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Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Principles of Linguistics
Syntax - The structure of declarative sentences
Simona Herdan
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Outline
1 Review
2 Structural ambiguity
3 Functional phrases
Inflection phrase
Complementizer phrase
4 Results
5 Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Review
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Outline
1 Review
2 Structural ambiguity
3 Functional phrases
Inflection phrase
Complementizer phrase
4 Results
5 Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Structural ambiguity
hit the man with a stick (= the man that was carrying a stick)
VP
V’
V NP
hit
Det N’
the
N PP
man P’
P NP
with Det N’
a N
stick
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Structural ambiguity
hit the man with a stick (= the hitting was done with a stick)
VP
V’
V’ PP
V NP P’
hit Det N’ P NP
the N with Det N’
man a N
stick
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Outline
1 Review
2 Structural ambiguity
3 Functional phrases
Inflection phrase
Complementizer phrase
4 Results
5 Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Outline
1 Review
2 Structural ambiguity
3 Functional phrases
Inflection phrase
Complementizer phrase
4 Results
5 Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
all phrases that we have seen until now can appear more
than once in a simple clause
a declarative sentence must be headed by a category that
appears only once per clause: inflection
all sentences contain an inflection phrase (IP)
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Types of inflections
modal auxiliaries:
Example
can, may, must, could, might, will, would, shall, should
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Non-modal auxiliaries
non-modal auxiliaries - have and be are verbs that take
another verb as complement; they are not inflections
Example
John has been swimming a lot lately.
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
An IP example
IP
NP I’
Det N’ I VP
the {past} V’
N PP
man P’ V PP
P NP came P’
with Det N’ P NP
a N to Det N’
hat the N
house
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Back to recursion
multiple complements of V are introduced by V’-recursion
Recursive rule - V’-recursion
V’ is both in the input and in the output of the rule
V’ → V’ PP
another recursive rule inserts an NP inside another NP
(see above)
Recursive set of rules - NP/PP recursion
- only recursive when used together in this order
NP → (Det) N’
N’ → N PP
PP → P’
P’ → P NP
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
IP recursion
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Outline
1 Review
2 Structural ambiguity
3 Functional phrases
Inflection phrase
Complementizer phrase
4 Results
5 Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Implementing IP recursion
the word that (or an abstract equivalent of it which is not
pronounced) heads a phrase: complementizer phrase
why complementizer? - the CP turns an IP into the
complement of a verb from another IP
what does that mean? - the CP embeds an IP inside
another IP = IP recursion
Example
IP → NP I’
I’ → I VP
VP → V’
V’ → V CP
CP → C’
C’ → C IP
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Inflection phrase
Functional phrases
Complementizer phrase
Results
Summary
Illustration of IP recursion
IP
NP I’
N’
I VP
N
{pres} V’
John
V CP
knows C’
C IP
that
NP I’
Det N’ I VP
the N PP {past} V’
man P’ V PP
P NP came P’
with Det N’ P NP
a N to Det N’
hat the N
house
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Outline
1 Review
2 Structural ambiguity
3 Functional phrases
Inflection phrase
Complementizer phrase
4 Results
5 Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Outline
1 Review
2 Structural ambiguity
3 Functional phrases
Inflection phrase
Complementizer phrase
4 Results
5 Summary
Simona Herdan P of L
Review
Structural ambiguity
Functional phrases
Results
Summary
Summary
Simona Herdan P of L