PSCAD Course Notes-V4-Double-Sided

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.
244 Cree Crescent

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3J 3W1
T 204 989 1240 F 204 989 1277
sales@pscad.com www.hvdc.ca
INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD AND

APPLICATIONS
Training Course Presented by the Manitoba
HVDC Research Centre
Course Date: Fall/Winter 2009

Location: The Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
244 Cree Crescent, Winnipeg, Canada
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD AND APPLICATIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------1
COURSE DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................................................... 1
OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
Brief Overview of the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre ............................................................................... 3
PSCAD / EMTDC ................................................................................................................................................ 4
E-TRAN ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
LIVEWIRE ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
RTP (Real Time Playback System ........................................................................................................................ 5
Engineering Services ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Power System Study and Project Management Services .................................................................................. 5
Load flow, stability and PSCAD/EMTDC (electromagnetic transient) study ...................................................... 5
Specialized power system study ........................................................................................................................... 6
Training and advanced model development ......................................................................................................... 6
Specialty Power Quality Monitoring Service and Data Analysis ......................................................................... 7
Laboratory Services .............................................................................................................................................. 7
§1. GETTING STARTED AND BASIC FEATURES --------------------------------------------------------------------8
Tutorial 1.1. Transformer Energizing ............................................................................................................... 9
§2. ESSENTIAL TRAINING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16
Tutorial 2.1. Two Area Power System ........................................................................................................... 17

Tutorial 2.2. Capacitor Switching Study: ....................................................................................................... 22
Tutorial 2.3. Inrush current and line energizing ............................................................................................. 26
Inrush Study ........................................................................................................................................................ 27
Line Energizing Study ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Lines on the same right of way ........................................................................................................................... 28
Tutorial 2.4. Wind Generator model and a Soft Start mechanism for the Generator...................................... 31
Tutorial 2.5. Including a synchronous machine model in a simulation .......................................................... 34
Tutorial 2.6. Doubly fed induction machine model ........................................................................................ 35
§3. TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE ACROSS BREAKER POLES (TRV) ------------------------------ 36
Tutorial 3.1. Breaker TRV Studies ................................................................................................................. 37
§4. INDUCTION MOTOR TRANSIENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
Tutorial 4.1. Induction Machine Dynamics/Transients .................................................................................. 41
§5. LIGHTENING STRIKE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
Tutorial 5.1. Fast front studies ........................................................................................................................ 45
I
§6. FERRO-RESONANCE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
Tutorial 6.1. Ferro-resonance ......................................................................................................................... 49
§7. FAULTS AND CURRENT TRANSFORMERS --------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Tutorial 7.1. Faults ......................................................................................................................................... 51

Tutorial 7.2. Protection ................................................................................................................................... 53
§8. ACTIVE FILTERS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
Tutorial 12.1. Active filters ............................................................................................................................ 57
§9. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-BASIC EXERCISE --------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Tutorial 8.1. One machine infinite bus case ................................................................................................... 61

Tutorial 8.2. Initializing the machine to a load flow ...................................................................................... 62
§10. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-APPLICATION STUDIES ------------------------------------------------------ 64
Two area power system: ................................................................................................................................. 65

Small signal stability: ..................................................................................................................................... 65
Critical clearing time for faults:...................................................................................................................... 65
Power System Stabilizer: ................................................................................................................................ 66
§11. DIRECT CONVERSION OF PSS/E FILES FOR PSCAD MODEL BUILDING ---------------------------- 68
Direct conversion of PSS/E files .................................................................................................................... 69

Converting a Solved PSS/E Case to PSCAD for Transient Simulations ........................................................ 71
E-TRAN Runtime Library for PSCAD .......................................................................................................... 74
Custom Substitution Libraries and data entry ................................................................................................ 75
Deciding on the Part of the Network to be Kept ............................................................................................ 76
Validation ................................................................................................................................................. 77
Importing Dynamic Data from the .dyr File ................................................................................................... 78
References ................................................................................................................................................. 80
§12. POWER ELECTRONIC BASICS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82
Tutorial 12.1. Basic operation of a Thyristor Controlled Reactor .................................................................. 83

Tutorial 12.2. VCO Based TCR Control ........................................................................................................ 87
Tutorial 12.3. PLL Based TCR Control ......................................................................................................... 88
Tutorial 12.4. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) ......................................................................... 89
Tutorial 12.5. Current Reference PWM (CRPWM) ....................................................................................... 91
§13. POWER QUALITY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
Tutorial 13.1. Transformer inrush related transients, fault induced voltage sags and swells. ........................ 95
Tutorial 13.2. Faults and motor starting induced voltage sags and their impact on loads. ............................ 98
Tutorial 13.3. Electric arc furnace model ..................................................................................................... 103
Tutorial 13.4. Simulation of flicker due to an Arc Furnace load. ................................................................. 105
Tutorial 13.5. Flicker due to a cyclic synchronous motor load. ................................................................... 106
II
Tutorial 13.6. Harmonics due to a variable speed drive. .............................................................................. 109

Tutorial 13.7. Application of ‘network harmonic impedance scanning’ methods to identify possible voltage
distortion issues. ..................................................................................................................... 111
§14. CREATING CUSTOM COMPONENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------114
Tutorial 14.1. Adder ..................................................................................................................................... 115

Tutorial 14.2. Integrator ................................................................................................................................ 116
Tutorial 14.3. Electrical Component – Transformer (coupled wires) ........................................................... 117
Tutorial 14.4. Electrical Component – A simple DC Machine ..................................................................... 118
FORTRAN CODES...................................................................................................................................... 119
Integrator: ......................................................................................................................................................... 119
Simple DC Machine: ........................................................................................................................................ 120
III
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD AND APPLICATIONS
Introduction to PSCAD and Applications
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course, held at the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, will cover the fundamental phenomena
applicable to the study electromagnetic transients in electrical networks. A number of applications areas
such as AC transients, fault and protection, transformer saturation, wind energy, FACTS, distributed
generation, and power quality, as well as other power systems topics will be discussed with practical
examples serving to illustrate the subject. Several case studies will be applied in detail to highlight
practical situations encountered by engineers in the field.
Course attendees will be able to experiment with the case studies in an interactive hands-on workshop
environment using the PSCAD Simulation software. Attendees can request coverage of specific topics or
phenomena of interest. No previous experience with the PSCAD software is required.
OUTLINE
1 Installing the software and getting started
2 Creating a small simulation case using PSCAD

o Building the power system
o Data entry
o Results, graphs, plots and meters
o Interactive control features of PSCAD (sliders, push buttons, dials and switches)
3 Fundamental theory of transient simulation

o Representation of power system components and control system elements
o Selection of the simulation time step
o Studies that requires simulation tools like PSCAD
o Advance features of PSCAD for fast and accurate solutions.
4 Brief look at the models and examples available in PSCAD.
5 Transient Studies
o Transient over voltage studies (TOV):
 Line energizing (charging and discharging transients)
 Capacitor bank back to back switching, selection of inrush and out-rush reactors,
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 Breaker re-strike
 Energy dissipation of surge arrestors, arrestor rating and the selection of arrestors.
 Transient recovery voltage across breakers (TRV)
 Batch mode processing to capture the worst case.
 Determination of station stray capacitance values and representation in the study.
 IEEE breaker capability curves.
6 Direct Conversion of PSSE data files to PSCAD.
7 Transformers
o Inrush current issues
o Saturation
o Representing different core types
o Unbalanced loading and grounding issues
o Ferro resonance examples
8 Faults
o Preparing the simulation to perform a sequence of events such as the occurrence of a fault, breaker
opening, fault clearance and re-closure etc.
o DC offset in fault current, the rate of decay and its influence on CT saturation and relay mal-
operation.
o Automated generation of a large number of fault waveforms in COMTRADE format for real time
relay testing.
9 Protection systems
o Detailed CT saturation models
o Modeling a simple relay scheme
o Case Study of a line reactor differential relay mal-operation.
10 Induction Machines
o Large induction motors starting issues including flicker and voltage dip problems.
o Induction generators in wind applications (Doubly fed connection and controls)
o Drive example
11 Power Electronic Basics

o Using power electronic modules and designing simple firing systems.
o PSCAD Interpolation method.
12 FACTS Devices
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o Active filters
o SVC
o STATCOM
Selected topics depending upon interest from participants chosen from list below.
13 Generators
o Controls including governors, exciters, PSS etc
o Using optimization routine of PSCAD to tune the gain of a PSS.
o Inter area oscillations
o Loss of synchronization and critical clearing times for faults
o Effect of exciter gain on stability
o Load sharing and tie line power
o Special Topics
 Optimization routine of PSCAD
 Sub Synchronous Resonance issues and modeling.
14 Power Quality
o Voltage dips, swells and interruptions
 Induction motor starting
 System faults
o Voltage fluctuation
 Arc furnace loads
 Evaluation of flicker severity
o Harmonic distortions
 Modeling of converters
 Evaluating system voltage distortions
15 Designing Custom Components

o Control and measurement components
o Electrical components
Brief Overview of the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Founded in 1981, the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre is a wholly owned subsidiary of Manitoba Hydro,
the 4th largest utility in Canada. Through the extraordinary efforts of our researchers and collaborations
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with our partners, the Centre has become a world leader in the technology of electric power system
simulation, applied power systems analysis, and related technologies. The Centre develops and markets
worldwide the renowned power system simulator PSCAD/EMTDC and open-loop real time playback
system RTP. PSCAD/EMTDC, commercially available since 1993, embodies 26 years of research and
development. This product is currently used in over 1,700 commercial and research facilities in more than
76 countries.
With 28 full-time employees, three quarters of who are professional engineers and technology specialists
and many with advanced degrees, the HVDC Research Centre also has the technical skills and expertise
required to provide specialized engineering services for power system community.
Briefly, the products and services provided by the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre include:
PSCAD / EMTDC
PSCAD/EMTDC is the world’s leading commercial electromagnetic transient simulation program

