INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

• Science is as old as the world itself

• There is no individual that can exactly
identify when and where science
began.
• From the genesis of time, science has
existed
• It is always interwoven with the society
 DEFINITION OF SCIENCE

• Science as an idea
• Science as an intellectual activity
• Science as a body of knowledge
• Science as a personal and social activity
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS

• The period of enlightenment when the

developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry
transformed the views of society about
nature.
• It explained the emergence or birth of
modern science as a result of these
developments.
• It was the golden age for people
committed to scholarly life in science
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS

• It is very significant in the development of

human beings, transformation of the society,
and in the formulation of scientific ideas.
• It improved the conduct of scientific
investigations, experiments, and
observations.
• It transformed the natural world and the
world of ideas.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

• It is the period where paradigm shifts

occurred.
• It is where the scientific beliefs that
have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people where
challenged and opposed.
 WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION?

• In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the

geocentric model which described the
absolute perception of the universe with the
Earth as its center which was thought to be
true by most of the people at that time.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF REVOLUTION

• THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

• THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
• FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
• INFORMATION REVOLUTION
• MESOAMERICAN
• MIDDLE EAST
• AFRICAN
• ASIAN REVOLUTION
 THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

• The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened

through the contributions of different persons.
-Tycho Brahe’s careful observation of the star, Cassiopeia
-Johannes Kepler’s said that all planets move in elliptical
orbits and the sun at the center
-Galileo Galilie’s developed his own telescope and
observed Venus
-Sir Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation

• It influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion,

physics, and philosophy.

• It changes the belief of the people about the placement

of the Earth.
 THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

• He is known for his evolution by natural selection

and was formulated in his book “On the Origin of
Species” in 1859.
-The theory describes how organisms change over
time as a result of changes in heritable physical or
behavioral traits.
-The changes that allow an organism to better
adapt to its environment can help it survive and
have more offspring.
 THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

• The theory of evolution has two main points:

1.) All life on Earth is connected and related to
each other.
2.) This diversity of life came about because of the
modifications in populations that were driven by
natural selection.

Natural selection is often described as survival of

the fittest, where fitness refers to the ability to survive
and reproduce.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• Sigmund Freud’s books became the hallmark of

psychoanalysis

• Freud described that the brain can be segmented

into compartments.

• Freudian revolution may be viewed as the

discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective
entities which can be studied like physical things.
 INFORMATION REVOLUTION

• Alan Turing’s machine introduced the idea that thinking

and being conscious could be attributed to nonhuman
entities

• The information revolution started from the Sumerian

pictographs
• The invention of Gutenberg’s printing press in 1455

• The use of typewriter and telegraph.

• Today, these technologies are used widely which

became easier with the help of the internet.
 MESOAMERICAN

• Maya Civilization

• Inca Civilization

• Aztec Civilization
 MAYA CIVILIZATION

• Advanced astronomy

• The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and

devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a
mineral called mica.

• Mayan hieroglyphics- world’s first civilization writing

system
 INCA CIVILIZATION

• roads paved with stone

• stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other
disasters
• irrigation system
• The quipu are used by the Incan for book-keeping.
• Calendar with 12 months

• The mita system was invented by the Inca. It is a labor

service that takes form in road and bridge constriction,
in cultivation (maize or corn) and textile production.
 AZTEC CIVILIZATION

• The Aztecs had established a great military force.

• The chinampa of the Aztecs used small rectangular area

of fertile land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds.

• The use of rubber is documented in the Maya ball game

called tlatchtli.
• They also used cocoa beans as a currency.
• Mandatory Education
• Aztec calendar
• Invention of the Canoe
• Antipasmodic medication
 MIDDLE EAST

• The Arab applied the Romans priniciples and

improve the watermill known as noria.

• The Middle East is known for their machine designed

and improvement for irrigation, industrial work and
war.

• The windmill and watermill are used for crushing

sugarcanes, grinding grain, and pumping water
 MIDDLE EAST

• The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari

described candle and water clocks, water vessels,
fountains, automata, and water raising devices.

• The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid

al-Dimashqi explain steam power and a blueprint of
a six piston pump
 AFRICAN

• Africa is known for the production of kola nuts and

coffee in Ethiopia
Kola nuts stimulant mostly found in West Africa and
is the basis of the popular cola drink.

• Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that

spread to Arabia and then throughout the world.
 AFRICAN

• Africa used plants with salicylic acid for pain

(aspirin) and for diarrhea (Kaopectate). They are
also highly advanced in medicine such operating
autopsies and caesarian

• The technology involved experimentation in

drainage, construction of polders, desalination, and
irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they
already mastered making steels.
 AFRICAN

• Three types of calendars- lunar, solar, stellar

• Metallurgy
• Mathematics- multiplication, division and
simple mathematical calculation or a six
month lunar calendar
 ASIAN REVOLUTION

• Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and

herbal medicine were practiced.

• The four Great Inventions of ancient China includes

the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and
printing.

• Other discoveries includes alchemy which is a taoist

chemistry
 THE END !!!
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