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Valence elecrons
You should know how to use the periodic table to determine the
number of electrons available for bonding.
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He:
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to Gain 4 electrons
N would like to Gain 3 electrons
O would like to Gain 2 electrons
Fall 2017 – 2018 USEK General Chemistry
Dr. Joëlle BASSIL
I- Introduction
Octet Rule
The atoms that participate in covalent bonding share electrons in a way
that enables them to acquire a stable electronic configuration, or full
valence shell. This means that they want to acquire the electronic
configuration of the noble gas of their row.
Example: Nitrogen, has 5 electrons in the valence shell, so it needs to
combine with 3 hydrogen atoms to fulfill the octet rule and form a
stable compound called ammonia (NH3). This leaves two electrons
that cannot be used for bonding. Such electron pairs are referred to
as lone pairs, unshared electrons, or nonbonding electrons
1. Ionic bonds
2. Covalent bonds
3. Metallic bonds
Bonds in all the polyatomic ions and diatomics are all covalent
bonds
Water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and
therefore electrons are pulled
Fallcloser to oxygen.
2017 – 2018 USEK General Chemistry
Dr. Joëlle BASSIL
III- Covalent bonds
III-2 Polar covalent bonds
Electronegativity:
Developed 1st by Linus Pauling like this:
H-F >> H-H or F-F
In other words, H-F bond much stronger than H-H or F-F bond.
Why?
= Qr
Example H – F :
III- Covalent bonds
III-2 Polar covalent bonds
26 6 = 20 18 = 2 2 = 0
-2 0 +1 -1 0 0 0 0 -1
Resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be
written for a particular molecule (i.e. rearrange electrons)
We use multiple structures, resonance structures, to describe the
molecule.
The electrons that make up the double bond are not localized, but
rather are delocalized.
N O N O
O N O O N O O N O
Fall 2017 – 2018 USEK General Chemistry
Dr. Joëlle BASSIL
IV- Lewis Structures – Resonance
HCO2-
NO3-
.. - .. -
O O O
..
..
..
..
..
..
+ + +
N N N
- ..O .. - ..O .. - ..O ..O
.. .. -O
.. .. ..
..
..O
..
..
..
There are three types of ions or molecules that do not follow the
octet rule:
– Ions or molecules with an odd number of electrons. Ex: NO
– Ions or molecules with less than an octet.
Cl
BCl3 B
Cl Cl
V. S. E. P. R.
(Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion)
..
- H H
:O : +
:O : H N
-.. .. - .. ..
+2
:O
.. S O.. : C : Cl.. C Cl :
.. .. C
- .. H
:O : .. ..
:O - : Cl :
N
.. :
N
:O : .. H
- H H
.. + ..
- ..
:O
.. S O.. : O.. :
N
.
..
-
:O :
-.. .. -
+3
:O
.. C O.. :
l
.. :
:O Fall 2017 – 2018 USEK General Chemistry
- Dr. Joëlle BASSIL