developed by the Centre. EMTDC (which stands for Electromagnetic Transients including DC) represents
and solves differential equations for the electrical power system network, as well as controls and electro-
mechanical portions of the system. PSCAD (Power Systems CAD) is the powerful and flexible graphical
user interface.
PSCAD/EMTDC enables the user to schematically construct a circuit, run a simulation, analyze the
results, and manage the data in a completely integrated, graphical environment. PSCAD//EMTDC has
been used extensively in power system planning, operation, design, commissioning, preparing of tender
specifications, teaching and research. Many major manufactures use PSCAD as a standard tool for their
model development such as HVDC link, SVC and Wind farms.
E-TRAN
E-TRAN, developed and supported by Electranix Corporation, is a software package able to provide
translation and integration of l PSCAD/EMTDC and PSS/E. Some main features includes directly
translation of power system data from PSS/E for use in the PSCAD, Initializations of machines,
generators and sources in large PSCAD simulations, creations of multi-port network equivalents of large
systems, and visualization of an electrical network by auto-routing and direct creation of a single line
diagram in PSCAD. The provision of ETRAN substitution library also allows the user to adopt detailed
models in place of simple load flow data during PSCAD study.
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LIVEWIRE
LiveWire is a data analysis program developed by Z Systems Inc. This program supports the importation
and exportation of industry standard data file formats, such as COMTRADE, EMTDC, and PTI (PSS/E).
It also provides users with the ability to import and export general data formats such as comma separated
variable files (*.csv) and text files (*.txt). LiveWire even provides the means to generate data from user-
defined equations and import/export data from other applications using the clipboard. LiveWire has a
standard interface with PSCAD, and used extensively to process PSCAD simulation data by many of our
clients.
RTP (Real Time Playback System)
RTP, developed and supported by the Centre, is a powerful simulation hardware designed to easily and
accurately handle complex power system test requirements. Suitable for open loop, real time testing, RTP
is specifically designed to harness the power of the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software. Any waveform
generated by PSCAD™ can be seamlessly used and applications include testing of protection, HVDC
control, or power quality measurement systems. The RTP has an advanced graphical interface for
displaying and controlling waveforms, GPS synchronization for end-to-end testing, and Batch playback
mode for automated testing. In addition, the RTP can generate waveforms from existing COMTRADE
data files or state based (magnitude, frequency, duration and harmonics levels) with the RTP STATE
program.
Engineering Services
With over 25 years of experience in power system, the Centre has capability to provide a wide range of
engineering services, including power system studies, project management, power quality monitoring
service and real time testing of devices:
Power System Study and Project Management Services
Load flow, stability and PSCAD/EMTDC (electromagnetic transient) study
 Power system transient studies including TOV, TRV, faults, re-closure, inrush and out-rush
evaluation, ferroresonance.
 Sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) studies
 Insulation coordination and lighting studies.
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 Effects of DC currents and geomagnetically induced currents on power systems, inrush effects
and ferroresonance.
 Power quality analysis and improvement, including harmonic impedance analysis, motor
starting, voltage sags and swells, non-linear loads such as arc furnaces and flicker analysis etc.
 Distribution system design, including transient overvoltage, with custom power controllers
and distributed generation
 Power flow and transient stability analysis for interconnected power systems, such as
equipment addition, transfer capability, AC contingency, transmission feasibility studies and
etc.
 HVDC control, SVC, FACTs and wind farm addition studies.
 Relay testing (waveforms) and detailed analysis of the CT/VT/CCVT responses and their
impact on operation. Waveforms generated by PSCAD can be utilized with our RTP Playback
system to test physical protection and control equipment.
 Project management including technical review and on site commissioning of SVC, HVDC
and other power electronics related equipment.
Specialized power system study
 Transmission line field effects and corona analysis using FACE software for both HVDC and
AC systems
 Power system harmonic analysis using Frequency Domain Harmonics Analysis Program
(FDHAP) for AC, HVDC and hybrid systems.
 Power system reliability and calculation of LOLE and ENS indices using sequential Monte
Carlo analysis with the RISK_A program
Training and advanced model development
 Development of advanced power system simulation models including custom machines,

transformers, non-linear loads, power electronics and FACTS devices.
 Training on the PSCAD/EMTDC tool, and hands-on workshop on its application in power
system studies, such as transient study, power quality, distributed generation, wind farms,
HVDC, FACTS and etc.
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Specialty Power Quality Monitoring Service and Data Analysis
Centre can provide the power quality monitoring service in a variety forms:
 Assist clients in their measurement program with expert advice regarding to power quality
analysis
 Perform measurements either at the system side (point of common coupling) or the customer
side. The Centre has performed various power quality field measurements (sags, swell,
flicker, etc) with ION 7700, Mini-AQO, Dranetz BMI 4400 and PX5.
 Perform power quality analysis for data collected.
Laboratory Services
The Centre offers laboratory service regarding power quality measurement, and transient testing for
protective relays and HVDC controls. The Centre utilizes a real time playback system and power
amplifiers to generate the testing waveforms. Any complex transient signals or harmonically distorted
waveforms simulated in PSCAD can be easily and seamlessly used in the testing. Centre is currently is the
development of a 12kW, variable voltage and frequency supply to further enhance its laboratory testing
capability.
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PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §1. GETTING STARTED AND
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS
§1. Getting Started and Basic Features
Prepared by: Dharshana Muthumuni

Date: August 2005
Revision: 3
Date: November 13, 2008
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Tutorial 1.1. Transformer Energizing
Objective(s):
 Getting familiar with PSCAD.

 Getting familiar with different sections of the Master Library.
 Different ways to access the master library.
 Creating a simple case.
 Data entry.
 Plotting and control.
 Interactive controls.
T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear in the
Workspace settings entitled noname [psc]. Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and
select Save As… and give the case a name.
 NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name!

 Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/Tutorial_01. Save the case as case01.psc
T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. Build a case to study the inrush phenomena when
energizing a transformer. The component data is as shown. The transformer is rated 66/12.47
kV.
T1.3 Plot the currents 𝐼𝑎 and voltages 𝐸_66 on the HV side of the transformer.
 Note: 𝐼𝑎 and 𝐸𝑎 contains the three waveforms of the three phases.
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RL
66 kV,60 Hz Source
RRL Z+ = 3.9Ohms / 75.58 deg
Z0 = 14.95 Ohms / 80.46 deg
66 kV BUS Ia
E_66
BRK
Timed
Breaker
BRK Logic
Open@t0
Y-Y Transformer
7.5 MVA
Z = 6.14 % #1
Full load loss = 0.3%
No load loss = 0.5% #2
No load current 1 %
1e6
Fig. 1.1. Transformer energizing circuit.
Fig. 1.2. Basic steps to create a graph with a selected signal.
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T1.4 The LV side of the transformer is not connected to a load or any other system equipment. The
breaker is closed at 0.5 s to energize the transformer 66 kV side.
 Inrush is related to core saturation. Verify that saturation is included in the model used for this
simulation.
 Ask your instructor to explain the large resistance connected to the HV side.
 Inrush current magnitude depends on the ‘point on wave’ switching conditions. Use a manual
switch to operate the breaker. Note the point on wave dependency of the inrush peak.
Main ...
BRK_Control
C O
BRK
Fig. 1.3. Two state switch attached to a control panel.
T1.5 Modify the case to include a 12.47 kV/0.5 MVA (Wound rotor type) induction machine. This
case will be used to study the process of starting an Induction motor. The component data is as
shown.
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12.47 kV BUS
81m U/G
54m OH
Capacitor Main ...

800 KVars per phase R_C1
C O
R_C1 42.5 [uH] 40.94 [uF]

R_C1
Feeder EN484
Ib
1
Short line of 7.4 km

COUPLED
SECTION
Z+ = 0.2 E-4 + j0.3 E-3 Ohms/m

PI
Z0 = 0.3 E-3 + j0.1 E-2 Ohms/m

Use default values for the capacitances
B_mot
Etrv
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Emot
B_mot
Open@t0
N
1110.001
500 kVA Induction machine.
This block models the mechanical Wound rotor Type.
IM
characteristics of a typical load. 12.47 kV(L-L) 7.697 kV

(Phase)
Mechanical Torque Irated = 0.02804 [kA]
TL
W
* Inertia = 0.7267 [s]

S
2
W X 0.8 TIN Stator resistance = 0.005 PU
Rotor Resistance = 0.008
0.0
0.0
TIN PU
You may use the wire mode to connect different components.
T1.6 Enter the component data.
 Note: Use ‘typical’ data for the machine.
T1.7 Plot the currents on either side of the transformer (𝑖𝑎 and 𝑖𝑏 ).
T1.8 The input torque to the machine is equal to 80% of the square of the speed. Derive this signal
using control blocks. i.e.
 𝑇𝑚 = 0.8𝜔2
 Use control blocks to implement the above equation.
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 Your instructor will explain the calculation program structure of EMTDC and the definition
of ‘electric’ and ‘control’ type models.
T1.9 The breaker (initially open) should be closed at 0.2s to start the motor.
T1.10 Plot the machine speed, the mechanical torque and the developed electric torque.
 Note: Some variables can be measured from within the component. These are normally listed
under the parameter section ‘Internal output variables’
If time permits…
T1.11 Add a load of 1 MVA at 0.8-power factor at 12.47 kV. The same transformer supplies this load.
Does the load see an unacceptable voltage sag during motor start?
Data:
Motor
500 kVA Induction machine.

Wound rotor Type.
13.8 kV(L-L) 7.697 kV (Phase)
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 0.02804 [kA]
Inertia = 0.7267 [s]
Stator resistance = 0.005 PU
Rotor Resistance = 0.008 PU
Magnetizing Inductance: 4.362 pu
Stator leakage Inductance: 0.102 pu
Rotor leakage Inductance: 0.11 pu
Short Line
Short line of 7.4 km

𝑍+ = 0.2 E-4 + j0.3 E-3 Ohms/m
𝑍0 = 0.3 E-3 + j0.1 E-2 Ohms/m
Use default values for the capacitances
Mechanical Load model
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This block models the mechanical

characteristics of a typical load.
Mechanical Torque
2 *
W X 0.8 TIN
Capacitor leg
Capacitor
800 KVars per phase
R_C1 42.5 [uH] 40.94 [uF]
14/120
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ASIC FEATURES MATERIALS §2. ESSENTIAL TRAINING
§2. Essential Training
 Initializing a simulation
 Switching study
 Transformers and inrush
 Transmission lines
 Power electronic switching
 Induction machine dynamics
 Synchronous Machines and controls
 Wind farms and doubly fed machines

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
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Tutorial 2.1. Two Area Power System

 Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/T_01_06. Save the case as T_01_a.psc
T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. Build a case representing a simplified two-area power
system as shown in the figure below. A 55 km transmission line connects Station A to a 100
MW wind farm. All other connections to Station A are represented by an equivalent 230 kV
source. The equivalent source impedance is derived from a steady state fault study at 60 Hz.
The line is represented by its series reactance. The transformer is represented by its impedance,
referred to the 230 kV side.
Fig. 2.1. Two area system
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T1.3 The wind farm is also represented by source equivalence. The positive sequence impedance of
this source at 33 kV is 1 Ohm at 89 deg. What should be the impedance of the wind farm
equivalent source referred to 230 kV? (Ans:48.577)
T1.4 The voltage behind the equivalent impedance at the wind farm is 35 kV. The phase angle is 7
degrees. Determine the power flow across the line. (Converted to the 230 kV side, the equivalent
voltage is 243.939 kV at 7 deg)
 Note: The simplified calculations are outlined in the accompanying MathCAD worksheet.
T1.5 Plot the power and reactive power flow at both ends of the line. These signals can be obtained
from the voltage source models as internal outputs.
T1.6 Use proper scale factors inside the Output Channels’ to convert PU values to MW and MVar.
Verify the results.
T1.7 How do you change the time step, the simulation time and the plot time? How do you determine
the simulation time step?
T1.8 Can you save results to external output files for post processing?
T1.9 If you specified to write data to output files, where are they located?
 Save the case!

