SP-\C 60
Extenso E-6 49 82 47
~ 22.3 SP-lD 51
meter E-9 51 70 45 E
Max. 60
E-10 47 69 34 "'q Min. 47
·----~---------------------
SS-6 59
Ave. 54
SS-7 55
~----------- E-lb 72 103 53
SS-11 50
------------------
SS-12 52
---~-~--

E-lc 67 91 49
- - - - -62- -98- - -44-
SS-13 54 E-ld
SS-15 50 E-2b 63 98 47
SS-16 49 E-2d 63 95 43
Extenso
SS-17 52 E-3 66 97 49
meter .-

SS-19 48 E-3a 62 84 48
SS-20 52 E-3b 70 97 52
~-··---. -·-·--
SS-28 48 E-7 72 92 50
-----------~
SS-29 42 E-8 70 103 55
!.2m
27
SS-31 45 "
bb E-9 76 96 52
square Settl. §
SS-32 58 'I: SP-04 63
Plate f- 31.5
SS-33 48 E SP-09 61
SS-34 46 "1 SP-10 73
SS-35 46 SP-13 80
SS-36 47 Settl. SP-15 77
SS-37 51 Plate ---------------
SP-17 74
SS-38 44 69
------
SP-18
SS-39 58 -----
SP-19 75
SS-101 54 SP-2:i 69
SS-105 48 SP-25 69
----·----~--

SS-202 71
Max. 80 103
SS-207 55
--~~~~-

-55-
---~~-

Min. 61 84
SS-245 63 - - - - - -43-
-57- - - - - - - Ave. 69 96 49

Max. 71-. 82 47
---~--
l) The. valnes of Ch(apJ for whole deposit vary from
Min. 41 69 34 2 2
40cm /d to 70cm /d in Site-!, and from
Ave. 51 73 41 2 2
50cm /d to 80cm /d in Site--2. These values are
Extenso 58 85 52
2 to 3 times as much as the average value of Cv
meter E-07 57 98 53 2
(=approx.. 25cm /d).
SS-14 63
SS-30 67 2) According to ex.tensometer, ch<apJ in the upper
SS-104 61 part of the deposit is around twice as much as
Settl.
1.5m SS-108 59 that in lower part. This is well consistent with
33.8 Plate
square SS-201 67 the difference in Cv with depth presented in
SS-21& 63 Figure 2.
SS-225 70 3) Value of ch<•r> increases as PVD spacing in-
Max. 70 98 53 creases. This trend is observed in both of whole
Min. 57 85 52 deposit evaluation and individual sub-layer
Ave. 6-3 92 53 evaluation.

34
 eh<,ol (cm2/d) ch<,PI (cm2/d) C..1oo1 (cm'id)
0 40 80 120 160 0 40 80 120 160 0 40 80 120 160 200
5
!(~ lo :(:~ l----1: '---.' :__~
01--
u3 0 ~-~~
[U
.. :>"' ol~
0
1-·
c:. ~'
~
~: ~
:[-10
0 2.0xc, I
:c ~

.
0 2.5xc,
g"
. ·15 2: ~
~-
(
~
>
"
iii ·20
~ ~. 0 2.5xc,

--' r~
' ~ ~
·25
.' 60 Bo
--
. fa--
' 0
1----

·30
' '(1.2m Square) (1.5m Square)
-- ro (1.5m Triangle)
-35
• • • • • • Max & Min --Average

Figure 5. Factored values of c, compared with ch<•PI determined from ex lensometer data.

Maximum, minimum and average values ur Equation 2 is the approximation of Ban-on's

ch<apJ in Table I determined from extensometer formula, where U(B) is the degree of consolidation,
dntn are compared in Figure 5 with factored values n is the ratio of the diameter of effective circle de
of c, already presented in figure 2. The value of to that of drain well dw. and t is time. This equa-
Ch(apl in Site-! is 2 and 2.5 times as much as labo- tion is the most popular in the design of vertical
ratory determined Cv values, when PVDs are in- drain, and uses the value of Ch(apJ·
stalled with !.2m square arrangement and l.Sm
square arrangement, respectively. In Site-2, Ch(apl is ( 8Th(B))
u(B) "1-expl F(i)'
larger than Cv by 2.5 times when PVD spacing is
l.Sm triangle. . Ch(ap)
From Table I and Figure 5, it can be said that Th(B)=---;;:r-t (2)
Ch(apJ in the two sites in southern Vietnam is ap-
proximately 2 to 2.5 times as much as cv. when
PVD spacing is from !.Om to !.Sm. These values
are higher than the first Author's experience in
Northern Vietnam, where PVDs were installed Hansbo (1981) derived an approximation that can
with 1.1 m triangle spacing, and ch(apJ was 1.5 times consider smear effect and well resistance. Since the
larger than Cv (Suzuki am! Takeuchi, 2008). effect of well resistance is usually small (Miura et
Tan and Chew (!996) presented values of ch<apl al., 1993), his approximation without well resistance
given by some vertical drain case studies for clays can be expressed by Equation 3, in which V<Hl is the
in Singapore, Sweden and Japan. According to their degree of consolidation, a is the ratio of ch to cveNc.1• s
is the ratio of the diameter of smear zone d, to dw,
paper, ch(apl is mostly !.5 to 3 times as much as c,,
and K is the ratio of the penneability of undisturbed
excepting Japanese clay for which ch<•PI is equal to
clay kc to that in smear zone k,.
c,. The value of ch<•Pl in Vietnamese clay is
identical to that of clay in Singapore and Sweden.
- -H)·
U(H)=I-exp -8Th(
(
J
F(H)
4. THEORETICAL ESTIMATION OF ch

