Review of Related Literature

Local

Fernando-Callo and Dajime (2016) stated that when a person smokes,

almost every organ in the body is damaged. It will leads to many diseases and
weakens the body. People who are consuming a stick of cigarette that has more
than 4,000 chemicals would cut a life for at least five minutes. There are three
kinds of cigarette smoke, the mainstream smoke or also known as first-hand
smoke that is inhaled and exhaled the smoke from lit of cigarette. The second-
hand smoke is very dangerous as puffed out by smokers called side stream
smoke. Lastly is the third hand smoke that refers to the cigarette offshoot which
is attached to smoker’s hair and clothing. 28% of the adult population in the
Philippines (age 15+) smokes cigarette. Each year, smoking is estimated to kill
over 73,000 Filipinos. The bad effects of smoking are highlight by the Go Smoke-
free. Ten Filipinos die from of illness related to cigarette smoking every hour.
There are 17.3 million Filipinos, ages 15 years and up who smoke.

In 2017, Jaymalin stated that the Department of Health (DOH) is

considering regulating the use of electronic cigarettes and vapes, after President
Duterte signed an executive order banning smoking in public places. The
alternative to smoking is vaping. It is the act of inhaling and exhaling the water
vapour produced by an electric device called a vaporizer. On the other hand, e-
cigarette is a plastic and metal device that heats a liquid nicotine solution (e-
juice) in a disposable cartridge while creating a light at the tip and producing a
vapour that simulates the act of smoking. Vapes and e-cigarettes are a safer
alternative to tobacco products that claimed by some groups. There is no
evidence to prove this said medical experts. E-cigarettes and vaporizers are not
included in Executive Order 26, which prohibits smoking in public places
According to Ubial.

According
Foreign

In 2012, Rathus stated that the stimulant in cigarette smoke is nicotine.

The reason why people smoke is because it brings a lot of symptoms of
recession include nervousness, drowsiness, loss of energy, headaches, irregular
bowel movements, lightheadedness, insomnia, dizziness, cramps, palpitations,
tremors, and sweating. Nowadays smokers think that they look worldly wise
when they are smoking. In United States, they sold cigarette packs that carry
messages like “Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette
Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health”. The advertisement of cigarette has been
banned on radio and television. People who smoked, chewed or sniffed can
acquire nicotine through cigarette smoking. That’s why there are secondhand
smokers who inhaled smoke from other people’s cigarette products. The desired
effects of cigarette smoking are for relaxation, stimulation, and weight control. In
United States, the number of smoking – related deaths is greater than the
number of people who die each year from motor vehicle accidents, alcohol and
drug abuse, suicide, homicide, and AIDS combined. Each day, there are nearly
430,000 Americans die from smoking-related illnesses. The smoking incidence is
connected with gender and level of education. Knowledgeable people are less
likely to smoke and more likely to quit if they do smoke.

Feist and Rosenberg (2012) reported that cigarette contains an active

drug called nicotine, an influential stimulant. Throughout the world, tobacco is
used. Approximately 21% (41.5 million) of American adults smoked cigarettes
regularly, as of 2008. Almost immediately, smoking cigarette puts nicotine into
the bloodstream and it reaches the brain within 8 seconds of inhalation. The
heart and respiration rates increases because of nicotine and it creates a feeling
of arousal. The cardiovascular arousal associated with nicotine use increases the
risk of high blood pressure and heart disease. But in opposite, cigarettes can
calm down many nicotine users as they reported. This insight came from the fact
that nicotine relaxes the skeletal muscles even it awakes the autonomic nervous
system. Nicotine is intensely addictive. It brings high tolerance, physical
dependence, and unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine ranks higher than
heroin in terms of how difficult to quit from smoking. Cigarette smoking has many
known health risks such as – it reduces life expectancy on average by 10 years,
increases the risk for lung concern, and in both men and women it triples the risk
of death from heart disease. Smoking is also conclusively linked to leukemia,
cataracts, pneumonia, and cancers of the cervix, kidney, pancreas, and stomach
as reported by the U.S. Surgeon General. Cigarette smoke also contains carbon
monoxide that is one of the reasons why smokers often feel out of breath. It also
makes people look older than they are and it increases skin wrinkles even in
young smokers.