 The case should be saved as T_01_b.psc before proceeding.
Different parts of the simulation model can be arranged inside page modules. PSCAD allows ‘nested’
page modules. If you make a change to your existing case, PSCAD will identify the page modules where
changes took place. Only these modules will be re-compiled. (Time savings in large cases)
T1.10 Create a page module and include the equivalent source for the wind farm inside this module as
shown in the figures 2 and 3. What is the use of the ‘XNODE’ component?
 Note: Your instructor will briefly discuss the use of ‘signal transmitters’ which can also be
used to transmit (control) signals from a page to another.
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Wind
a
Farm
0.14 [H] 0.074 [H]
RRL
P2
RL
Q2 Q2
RRL Fig. 2.2. Main page
a
RL
P1
Q1
Fig. 2.3. Subpage
 Save the case!

 The case should be saved as T_01_c.psc before proceeding.
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T1.11 Modify the source at Station A to control its parameters externally. Add a control panel to
specify these values. Can the values be changed during a simulation?
 Note: Make sure that the angle is specified in degrees (parameter setting inside the source
model)
 Note: Observe the effect of varying the voltage angle/magnitude on P and Q flow
Ph
Main : Controls
RRL
V230 FTYPE
250 90 10
F
9
60.0 8
7
6
5
V
4
3
2
220 -90 1
RL
230 0 1
Fig. 2.4. External control of the source parameters.
T1.12 Modify the circuit to include breakers, breaker controls, meters and the PSCAD ‘fault
component’. The case should look like as shown in figure 5. Plot, E1, I1 and the rams value of
E1.
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Fig. 2.5. Meters, breakers and faults.
T1.13 Simulate an A-G fault. The fault inception time is 0.4s. The fault duration is 0.5 s. Note the dc
offset of I1.
 (The dc offset can cause mal-operation of protection due to CT saturation. We will study this
in later on as a separate example.)
T1.14 What factors influence the initial dc offset and its rate of decay? Change the fault inception time
to 0.404 s and observe the results.
T1.15 Breaker 3 is initially closed. Open and close this breaker at 0.5 s and 0.65 s respectively.
 Save the case!

 The case should be saved as T_01_d.psc before proceeding.
T1.16 Include a FFT block in your simulation cases shown in figure 6. Convert I1 to its sequence
components. Verify the results of the FFT for different fault types. Add a ‘poly-meter’ to
observe the frequency spectrum.
 Note: The instructor will demonstrate the use of the ‘pharos meter’.
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1 1 1
2
I1 Mag+ Mag- Mag0

(31) (31) (31)
1 XA Ph+
I1 (31)
FFT
2 XB Ph-
I1 (31)
3 XC Ph0
F = 60.0 [Hz]
(31)
dcA dcB dcC
Fig. 2.6. FFT Block.
T1.17 Load the case T_01_e.psc from the example cases given to you as course material. Study the
‘sequencer units’ available to define a series of timed events.
 Save the case!
Tutorial 2.2. Capacitor Switching Study:
T2.1 Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/T_01_06. Save the case T_01_e.psc as

T_02_a.psc.
 The utility plans to add 300 MVars of capacitive reactive power at station A to support the
230 kV bus voltages. A transient study is required to design equipment of this installation.
 Calculations and simulations are required to determine the values/ratings of the associated
limiting reactors (inrush and outrush)
 Modify the simulation case to include a sub-page as shown in fig. 1.
 The circuit inside the sub page represents a 230 kV capacitor bank with 4 steps per phase (see
attached diagrams). Each step is rated at 25 MVar/phase. The capacitor banks are solidly
grounded. The inrush and the outrush reactors sizes are to be determined so that the switching
transients do not exceed the breaker capabilities and are within the IEEE standards.
 The values of the outrush/inrush reactors have been determined using IEEE C37.06.2000.
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230 kV
GT230
Voltage support
Cap. Bank
Ph
RRL
F
60.0
V
RL
Fig. 2.7. Capacitor banks at Station A.
T2.2 Use manual breaker controls to switch the breakers R1, R2 and R4. Also measure the currents in
the breakers.
T2.3 Add a timed breaker component to control breaker R3, measure the currents in R3.
 Note: Discuss with your instructor the purpose of making R3 operation controllable.
T2.4 Add meters to measure the currents and voltages on the system side of the outrush reactor.
T2.5 Run the case with R1 closed, R2 and R4 open, and R3 set to close at 0.2 s.
T2.6 Observe the peak value and frequency of oscillation of the current in R3.
T2.7 Observe the peak value and frequency of oscillation of the current at the outrush reactor.
T2.8 Note the differences between (7) and (8). Discuss the results.
Important: Ensure that you are using the proper time step and for visualization purposes, the
proper plot step!
T2.9 A Peak inrush current depends on POW switching. This should be studied to ensure that the
breaker meets the TRV and 𝑑𝑖/𝑑𝑡 capabilities.
T2.10 Use the Multiple Run component to control the R3 closing time. Also record the currents in
Breaker R3 and main feeder current.
 Set the multiple run to switch for 5 sequential points on the wave.
23/120
 Can we do random switching over a cycle?

 Can we optimize the run length using a snapshot?
 Take a snapshot at 0.199sec and the run multiple run for 20 sequential points on the wave.
 Compare your results with IEEE standard results. Can the simulation time step be changed
when the case is run from a snapshot file?
T2.11 What are some considerations for the selection of time-step for this type of simulation?
T2.12 EXTRA: Check the impedance spectrum using the ‘Harmonic Impedance’ component. This is an
important step in the design of capacitor banks. The addition of the capacitors can give rise to
system resonances that are not acceptable.
 Is this circuit appropriate to check for system resonances? Why? (not enough details of the
system around the Station A bus is included to capture the frequency effects)
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
Series1
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1.00E-06
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
 Save the case!

24/120
T3.13 Modify the circuit as shown in figure 2 to include surge arrestors.
 The surge arrestors should protect the capacitors from switching over voltages. Re-strike of
capacitors breaker can cause large over-voltage transients and is usually the criteria for the
selection of MOVs. Discuss the data entry for the MOV model.
0.00317
Outrush
Reactors kJoules
MOV
Imov
Closed@t0
Logic
Breaker MOV
Timed
-3.988e-005 [MVAR]
-3.988e-005 [MVAR]
-79.82 [MVAR]
0.08013 [MW]
0.05635 [MW]
0.09202 [MW]
0.05635 [MW]
-79.7 [MVAR]
R1
R2
R3
Closed@t0
Logic
R1 R2 Breaker R3 R4
R2 Timed R4
Fig. 2.8. Surge arresters.
T2.14 Breaker R3 is initially closed. It is opened at 0.204 s but re-strikes at 0.2124 s. Observe the energy
accumulation in the MOV of phase A. can the MOV handle this energy? Is a statistical study
required to design the MOV ratings?
 Save the case!

 The case should be saved as T_03_a.psc before proceeding.
25/120
Tutorial 2.3. Inrush current and line energizing
T3.1 Create a folder called c:…/PscadTraining/T_01_06. Save the case T_02_b.psc as T_03_a.psc.
 Open the capacitor main breaker R3. Keep all other breakers closed. Make the ‘fault’
component inactive.
 Most transient studies require the accurate modeling of transformers and transmission lines.
Transformer inrush requires the accurate modeling of the non-linear iron core. Switching
transient studies require the modeling of transmission lines to include the effects frequency
dependent line parameters and traveling wave phenomena.
T3.2 Use detailed models to represent the 33/230 kV transformer and the 55 km transmission line.
The transformer has a Y-Y configuration and consists of three single phase units. The no load
current is 1%. The no load and copper losses are 0.003 pu and 0.002 pu respectively.
 The conductor arrangement of the line is as shown below. Use the frequency dependent phase
model to represent the line.
G1 G2
10 [m] C2
10 [m]
C1 5 [m] C3
10 [m]
Tower: 3H5
30 [m]
Conductors: chukar
Ground_Wires: 1/2"HighStrengthSteel
0 [m]
Fig. 2.9. 230 kV Transmission tower.
26/120
Timed Three Phase

Breaker RMS Voltage Meter
Logic BRK1B
Open@t0
3 Phase
RMS
Timed
Breaker
Logic 230 kV
BRK1C GT230
Open@t0
Voltage support
Cap. Bank
BRK2 Line_01 BRK3
Wind
a I2 BRK1A I1
Farm #1 #2
E2 E1
Ph
Line_01 Line_01
RRL
F
Timed 60.0
Breaker
Logic
V
P2 BRK3
Open@t0
RL
Q2 Q2
Timed
Timed Fault
I1 Breaker Logic
Logic BRK2
Open@t0
E1 E1 Fault inception - 0.4 s and at 0.404 s
Fig. 2.10. Two-area system model for a transient study.
Inrush Study
T3.3 Open the breakers #2 and #3. The transformer is energized on no load by closing the breaker #1.
Close breaker 1 at 0.15s and observe the inrush currents.
T3.4 Add a 1 Ohm resister in series with the 33 kV winding and observe the results. What effect does
the resistance have on the decay of the inrush current?
T3.5 Does the breaker closing instant influence the magnitude of inrush? Close the breaker at 0.1535 s
and observe the current on phase A.
T3.6 Enable the ‘single pole operation’ mode of the breaker. Close the poles at instants when the
voltage of the respective phase is at a maximum. Observe results.
T3.7 What situation would cause the transformer to saturate on both halves of a voltage cycle?
 Save the case!

27/120
Line Energizing Study
T3.8 Close breaker # 1 and open breaker # 3. Include the multiple run component to control the
operation of breaker #2 which is initially open. The closing instant B1 derived from the multiple
run.
Fig. 2.11. Multiple run component for breaker control.
T3.9 The breaker closing instant (B1) should be changed for each run. The breaker is opened 0.15 s
after its closing operation. Set the multiple run to switch for 10 sequential points on a 60 Hz
waveform. Record the peak voltage E1 at the receiving end.
 Save the case!