Mizukami et al. (1996) and Seah and Juirnarongrit

(2003) developed a special oedometer cell, in ,
f(H) ==
112 ( 11
""2- ln-+Kins- 3) (3)
which only horizontal flow of pore water can be n -1 s 4
generated, to evaluate ch values of clay. With these
devices, ch can be given directly. Here in this sec-
tion, a theoretical approach with Ba1Ton's
and Hansobo's formulas is tried to estimate ch
from ch(apl·

35
 -
0 Site-1 0 Site-2
5
a~+- 1-- r-[1{,2 S:3 L I -~ ~
a=r:: ,_. 1---- 1--- --- --·-

1---sf-
4 6-
6-- 1--
I
r'--"' I--1--
~
0
>
3
i- 2 r---31
4-
n
.... o r--6-
1--4'
s'-
-,..
... 0 a=~::; ~
1--·s-
0 -
I C I
3- 4-
2
- r-i _3
2,
11 1'
l 1
0
5
~
v 1-- 11<=2. s~sL
--

--
---- , _ -

J[
4 a=e

3
7
r--6
v
v
-
- -----

---·- --- ---.,---

0. 5 1-- !J.n
0
i- 2 --4 r\ rt r .--:: ::0:: ~
3--., 65~-
2 --
1
0
10 20 30 4010 20 30 4010 40
n =d,ldw n :::dJdw

Figure 6. Relationship between ch(ap/c, and n determined by both theoretical and observational approaches.

When all the variables in these equations re-
lated to smear effect are properly selected, U<H>
:;houlcl he equal to u(B)· and Equation 4 can be de-
rived. With using Equation 4, relation between the
ratio of ch.(up/cv and drain spacing can be given for
various values of a(::=chlcv)-
C/r(ap) F(B)
-----=a---
cv F(H)
Figure 6 shows curves given by Equation 4.
The curves in the figure assume that a is from l to
8, K is from 2 to 4, and s is from 3 to 6. The figure
also presents the ratio of Ch(up/Cv determined from
field data in the two sites. It is found, by compar-
ing the lines and marks in the figure, that ch(up/Cv
ratios fall between the line of a=3 and a=7. From
this comparison, it can be concluded that ch of the
clay investigated is 3 to 7 times as much as Cv,
when the values of K and s assumed for the calcu-
lation are appropriate.
5. CONCLUSION
Values of Ch(ap> determined from field data ob-
tained for two soft clay deposits in southern Viet-
nam is reported. Following can be given as con-
cluding remarks.
I) The values of ch(ap) are 2 to 2.5 times as much
as Cv for PVD spacing from 0.85m to 1.5m.
2) The values of ch are 3 to 7 times as much as c,
when K is from 2 to 4 and sis from 3 to 6.
6. REFERENCES
Miura, N., Park, Y. and Madhav, M. R. ( 1993)
(4) Fundamental study on drainage performance o
plastic-board drains. Journal of JSCE, Vol. 481
III-25, pp. 31-40 (in Japanese).
Mizukami, J., Kobayashi, M. and Tsuchida, T
( 1996). The horizontal coefficient of consolida
tion. Journal of JSCE, Vol. 535, III-34, pp. l
12 (in Japanese).
Seah, T. H. and Juimarongrit, T. (2003). Constan
rate of stain consolidation with radial drainage
Goetechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 26. No.4.
Suzuki, K. and Takeuchi, H. (2008). Performanc1
of band shaped vertical drain for soft Hai Phonl
Clay. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 48, No. 4
pp. 577-585.
Tan, S. A. and Chew. S. H. (1996). Comparison o
the hyperbolic and Asaoka observationa
method of monitoring consolidation with verti
cal drain. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 36, Nc
3, pp. 3142.

36

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