According to Who Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2014), the

range authority of government implement the smoke free policies in line with
WHO FCTC Article 8 have significantly reduce rate of exposure to second - hand
smoke (SHS) including low-and middle income countries (LMICs). They discover
the good result of implementing smoke free policies in a way that it decreases
the acute coronary event, and it strengthened in protecting the non-smokers over
time with the assistance of these policies. For the active smokers, the protective
effect was weak or non – existent but it is important non - smokers providing
further strength to causality of relationships. In addition, implementing of smoke
free policies has been found that there is a reduction in number of person having
respiratory symptoms and other illnesses for the adult and it improves lung
function. Also, it reduces the cases of asthma attacks in children.

As time passes by, it will be expecting the increasing number of studies

showed in long term improvement in public health outcomes from smoke free
policies. Also it is expected the current research showing immediate and
significant public health reaches. Some high-income countries (HICs) have been
applied tobacco control policies for several decades and handling many studies
of variety of tobacco control issues. Regular national survey that collect data from
the smoking parameter and been recording health outcomes conducted by most
HIC (Who Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2014).

Short (2013) stated that 90% of patients that have common diseases of
throat or mouth cancer are smokers. The signs of these diseases are having a
feeling of pain in mouth and around the lips. Without any specific reasons,
bleeding, numbness, and pain in the mouth stubbornly refuses to heal, a
continuous sore throat and difficultness in chewing and swallowing. Lung cancer
is the disease that almost all smokers can get. It results of having a difficulty and
breathing and sometimes there is blood when they are coughing. They will
experience chest pain that lasts for hours. Another disease that they can acquire
is cardiovascular disease. It is complication in the blood vessels. Smoking
indicates you inhale 3,000 bad chemicals that can increase bad cholesterol but
also blocks up your blood vessels. This blocking can happen anywhere. If the
blood vessels are clogged to your heart, you will experience heart attack and if
your kidney is affected you will have high blood pressure and kidney failure. It
can lead to stroke if your brain is affected and result into collapse or paralysis of
the users. You’ve wasted a lot of money on smoking, about $100,000 if you
smoke for over 20 years and use one pack a day.

According to Bakalar (2017), the rates of quitting smoke increases 20

percent when $1 increases in the price of a pack of cigarettes. Researchers
found out that there is a reduction of heavy smokers but nevertheless there are
still people who smoke and they are not affected about the price increases. On
the other hand, there is a little impact about local smoking bans. Bakalar also
stated that a postdoctoral fellow at North Western University named Stephanie
Mayne, said that for older smokers, the impact of increasing price of cigarette is
essential for the reason that they smoke for longer time and it is difficult for them
to quit. In addition, for younger people, they are very sensitive when the price
increases.
References:

Local

1. Rex Book Store, Inc., Lualhati Fernando-Callo and Peter Fermin Dajime;
RBS Physical Education and Health Volume 1; Rex Book Store Inc. with
main office at 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila; 2016; page
46-52

2. Mayen Jaymalin; The Philippine Star; DOH seeks regulation of e-

cigarettes, vapes; May 23, 2017 - 12:00am;
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/23/1702634/doh-seeks-
regulation-e-cigarettes-vapes
3. Marivic B. Tolitol, Anamaria S. Mangubat, Stella Marie M. Urbiztondo, and
Lordinio A. Vergara; HOPE 2 – Health Optimizing Physical Education –
Sports; Vibal Group Inc. with main office at 1253 G. Araneta Avenue,
Quezon City; 2016
Foreign

1. Spencer A. Rathus; Psychology Second Edition; Cengage Learning Asia

Pte Ltd 1st Philippine reprint 2012; This edition is reprinted with license
from Wadsworth, a part of Cengage Learning; 2012; page 150, 151, 152 ,
154
2. Gregory J. Feist & Erika L. Rosenberg; Feist / Rosenberg Psychology
Perspectives and Connections second Edition; The McGraw – Hill
Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020;
2012; page 258
3. Literature Review on the Health Effects of Smoke-free Policies in Light of
the WHO FCTC;
http://www.who.int/fctc/publications/Smoke_free_policies_FINAL_0905201
4.pdf
4. Christopher Short; Quit Smoking; Smash words; 2013;

https://www.scribd.com/book/194857827/Quit-Smoking

5. Nicholas Bakalar; 20 Percent More Smokers Quit After $1 Price Increase;

August 23, 2017;
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/23/well/live/20-percent-more-smokers-
quit-after-1-price-
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