 The case should be saved as T_03_c.psc before proceeding.
Lines on the same right of way
A 130 km transmission line connects the Generating Station C and Station A. This line runs parallel to the
55 km line between Station A and the Wind Farm for 20 km from Station A. The generating voltage is
stepped up to the transmission level through an 11/230 kV, Y-Y bank.
T3.10 Extend the model to include the 130 km line and the generator as shown in figure 4. The
transmission lines are arranged in a sub page as shown in Fig. 2.11.
 Save the case T_04_d.psc!
28/120
Station C
11/230 kV, 500MVA
Z=0.08 PU Three Phase
RMS Voltage Meter
RL RRL #1 #2
3 Phase
Zpos = 0.01 Ohms at 89 deg. Line_03 RMS
Zzero = 0.011Ohms and 80 deg.
Timed
Breaker
BRK3 Logic
Closed@t0
T lines
230 kV
GT230
Timed Line_01 Voltage support
Breaker Line_02
Logic BRK2 Cap. Bank
Closed@t0 Line_03 BRK3
I1
BRK2 E1
Ph
E2 BRK4
Line_01 Line_02
F
I4
60.0
E4
V
Timed
Fault
Logic
Line_01 Line_02
Line_01
Line_02
Line_03
Line_03
Fig. 2.12. Three area system & Line arrangement inside the sub-page.
29/120
T3.11 The voltage behind the equivalent source impedance of the voltage source representing the 4
generators at Station C is 12 kV at 21 degrees.
T3.12 Use the MathCAD worksheet to verify results.
 Save the case T_04_e.psc!
T3.13 Change the configuration of the 11/230 kV transformer to represent a D-Y unit. Adjust the 11
kV source angle to reflect this change.
30/120
Tutorial 2.4. Wind Generator model and a Soft Start mechanism for the
Generator
T4.1 Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/T_01_06. Save the case T_03_e.psc as

T_04_a.psc.
 The wind turbines in the wind farm are driving induction generators operating at 33 kV. The
total MVA of the station is 100 MVA. Replace the equivalent source with a detailed model of
an induction generator. Assume all generators at the wind farm are operating under identical
conditions. The induction generator connection is shown in Fig. 2.13.
External rotor
resistance
Rrotor
Rrotor
Rrotor
Wind...
TIME
DIST
+
Rrotor
10
Q1 P1
Rrotor
ohm
P
Power
StoT
0
A
1 WIN W
1.0
IM
S Iabc
0
StoT
a
TL
A TIN
-0.8 Ctrl = 1
-0.5 B
Ctrl
340 [uF]
DIST
Fig. 2.13. Induction generator.
31/120
T4.2 Close breaker #1 at 2 s. Keep all other breakers closed. Assume the machine speed is at 1 pu
before closing breaker A. Has the power flow changed?
T4.3 Calculate the value of the shunt capacitance required to maintain the original power flow. See
MathCAD calculations. Lower the time step to 25 us.
T4.4 Will the system be stable if a sudden wind gust causes the input torque to the machine to
increase by 60% (or 80 %)?
 Save the case as T_04_b.psc! before proceeding
T4.5 Discuss how a small wind generator maybe connected to the system.
 Using BRKA appropriately, connect the wind generator to the system at 1s.
T4.6 Note the line currents on the system side when the wind farm is connected to the system. Change
the initial speed of the machine to 0.6 pu and re run the simulation. Note the current transients.
A Soft Starter shown in Fig. 2.14 is used to limit the starting currents when connecting the
induction generators to the system. The back to back thyristors are used to control the voltage
applied to the machine while its speed builds up. The firing angle characteristics are given in the
table in the file ‘softstart.txt’. Model the circuit shown in figure 2. The firing controls for the
thyristors are shown in Fig. 2.15.
T4.7 Observe the starting currents with and without soft start.
32/120
FP1
1
2
[Windfarm] ANG
T
ANG
BRK_SW
2
FP3
FP2
2
TIME 1
BRK_SW
T
BRK_SW
T
A Ctrl = 1
2
FP5 ANG
FP4 B
2
180.0 ANG1
Ctrl
T
BRKA
BRK_SW
T
2
FP6
Ea
BRKA
NA Eb NB
Timed
Breaker Ec
Logic BRKA
Open@t0
Fig. 2.14. Soft Starter.
THYRISTOR FIRING PULSE

ANG_1 CONTROL CIRCUIT ANG_2 ANG_3
H H H
L L L
FP1 FP3 FP5

ANG1 ANG1 ANG1
ANG_1 ANG_2 ANG_3
H H H
+ L + L + L
D + D + D +
F F F
FP2 FP4 FP6
180.0
180.0
180.0
Va Va Va
Ea Eb Ec
PLL ANG_1 PLL ANG_2 PLL ANG_3
Vb theta Vb theta Vb theta
Eb Ec Ea
Vc Vc Vc
Ec Ea Eb
Fig. 2.15. Firing controls.
33/120
Tutorial 2.5. Including a synchronous machine model in a simulation
T5.1 Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/T_01_06. Save the case T_04_c.psc as

T_05_a.psc.
T5.2 Use the methods discussed in the supplementary exercises to replace the 11 kV source model
with a detailed hydro generator model.
T5.3 Enter the ratings of the machine to reflect the 500 MVA, 11 kV units. (This may represent a
number of identical units operating in parallel).
T5.4 Include the generator controls in the simulation.
T5.5 The voltage magnitude and the phase angle of the 11 kV source are used to initialize the
machine. Observe the power flow and explain the reasons for minor differences.
T5.6 Try using suitable control methods to adjust the machine power flow to the original values.
T5.7 How do we model a thermal generator?
34/120
Tutorial 2.6. Doubly fed induction machine model
T6.1 Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/T_01_06. Load the library file dqo_new_lib.psl.
Load the cases T_06_a and T_06_b.psc given to you with the course material. Save this file in
your T_06 folder.
T6.2 Understand the basic concept of the double fed connection.
T6.3 Identify the role of different control blocks in the model.
T6.4 Are all models in the control system found in the master library? Can the user define custom
components and use then along with standard models from the master library?
T6.5 Verify the operation of the two cases.
D
+
Va -
C
* 1 phisx
A
Isa 0.037 sT sT X mag
alfa G r to p
D Valfa 1 + sT Vsmag phsmag
+ B 3 to 2
-
Vb Transform sT Y Y X
phi
C G
* beta Vbeta 1 1 + sT phis
C
Isb 0.037 D sT phisy
+
Vc -
C
*
Isc 0.037
Fig. 2.16. Stator flux vector
slpang
A Ira_ref Iraa
D alfa alfa
Rotor
to Stator 2 to 3 B
Transform Irb_ref Irbb
Q beta beta
C Irc_ref Ircc
Fig. 2.17. Rotor reference currents
35/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §3. TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE ACROSS BREAKER POLES (TRV)
§3. Transient Recovery Voltage across Breaker Poles

(TRV)

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
36/120
Tutorial 3.1. Breaker TRV Studies
Objective:
 Fundamental aspects of Breaker TRV

 Selection of time step
 Influence of stray capacitance
 Influence of loads and losses (resistance)
 IEEE defined breaker capability curves
 TRV under fault and normal switching conditions and use of multiple run
T1.1 Open the case T_03_a.psc that was completed in Tutorial 2.2. Rename this as T_03_a_trv.psc.
Keep breakers #1, #2 and #3 closed and the capacitor banks open. Run the case and make sure
the power flow is as expected.
T1.2 Apply a three phase fault to ground at 0.4s. The duration is 1s.
T1.3 Open breaker #3 at 0.44 s. Observe the voltage across the breaker poles.
T1.4 Discuss the reason for TRV. Now lower the time step to 2 us and observe the results. This will
make clear that for TRV studies, a small time step is necessary.
TRV_ENV(+) TRV_ENV(-) Ea
20
10
-10
-20
-30
0.0200 0.0220 0.0240 0.0260 0.0280 0.0300 0.0320 0.0340 ...

...
...
Fig. 3.1. Breaker TRV and the IEEE TRV limits
37/120
T1.5 In TRV studies, the stray capacitances near the breaker must be modeled adequately. How do we
determine these values?
T1.6 IEEE standards (IEEE C37.011) define the TRV capability curves for different breakers. These
limits depend on a number of factors.
 Breaker voltage rating

 Fault current rating
 Actual fault level
T1.7 Open the two PSCAD included with the course material. The two cases are TRV_Case_01.psc
and TRV_Case_02.psc. TRV_Case_02.psc is from a low voltage distribution system of a utility
in Florida. It was used to identify TRV issues and to identify corrective measures.
T1.8 Observe how the IEEE TRV limits are simulated.
T1.9 What are the measures available to reduce TRV levels?
38/120
39/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §4. INDUCTION MOTOR TRANSIENTS
§4. Induction Motor Transients
Objectives:
 Induction motor starting

 Motor data
 Voltage dips and fluctuations - Flicker
 Motor starting methods
 Motor load types
 Soft starting
 Reading data from external files
 Control blocks
 Power electronic switches

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
40/120
Tutorial 4.1. Induction Machine Dynamics/Transients
T1.1 Connect a 13.8 kV, 15 kA induction motor to an infinite bus through a transformer and a
breaker. The infinite bus voltage is 66 kV.
Pmot Qmot
Q
P
Power
A
B
W
0.0
IM
S Is
0.0 #1 #2
BRK 0.001
TL
TIN
13.8 kV,2.2 kA motor
50.19 MVA, Inertia(J)= 2.2 pu BRK
*
W TIN
T1.2 The load torque applied to the motor is related to the motor speed. Derive a control block that
will generate a torque signal that is proportional to the speed. (TIN = k*w)
T1.3 The motor is to be switched on to the supply using a breaker. Use a ‘two state’ switch to send a
signal to the breaker.
T1.4 Observe the starting characteristics. Plot the line current, speed, Electric and mechanical torque
and the terminal voltage at the machine.
T1.5 What could cause the motor be driven into a generating mode.
T1.6 Load the case ind_motor_starting_01.psc.
 This case models the loads of an industrial plant. Identify different components in the model.
41/120
T1.7 Note the voltage dip during motor starting. Is this a power quality concern?
T1.8 What methods can be employed to limit starting transients?
T1.9 What could cause the motor be driven into a generating mode.
T1.10 Induction motor transients can lead to serious power quality issues. The simulation example in
case ind_motor_starting_01.psc illustrates the voltage dips seen by the other loads connected
to the transformer. Load and run this case.
 Does additional rotor resistance affect the starting transients?

 See the effect of rotating inertia and mechanical damping on the transients.
 What are the typical loads types (characteristics) that are encountered in industry
applications?
T1.11 Load the case ind_motor_starting_02.psc. Note the load torque profile. Observe the voltage
variation at the load terminal.
FP1
1
2
T
BRK_SW
T
FP3
FP2
2
T
BRK_SW
T
FP5
FP4
2
BRK_SW
T
FP6
BRK
a1 A Ea a2
b1 B Eb b2
c1 C Ec c2
Fig. 4.1. Soft starter
42/120
T1.12 Soft starting methods such as that shown in Fig 2 are used to limit the starting current of large
induction machines. Discuss the current limiting mechanism of this scheme. Load the case
ind_motor_starting_03.psc.
 What is the role of the PLL?

 How are signals transmitted from the main page to the sub page?
 Can PSCAD read data from external files? List a few applications where this can be useful?
Verify the operation of the soft switch.
43/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §5. LIGHTNING STRIKE
§5. Lightning Strike
Objectives:
 Representing stray capacitances

 Representing arresters
 Representing Bus-bars
 Representing long lines
 Positioning of Arresters

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
44/120
Tutorial 5.1. Fast front studies
T1.1 The circuit shown below represents the arrangement of a transformer sub-station. This model is
used to study the over voltages at a transformers terminal during a lightning strike on a station
bus bar.
Stray capacitance
Stray capacitance of equipment
of equipment
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
1 km Transmission Line
90 m Station Bus 10 m Station Bus
1 1 1 1 1 1
TA1 TA1 bYC1 bYC1 bYC2 bYC2

Va Vtf
TA1 bYC1 bYC2
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
350.0
350.0
350.0
P
Approximate surge
impedance Steep Front
line termination Surge
Arrester Winding Capacitance for
ABB EXLIM Surge 220 kV Autotransformer
N Arrester 192 kV (approximate)
Bx
e B
0.5
- * To account for the fundamental
TIME * frequency voltage component,
+ 1.02 Lightning Current
the dc source is set to peak
F
eBx ac volts.
Simple Lightning Surge 1.2*50 Usec:
I = 1.02*I1 * [ EXP(-13000 * t) - EXP(-4.4E6 * t) ]
Fig. 5.1. Circuit for lightening study
45/120
T1.2 Identify different components of the model
T1.3 How do you represent the transformer? Where do you obtain the data?
T1.4 How are transmission lines and cables represented for the purpose of this study? Can we justify
this representation?
T1.5 Does the position of the arrester have an impact on the over-voltage at the transformer? Place the
arrester at the transformer terminal and observe the over-voltage.
T1.6 What does the dc source represent?
T1.7 How do we model the lightening surge? How do we define parameters for the surge?
46/120
47/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §6. FERRO-RESONANCE
§6. Ferro-resonance
Objectives:
 Transformer parameters
 Saturation
 Selection of the simulation time step

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
48/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §6. FERRO-RESONANCE
Tutorial 6.1. Ferro-resonance
T1.1 Open the case ferroresonance.psc. This case is used to study a ferro-resonance event during a
breaker malfunction.
30MVA Distribution Transformer

System Equivalent 230kV/13.2kV, Delta/Wye-Gnd
Source Representation Ztx=7.65%
VbusA VPriA VSecA

3 Phase A A COUPLED A A A
Eq. Source 30 [MVA]
LINEA PI
with VbusB SECTION VPriB VSecB
z1 and z0 B B B B B
#1 #2
LINEB
VbusC VPriC VSecC
C C C C 230.0 13.2 C
LINEC
230 kV, 20 mile Transmission Line
Timed
Breaker Disable saturation
BRKC
BRKB
BRKA
LINEA Logic and re run

Closed@t0
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
50 MVAr @ 230kV Timing for Line Breaker
1.5mH Outrush Reactor Timed Phase A: Closed (stuck)

Breaker Secondary Load
Logic Phase B: Opens at 100mSec
LINEB Phase C: Closed (stuck)
Closed@t0
Output Voltages
0.350 [MW]
2.51
2.51
2.51
Timed
Breaker
LINEC Logic
Closed@t0
Fig. 6.1. Circuit for Ferroresonance Case Study
T1.2 Check the data entry for transformer saturation. What do different entries represent?
T1.3 Include transformer losses. Do you see a change in results?
T1.4 Open the capacitor banks. Are the results different?
T1.5 Change the line length and observe the results?
T1.6 What effect does the load have on the over voltage transients?
T1.7 Are the transients sensitive to the transformer core characteristics?
49/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §8. ACTIVE FILTERS
§7. Faults and Current Transformers

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
50/120
Tutorial 7.1. Faults
Objective
 Getting familiar with models related to fault simulation.

 Getting familiar with different CT models.

T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. The single line diagram shown below is a part of a
substation feeding a shunt reactor. The reactor is modeled in two parts to enable a fault at point
B, inside the turns. The component data is as shown. (make the transformer losses zero to limit
the number of nodes if using the student version)
Station 115 kV
bus
Short line
#1 #2
RL RRL
0.005 0.1 Ea
115 kV,50 Hz Source

EL
Z+ = 1.1Ohms / 88 deg Y-D Transformer Station 13.8 kV

Z0 = 2 Ohms / 86 deg Z = 8% bus
Full load loss = 0.3%
No load loss = 0.5%
REACTORS
IL
Ir2 Ir1
0.0125 B 0.0125 A
 You may use the wire mode to connect different components.
51/120
T1.3 Build the case in PSCAD and enter the component data.
T1.4 Plot the current IL and the voltage EL.
T1.5 Use the ‘fault component to simulate a phase A to ground fault at location A at 0.1s.
Timed
Fault
Logic
T1.6 Observe the fault current𝐼𝐿 . What is the reason for the presence of the initial DC exponential
component?
T1.7 What affects the rate of decay of the DC components? Change the resistance of the short line to
1 Ohm and observe the results.
T1.8 Does the instant of the fault inception have an effect on the DC offset?
T1.9 What negative impacts can the DC offset have on the system protection?
T1.10 Connect the phase A line current at point A to the CT model as shown below. The CT ratio is
5:400. The CT burden is 0.15 Ohms in series with 0.8mH. Plot the secondary current and the
flux density.
IL1
Burden resistance
1 and 0.1 Ohms
52/120
T1.11 Increase the burden resistance to 4 Ohms and observe the results. Note the half cycle saturation
effects due to the dc offset in the primary current.
T1.12 The reactor is protected by a differential relay scheme. Use the 2-CT model in PSCAD to
connect one phase of the reactor protection scheme.
Ir11
Ir21
T1.13 Verify the burden current in the differential CT connection for faults at A and B.
T1.14 Does the impedance of the connection leads have an effect on the results? How is this impedance
accounted for.?
T1.15 Open the case ftdiff.psc. Check the performance of the differential relay during transformer
energization.
Tutorial 7.2. Protection
Objective:
 Getting familiar with models in the ‘Relay’ section of the master library.

53/120
T2.2 Open the main page of your new case. Construct the simple two area system shown in the
diagram. The voltage sources are set to 230 kV. The inputs to the page module ‘Relay’ are all
real data inputs.
0.1 0.1
I1
E 8.0 0.08 2.0 0.02
Timed
Fault
ABC->G Logic
Ic
I1 1 2 3 Ic
Ia Ib Ic Ib
Ib
E 1 Ia Relay Expand this page to view the
Ea Ia relay components
Ea
Ea
T2.3 Use the modules in the ‘relay’ section of the master library to construct a simple distance relay.
The different modules are shown below.
54/120
FFTto extract the

fundamental
Mag
(7) 1 Impedance calculation
FFT
Ph EaM
Ea (7) 1 VM
dc EaP EaM VP
F = 60.0 [Hz]
EaP IM Va R
Mag IaM IP X R
(7) 1 IaP I0M
Ia+ kI0
FFT N
N/D
Ph IaM I0M I0P X
Ia (7) 1 I0P
376.99 D
dc IaP
F = 60.0 [Hz]
Ia Mag
B (7) 1
FFT
+ Ph I0M
+
IbD + (7) 1
R 21
F dc I0P R
F = 60.0 [Hz]
Ic
X
X
Mho
Ia
Characteistics
Ib
Ic
Ea
T2.4 Identify the function of each module.
T2.5 Verify the operation of the relay.
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§8. Active Filters
 Instantaneous Reactive Power Method

 Synchronous Reference Frame Method

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
56/120
Tutorial 12.1. Active filters
Objective:
 Getting familiar with power electronic firing models

 Getting familiar with control system building block models
 Active filter theory
T1.1 Open the two PSCAD cases provided with the course material. The two cases are:
 Activefilter_SRF.psc
 Activefilter_IRP.psc
 They are located in the folder named ‘Active_filter’
T1.2 The main loads on both these case produce significant harmonics. Study the different models
used in the control circuit for the variable speed drive in Activefilter_IRP.psc.
T1.3 Study the control technique used in both IRP and SRF methods.
T1.4 Study how the current reference PWM is implemented to in the active filter bridge. What is the
function of the interpolated firing pulse module?
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0.002
1
2
3
2
4 (1) G11
5
H_on 6 2
6 H (2) G21
ON
6 2
L (3) G31
H_off 6 2
H (4) G41
OFF
6 2
L (5) G51
2
(6) G61
Fig. 8.1. Integrated firing pulse module
T1.5 Change the parameters of the filters in the control circuit of the active filter and see the change in
response. Can we use FFT to extract the frequencies of interest?
58/120
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PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §9. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-BASIC EXERCISE
§9. Synchronous Machines-Basic Exercise

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
60/120
Tutorial 8.1. One machine infinite bus case
T1.1 Open the case case_01_startup.psc.
Timer 3 Phase
LRR RMS
Timer
EF S2M
17.32
V
IF
60.0
0.01
F
C
A
Ph
Ef0 Ef If
A Iffa A
HydroGener
B Iffb B
Te
C Iffc C
Tm
w Tm Tm0
W TM
0.495
T1.2 How do you start the machine as a ‘voltage source’? How do you switch from a ‘voltage source’
to a machine rotating at a fixed speed? How do you enable the rotational dynamics of the
machine?
T1.3 What are the functions of signals Ef0 and Tm0 of the synchronous machine model?
T1.4 Set the machine initial voltage magnitude to 1.04 pu and the phase to 0.75 rad.
T1.5 Run the case and note the Power and Reactive Power levels at steady state. Also measure the
input torque Tm and the field voltage 𝐸𝑓 at steady state.
T1.6 Start the machine in the normal ‘machine’ mode and observe the results.
T1.7 Use the steady state Tm and 𝐸𝑓 values in E5.5 as inputs to 𝑇𝑚 Tm and𝐸𝑓 . Start the machine in the
‘machine’ mode. Observe results.
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Tutorial 8.2. Initializing the machine to a load flow
T2.1 Open the case Gen_Pqini_startmetds_01.psc.
S/H
in out
hold
S2M
Vref0 Vref 3 Phase

Exciter_(AC1A) RMS
VT
Ef0 IT 3
Ef If
EF
IF
0.01
C
A
Ef0 Ef If VT 3
IT A Iffa A
HydroGener
B Iffb B
Te
C Iffc C
Tm
w Tm Tm0
TM
W Tmstdy
w w Tm
z z
Hydro Gov 1 Hydro Tur 1
z0 zi
Wref Wref
1.0
T2.2 Make sure the machine is rated at 150 MVA, 17.32 kV. It should be connected to an infinite bus
rated at the same voltage through a transmission line of inductance 0.01 H.
T2.3 Calculate the machine terminal voltage in PU and the phase angle in radians, if the steady state
power and reactive power flow is 54 MW and 27 MVar respectively.
T2.4 Set the machine initial conditions so that the simulation will give the correct steady state P and Q
flow.
T2.5 How are the governor, turbine and the exciter initialized?
T2.6 Start the machine as a source and simulate the case.
T2.7 Start the simulation with the machine in the normal ‘machine’ mode. What additional initial
conditions are to be supplied to the machine?
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PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §10. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-APPLICATION STUDIES
§10. Synchronous Machines-Application Studies

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
64/120
Two area power system:
 Twoarea_system.psc
 This case shows two hydro generators connected through a tie line. When the system loads
changes, the tie line power is determined by the governor droop settings.
 Check if the machine inertia affects the results.
 Changes the droop settings to see the effects.
Small signal stability:
 Ex_Smallsignal.psc
 Ex_Smallsignal_exciter.psc
(The machine parameters and the system parameters are as given in the book, Power System Stability and
Control by Prabha Kundur.
The steady state P and Q values are 0.9 and 0.3 respectively.
The oscillation frequency, upon a small disturbance is around 1 Hz and agrees with the Eigen Value
calculation.)
These cases illustrate the oscillations in a system when a small disturbance is applied. The oscillation
frequencies are in agreement with frequency domain Eigen value calculations.
 Do machine parameters affect the oscillation frequency?

 Does the machine inertia affect the oscillation frequency?
 Does the load flow condition effect the oscillation frequency?
Critical clearing time for faults:
 Ex_fault_exciter.psc
 Critical clearing time for this fault is 0.1 if the regulator gain is over 400. For values less than
400, the system becomes unstable. Try different fault clearing times and exciter gains to see
how they are related.
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Power System Stabilizer:
 Ex_pss_tune.psc
 The system shown in this case is unstable if run without a power system stabilizer. Run the
case with a constant field voltage and see if the system is stable. This will verify that the
instability is due to the exciter action.
 Can we make the system stable by reducing the exciter gain?
 Design a power system stabilizer (PSS) to minimize the speed change upon a disturbance. Use
the optimization method of PSCAD to design the PSS parameters.
66/120
67/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §11. DIRECT CONVERSION OF PSS/E FILES FOR PSCAD MODEL BUILDING
§11. Direct Conversion of PSS/E Files for PSCAD

Model Building
Prepared by: Pei Wang

Date: Feb. 2006
Revision: 1
Date: Feb, 2006
68/120
Direct conversion of PSS/E files
Objectives:
 Getting familiar with building large systems in PSCAD

 Using E-TRAN to convert PSS/E data files
 Guidelines to determine detailed network for EMT study
 Validation of developed model
T1.1 Create two cases with E-TRAN for the IEEE 39 bus systems: one using only the .raw file and
the other including the dynamic data .dyr file.
 Practice with the selection of zone/area/bus/proximity/

 Network equivalences
 Manual modifications required for EMT study purpose
69/120
T1.2 E-TRAN Runtime Library for PSCAD and custom substitution libraries
 Series components (Tline/Transformer) and shunt components (generator)

 Use of the sample substitution library
EnabExc
VREF
VCT Enab Vref
0.0 IEEET1
VS VS
Ef0
3
EF0 E VT
G EF IF 3IT
Exciter VREF 1 + sT Ef0 Ef If 1 VT G Vm
Ef If A
is loadflow term inal voltage... V 1 + sT
E E
VREF TE Te
0.9972 Volts (pu)
4.1825 Angle(deg) GENROU E
/ 1.0 Tm
632.0 Pout(MW)
w Tm
109.911 / 1.0 Qout(MVAR) E Wpu TM Tm0 G TM0
Initial Conditions from Loadflow
1 + sT
W TM
TM0
IEEEG1
EnabGov
Enab
E Wref
1.0 WRef
Fig. 11.1: Detailed machine mode in the substitution library for EMT study
T1.3 Method to determine the kept system (frequency scan)
Fig. 11.2. Frequency scan results at interested bus.
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T1.4 Model verification.
 Comparison of P, Q, V
 Short circuit data
Converting a Solved PSS/E Case to PSCAD for Transient Simulations
Many utilities have their power systems modeled in load flow programs. A great deal of effort is required
to re-enter network data for transient simulation studies in Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) type
programs. This application note describes the use a new tool that allows for an automated setup of PSCAD
simulation cases by directly importing data from solved PSS/E load flow cases, thus maximizing the
simulation engineer productivity. Some helpful tips are also provided on how to ensure the validity of the
transient study by effectively selecting the size of the subsystem to be simulated in PSCAD. Some key
points addressed here are:
 Direct conversion of the PSS/E file: Basic steps

 E-TRAN Runtime Library for PSCAD and E-TRAN custom substitution libraries
 Network equivalences
 Guidelines to determine the extent of the network to be modeled in detail
 Model validation
 Importing dynamic data from the PSS/E *.dyr file
The IEEE 39-bus system (see Figure 1) is used as the base case to illustrate the PSS/E to PSCAD
conversion process. The IEEE 39-bus system is a standard system used for testing new power systems
simulation methodologies. It was created based on a simplified model of the New England power system.
The 39-bus system has 10 generators, 19 loads, 36 transmission lines and 12 transformers.
The conversion of the system into PSCAD is achieved through E-TRAN, a program developed by
Electranix Corporation. In addition to converting PSS/E data into PSCAD cases, this program offers many
powerful features that could be manipulated by the simulation engineer to reduce the time spent on a
study. The software’s most relevant features are outlined in this document.
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BUS29
T
E_26_29_1 P = 975.2
Q = 54.56
V = 1.026
230.0 : 230.0
GEN
GEN 1 A
9
8
E V
Q = 22.96
P = 551.2
V = 1.04
BUS28 BUS38
A
V
T T 100.0
E_26_28_1 E_28_29_1 P,Q
25.0 E Load VBUS38
BUS37 BUS26 VBUS29
VBUS37 VBUS26
230.0 : 230.0
25.0 E Load
100.0
T 100.0 T
GEN
1 E_25_26_1 P,Q E_23_24_1
E
10 25.0 E Load
P,Q
V = 1.052
Q = 163.6
P = 253.9
T VBUS28
BUS25 GEN
E_26_27_1
A
V
100.0 BUS24 6
P,Q
VBUS25 25.0 E Load
V = 1.059
Q = 235.6
P = 681.8
VBUS24
25.0 E Load
100.0
BUS30
A
V
VBUS30 T
230.0 : 230.0
E_2_25_1 T
VBUS27 E_16_24_1
BUS27 BUS35
P,Q
1
E
VBUS18 100.0 P,Q

BUS18 25.0 E Load VBUS35
230.0 : 230.0
BUS2 BUS16
25.0 E Load
100.0
T 100.0
1
E_17_27_1 P,Q
E
VBUS2 T VBUS16 25.0 E Load
E_17_18_1 T
T E_16_21_1
T E_3_18_1 T
E_2_3_1 E_15_16_1 T
P,Q
E_16_19_1
VBUS22
T BUS21 BUS22
E_16_17_1
VBUS17
VBUS21 T
BUS3 BUS15
E_21_22_1
BUS17 100.0 BUS19 T
P,Q E_22_23_1
VBUS3 VBUS15 E Load
25.0 E Load
100.0
25.0 100.0 P,Q

VBUS19 25.0 E Load
T BUS23
E_3_4_1 T
230.0 : 230.0
230.0 : 230.0
25.0 E Load
100.0
E_14_15_1
P,Q
T
E_1_2_1 VBUS23
1
E
E
T
E_4_14_1
230.0 : 230.0
BUS4
P,Q
100.0 BUS14
1
P,Q
E
VBUS4 25.0 E Load
VBUS14
BUS20 BUS33
T 25.0
E_4_5_1 Load E
P,Q 100.0 VBUS20 VBUS33
Q = 133.8
P = 662.4
BUS36
V = 1.007
V = 0.06819
Q = 101.5
P = 573.7
A
V
VBUS36
230.0 : 230.0
A
V
BUS5
1
E
GEN
BUS1 VBUS5 4 GEN
E
7
<-- 100 -->
VBUS1
T-Line
Line1
T BUS34
E_13_14_1
VBUS34
Q = 164.5
P = 535.2
BUS6
V = 1.018
BUS12
A
V
T VBUS6
T 100.0 P,Q
E_1_39_1 VBUS12
E_5_8_1 T 25.0 E Load
E_6_7_1
GEN
230.0 : 230.0
230.0 : 230.0
T 5
E_6_11_1
BUS7
1
1
E
E
25.0 E Load
100.0
VBUS39
230.0 : 230.0
BUS39 T
E_7_8_1
Q = 114.2
P = 743.8
V = 1.029
1
E
BUS11 BUS13
P,Q
A
V
25.0 E Load
100.0
BUS8
E
VBUS13
<-- 100 -->
<-- 100 -->
VBUS8 VBUS11
25.0 E Load
100.0
T-Line
T-Line
Line1
Line1
T
P,Q
GEN E_9_39_1
1 BUS31
T
E_8_9_1
P,Q
VBUS31
25.0 E Load
100.0
BUS10
BUS9 VBUS10
P,Q
230.0 : 230.0
VBUS9
1
E
V = 0.9961
Q = 235.7
P = 529.7
A
V
BUS32
V = 0.9918
Q = 226.8
P = 697.9
VBUS32
GEN
A
V
2
Slack Bus
GEN
3
Figure 1 Single line diagram of the IEEE 39 bus system in PSCAD
Converting the base PSS/E Case to PSCAD
When converting a case from the PSS/E load flow data file (*.raw) and dynamic data file (*.dyr), E-
TRAN allows for several options that provide enhanced flexibility to the final user.
To convert the *.raw/*.dyr files, start the E-TRAN program. The pop-up dialog will prompt the user
through the conversion steps (see [1]). The user will have to specify the location of the *.raw/*dyr data
files and the target *.psc file. In the next dialog, the user will specify if the entire network is to be ‘kept’ or
if only a specific part is kept and the rest equivalenced. In most transient studies there is no added benefit
in modeling the details of the network beyond a few buses away from the location of main interest. E-
TRAN allows for the system to be partially or fully converted (all its nodes) into PSCAD.
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Figure 2 E-TRAN dialog boxes
73/120
The conversion process will generate a PSCAD (*.psc) file in the specified location. The network
equivalent sources will have their magnitudes and phase angles automatically set for the same power flow
as in the original PSS/E file.
E-TRAN Runtime Library for PSCAD
The E-TRAN Runtime Substitution Library (see Fig. 11.3) contains a series of models specially developed
for PSS/E-PSCAD conversions that translates PSS/E component information into equivalent PSCAD
component information. The E-TRAN Runtime Substitution Library is provided with the program and
contains the models that will appear in the converted PSCAD case. To run the converted PSCAD case:
 Open PSCAD
 Load the E-TRAN Runtime substitution library
 Load the PSCAD case
 Verify the load flow results
Fig. 11.3. E-TRAN Runtime library for PSCAD
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Custom Substitution Libraries and data entry
Load flow programs represent the power system network using simplified models consisting of
resistances, inductances and capacitances. When converted to a PSCAD case, these components can be
replaced by more detailed models to represent the respective unit. Therefore, depending on the user needs,
some of the models automatically substituted from the E-TRAN substitution library may require
additional data or may have to be replaced by more complex models from the PSCAD master library.
Fortunately, E-TRAN allows the user to create a user substitution library where any additional information
will have to be entered by the users only once, when the component is used the first time.
An example that calls for the use of the custom substitution library could be a transmission line, where the
PI section or the Bergeron models used to represent it may have to be replaced by a more accurate
frequency dependant model, which will require specific information on the tower, conductor and right of
way dimensions.
In the custom substitution library the user can predefine the substitution of a specific system component to
be done with a pre-filled out PSCAD master library component (or a user built component) by referencing
to the bus number they are connected to (see Fig. 11.4..)
E
~
Source1
Syncronous machine
at bus 159
T
B_456_ B_822_T1
A detailed frequency dependant TLine

From bus 456 to bus 822, Circuit T1
Fig. 11.4. Examples of ‘custom substitution library’ components
“You can save detailed device data in this library, and E-TRAN will use this data (substituting it for the
simple load flow data) every time a region of the network is converted into PSCAD. The goal is to
eventually have all detailed model data entered into this library. Once this is achieved, this library can be
used to generate PSCAD cases for any location of your system.
The models in the Substitution Library can also be custom written components, or even page components.
A page component can also have as many layers of sub-pages as required. Each page can also contain
sliders, plots, graphs, control-panels etc... When E-TRAN copies the data from your Substitution Library,
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it will also replace initial condition information. For example, E-TRAN will modify synchronous machine
data to replace the data for the terminal voltage, angle, P and Q.”
The construction of the custom library will require a significant investment of time for large networks.
However, once it is completed, you can convert any part of your network without having to do any manual
data entry. This was identified as a key time saving feature by large utilities and consultants who are
required to work on different parts of large networks when undertaking different projects.
Deciding on the Part of the Network to be Kept
A transient study would require the detailed modeling of a small part of the network around the main point
of interest. Typically, this would be about 2 or 3 buses away from this point. E-TRAN allows the users to
efficiently decide and check if the ‘kept’ network details are adequate for a given study. The following
steps are recommended. This makes use of the ‘network frequency scan’ component of PSCAD (see Fig.
11.5).
 Convert the PSS/E file to PSCAD, keeping the details 2 or 3 buses away from the main point
of interest and equivalencing the rest.
 Use the frequency scan component of PSCAD to plot the impedance vs. frequency
characteristic of this system at the bus concerned.
 Reconvert the PSS/E file, this time, keeping the details of one more bus away than in the
earlier step.
 Plot the impedance vs. frequency characteristics of this system at the bus concerned and
compare with the first plot.
 Repeat the process until the differences in frequency characteristics are minor in the
frequency range of interest. Adding more details of the network beyond this point is unlikely
to improve results.
Z(f)
0.0 -
2000 [Hz]
Fig. 11.5. PSCAD Frequency Scan component.
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Fig. 11.6. Frequency scans 2, 3, … 6 buses away at bus No. 15 for the system under study
Fig. 11.6 shows the use of the frequency scan feature. Here different network equivalents were
constructed using E-TRAN for the IEEE 39 bus system at bus No. 15 for 2, 3, … 6 buses away (with 6
buses away comprising the whole network). These network equivalents were created using the load flow
data file only (*.raw). It can be observed that the frequency spectrums of the equivalent networks start
providing a good approximation for the whole network starting at ‘4 buses away’.
Validation
A quick method to validate the simplified equivalent system provided by E-TRAN is to compare the
values calculated by PSCAD for node voltages, transmission line load flows or P, Q flows at generation
busses with the ones previously calculated by PSS/E. For such purpose, use the multi-meter to display the
voltage at the node of concern and the P and Q flows in the respective transmission line. Then, display the
same information for such node in the PSS/E load flow utility. The converted PSCAD case will have auto
generated labels that display the P, Q flows at generation buses. Fig. 11.7 shows the PSS/E and PSCAD
results for the voltage magnitude and angle at node 15 as well as the P and Q flows for the nodes 15 to 16
transmission line.
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PSS/E Load Flow output

BUS 15 LBUS15 345 AREA CKT MW MVAR MVA %I 1.0154PU -7.75 DEG
1 350.31KV
TO 16 LBUS16 345 1 1 -314.7 -151.7 349.3
P1 : ...
V15 Angle
V15_Ang
P = -314.7
-7.74857
Q = -151.7
Z(f) LBUS15 V = 1.015
N15 T
A E_15_16_1
0.0 - V
2000 [Hz]
Fig. 11.7. Comparison of load flow results between PSCAD and PSS/E
Short-circuit level calculation at certain buses for the converted PSCAD case is also recommended. The
short-circuit results can be compared to those from the PSS/E study or utility system data for validation
purpose. Once the PSCAD system has been validated, it is ready to be used for transient studies.
Importing Dynamic Data from the .dyr File
During the conversion process the user can specify to import dynamic data from the PSS/E *dyr file. If
this option is selected, all generators in the ‘kept’ part of the network will be replaced by detailed machine
models (see Fig. 11.8). The machine controls and related models (exciter, governor, PSS, turbine) will
also be included in the PSCAD model. All information necessary to initialize these models will either be
imported from the *raw/*dyr files or be computed by E-TRAN. Thus, the simulation will automatically
come to the specific steady state after a few cycles of simulation time.
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EnabExc
VREF
VCT Enab Vref
0.0 IEEET1
VS VS
Ef0
3
EF0 E VT
G EF IF 3IT
Exciter VREF 1 + sT Ef0 Ef If 1 VT G Vm
Ef If A
is loadflow terminal voltage... V 1 + sT
E E
VREF TE Te
0.9972 Volts(pu)
4.1825 Angle(deg) GENROU E
/ 1.0 Tm
632.0 Pout(MW)
w Tm
109.911 / 1.0 Qout(MVAR) E Wpu TM Tm0 G TM0
Initial Conditions from Loadflow
1 + sT
W TM
TM0
IEEEG1
EnabGov
Enab
E Wref
1.0 WRef
Fig. 11.8. Detailed synchronous machine model automatically generated by E-TRAN with parameters taken from the
PSS/E *.dyr and *.raw files
LBUS01 LBUS02 LBUS03 LBUS04

T T T
N1 N2 N3 N4 500.0 P,Q
E_1_2_1 E_2_3_1 E_3_4_1
184.0 E Load
322.0 P,Q
2.4 E Load
LBUS18
T
N18 158.0 P,Q
E_3_18_1
30.0 E Load
LBUS25 LBUS26
T T
N25 N26 139.0 P,Q
E_2_25_1 E_25_26_1
17.0 E Load
224.0 P,Q
47.2 E Load
GBUS37
345.0 : 22.0 E
1 N37 540.0
0.445
~
E VN37 E_37_0_1
GBUS30
345.0 : 22.0
N30 250.0 E
1 ~ P = 522
146.154
E VN30 E_30_0_1 Q = 176
GBUS39 LBUS09 LBUS08
T T T
N39 N9 N8 522.0 P,Q
E_1_39_1 E_9_39_1 E_8_9_1 A
176.0 E Load
VN39 V
1104.0 P,Q
250.0 E Load
1000.0 E
88.281
~
E_39_0_1
Fig. 11.9. IEEE 39 bus system converted to PSCAD for bus No. 1 (3 nodes away)
79/120
A subsequent validation document will discuss the conversion process in more detail. This will include a
discussion on importing dynamic devices, saturation and comparison of low frequency transients with
transient stability results.
References
[1]. Electranix Corporation “E-TRAN V1.1: Electrical Translation Program for Power Systems.
User’s Manual” February 2003
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PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §12. POWER ELECTRONIC BASICS
PSCAD TRAINING
§12. Power Electronic Basics
Objectives:
 Using Power Electronic modules

 Designing Simple Firing Systems
 Sinusoidal PWM
 Current Reference PWM
Prepared by: Dr. Ani Gole, Dr. Dharshana Muthumuni

Date: May 2007
Revision: 2
82/120
Tutorial 12.1. Basic operation of a Thyristor Controlled Reactor
Objective(s):
 TCR/TSR Control
 Using Power Electronic modules
 Designing Simple Firing Systems

 Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/Tutorial_11. Save the case as T_00.psc
T1.2 Open the main page of your new case. Build a case to study the operation of a thyristor
controlled reactor as shown in fig.1.
 The applied voltage is 7.03 kV rms line-neutral at 60 Hz.

 The reactor is rated at 33 MVAR (per phase or 100 MVAR 3 phase). What is the required
inductance?
Ia
Vas
FP
T
T
FP
0.001 [ohm]
0.00393 [H]
7.03 kV rms (l-n) 33 MVAR (Max)
Fig. 12.1 Single phase TCR circuit.
83/120
T1.3 Plot the currents (𝐼𝑎) and voltages (𝑉𝑎𝑠) on the source side of the circuit.
Fig. 12.2. Basic steps to create a graph with a selected signal.
T1.4 Create a Page Component for the thyristor controller as shown below
T1.4 The control circuit shown below is used to generate the thyristor firing pulses. Implement the
circuit in the PSCAD case.
 Understand the functions of different control blocks in Fig.3. This simple circuit forms the
building block of more complex thyristor controlled FACTS devices.
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T1.5 The results below are for a firing order of 120 degrees. Discuss the results and understand the
basic operation of the device.
85/120
T1.6 The variation of the fundamental component of the reactor current with the firing angle is given
by the following equation.
𝑉 2 1
𝐼(𝛽) = 𝜔𝐿 {1 − 𝜋 𝛼(𝛽) − 𝜋 sin[2𝛼(𝛽)]}
Where,
𝛽 = 90,100 ⋯ 180,
𝛼(𝛽) = (𝛽 − 90)𝑑𝑒𝑔
Verify the PSCAD results with the calculations outlined in the accompanying MATHCAD worksheet
(TCR.mcd). You may use the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) model in the Master library to extract
different frequency components.
T1.7 Observe the harmonic spectrum of the source current. Note the absence of ‘higher order’
harmonics. The results shown below are for a firing angle of 30 deg.
Note: The harmonic content of the current is given by:
86/120
4 V  sin     cos n     n cos      sin n     

In   n  
 L w  2
n n  1 
where n  3 5 15
 Identify the main difference of the control block from the use of VCO
 The example discussed so far uses a simplified control setup to generate the firing pulse based
on voltage zero crossing.
Tutorial 12.2. VCO Based TCR Control
This example illustrates the use VCO master component to generated firing pulses for TCR.
87/120
T2.1 The control circuit below is used to generate the thyristor firing pulses based on the use of VCO.
Implement the circuit in the PSCAD case.
T2.2 Repeat the results of Tutorial 11.1, and discuss the reasons for any differences.
 Discuss the Phase angle error due to the time step delay inherent to the simulation.
 Your instructor will explain the calculation program structure of EMTDC and the definition of
‘electric’ and ‘control’ type models.
Tutorial 12.3. PLL Based TCR Control
T3.1 Load the case TCR_2.psc.
 The firing pulses are generated based on a Phase Locked loop (PLL) based control system.
The phase locked loop generates a sinusoidal signal that is ‘locked’ in phase to the system
voltage Vs. Understand the various blocks of the PLL.
88/120
T3.2 Observe the internal signals of the PLL.
T3.3 Verify the correct operation of the TCR under the following situations.
 Sudden change in the system voltage phase angle (possible due to load changes in the system
etc.)
 Change in system frequency.
Appendix:
Peak current (theoretical) at different firing angles (results from MathCAD)
Tutorial 12.4. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
 PSCAD case: spwm.psc
This tutorial is to be carried out using simulation on the attached file (spwm.psc) as a starting point.
Modify the case as required
89/120
T4.1 The single phase VSC is shown below. Implement this circuit in PSCAD.
T4.2 The control circuit is shown here for the firing pulses generation based on SPWM.
Phase
Controls
Sin H H
m n phase Mag Refsine Refsine Carrier
3 100 180 OFF OFF
Freq
L L
Carrier Refsine
50.0
Freq
H H
Carrier Refsine
0 0 -180 ON ON
0.8 15 0
L L
F Refsine Carrier
*
Freq Carrier
G1 G2
T4.3 Plot and analyze the spectrum of AC side voltage 𝑉𝑜
Mag Vo Mag
(31) 100.0
FFT
Ph
Vo (31)
dc
F = freq
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
[3] 1.22663
90/120
T4.4 Analyze how the PWM controller works. Set the modulation index = 0.9.
T4.2 Plot the reference and the triangular carrier wave and see how the firing pulse is generated.
Comment on the necessity of the delay elements in a real circuit.
𝑓
 Observe the AC voltage waveform and its spectrum. Repeat with𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 = 11. In each
𝑚
case, which are the dominant harmonics?

 Observe and report what happens to the current waveform as 𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 /𝑓𝑚 is increased
from a very small integer value to larger values.
 Observe and report what happens to the AC Voltage and its harmonics when changing
𝑚 = 𝐴𝑚 /𝐴𝑐 from 0.5 to 1.5 with fixed 𝑛 = 15.
a. Is the magnitude of 𝑉𝑜 is changed when > 1 ?
b. What happens to the harmonic components?
Tutorial 12.5. Current Reference PWM (CRPWM)
 PSCAD case: spwm.psc
T5.1 Implement a single phase VSC circuit shown below
sw1
0.01 [ohm]
0.1 [H]
10 [ohm]
T1 D1
T1
0.1 [H]
10 [ohm]
0.01[ohm]
Il sw1
Vl
T2 D2
T2
91/120
T5.2 Implement a reference current 𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑓
0.0
Phas e
Sin
Mag
Freq
C
+
+ iref
Phas e E
Sin
Mag Main : Controls
Freq I1ref f 1ref Ihref phasehref
10 100 10 1
0 0 0 0
1 60 0 0.5
T5.3 Generate firing pulses
Il
C
- Vl
+ T1
E
iref Il
T2
hy
*
-1 nhy
T5.4 plot current margins and
iref iref
C C
+ +
- +
E E
hy hy
92/120
T5.5 Some results are shown below.
Untitled
Iref Il Iref+hy Iref-hy
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
y
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
Vl
125
y
-125
TT T1
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
y
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.0600 0.0650 0.0700 0.0750 0.0800 0.0850 0.0900 0.0950 0.1000 0.1050 ...
...
...
93/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §13. POWER QUALITY
§13. Power Quality

Date: September 2008
Revision: 2
94/120
Tutorial 13.1. Transformer inrush related transients, fault induced voltage

sags and swells.
Objective(s):
 Getting familiar with PSCAD.

 Transformer energizing
 Faults and voltage sags and swells
Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear in the Workspace
settings entitled noname [psc]. Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and select Save As… and
give the case a name.
NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name!
Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/Power Quality/Tutorial_01. Save the case as case01.psc
Open the main page of your new case. Build the simple ‘two area’ system shown in Fig. 13.1 and Fig.
13.2.
11 kV System Bus Short Line 11 kV / 0.415 kV, D-Y Transformer Distribution lines 86 kVA Load
128 MVA Fault ZL=(0.07+j0.16) Ohm Z - 0.04 pu (4%) R - 0.2 Ohms/km PF - unity
level 0.003 pu - No Load loss X - 0.3 Ohms/km
0.002 pu - Copper loss
0.003 [H] COUPLED COUPLED COUPLED
Is Il
#2 #1
0.0005 [H] 0.07 [ohm] B1 Eap B2 PI PI Vfault PI
SECTION SECTION SECTION
8 [ohm]
0.5 km 0.5 km 1 km
Timed
Fault
ABC->G Logic
Fig. 13.1. A simple ‘two area’ system.
Timers and controls Output Channels for plotting
Main... Eap
Timed
Breaker B2
Logic B1 Vfault
Closed@t0 C O
Is
B2
0 Il
Fig. 13.2. Breaker controls and signals for plotting.
95/120
Transformer Energization:
 How do we model the 11 kV bus?

 Use Breakers B1 and B2 to implement a transformer energization with the 415 V side on no
load.
 Does the point on wave (instant of breaker closing) impact inrush current?
 Discuss the use of the 'multiple-run’ component
 What determines the rate of decay of transients (inrush)? Reduce the transformer losses and
see the impact on the inrush decay rate.
Faults on the distribution feeder:
 The feeder is 2 km long. It is represented by PI section models. Discuss this representation.

Apply different faults (A-G, ABC-G, AB-G)
 Observe the voltage dips at the LV side of the transformer.
 Add a grounding resistance (5 Ohms) and observe the voltage swells on healthy phases.
 Observe the impact of fault impedance on the voltage profile.
 Increase the transformer impedance to 0.08 pu. Note the increase/decrease in voltage
dip/swell.
96/120
11 kV System Bus Short Line 11 kV / 0.415 kV, D-Y Transformer Distribution lines 86 kVA Load
128 MVA Fault ZL=(0.07+j0.16) Ohm Z - 0.04 pu (4%) R - 0.2 Ohms/km PF - unity
level 0.003 pu - No Load loss X - 0.3 Ohms/km
0.003 [H] COUPLED COUPLED COUPLED
Is Il
#2 #1
0.0005 [H] 0.07 [ohm] B1 Eap B2 PI PI Vfault PI
0.5 km 0.5 km 1 km
8 [ohm]
97/120
Timed
Fault
ABC->G Logic
§13. POWER QUALITY
Tutorial 13.2. Faults and motor starting induced voltage sags

and their impact on loads.
Objective(s):
 Modeling faults
 Modeling induction motors and motor loads
 Voltage sags due to faults on remote feeders
 Impact of voltage sags on motor loads
Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear in the Workspace
settings entitled noname [psc]. Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and select Save As… and
give the case a name.

 Create a folder called c:……/PscadTraining/Power Quality/Tutorial_02. Save the case as
case02.psc
 Open the main page of your new case. Build the simple system shown below.
Short Line 11 kV / 0.415 kV, D-Y Transformer Distribution lines

33 kV System Bus ZL=(0.07+j0.16) Ohm Z - 0.04 pu (4%) R - 0.2 Ohms/km
Z + = 4 Ohms @ 82 Degrees 0.003 pu - No Load loss X - 0.3 Ohms/km
COUPLED COUPLED
Is Il
#1 #2 #2 #1
0.0005 [H] 0.07 [ohm] Eap B2 PI PI
SECTION SECTION 8 [ohm]
Feeder # 1
0.5 km 1.5 km
Feeder # 2
COUPLED COUPLED
B1 PI Vfault PI 1e6
SECTION SECTION
10 km 5 km
Timed
Fault
A->G Logic
 Apply different types of faults on Feeder # 2 and observe the voltage on Feeder # 1 loads.
98/120
 Does the transformer connection have an impact on the voltage dip? Observe the results if
winding # 2 (11 kV side) is grounded through an impedance as shown below.
33 kV System Bus
Z + = 4 Ohms @ 82 Degrees
Is
#1 #2
Feeder # 1
10
Feeder # 2
 Modify the loads on Feeder # 1 to include an induction motor load. The simulation set-up is as
shown in figure 3.
The induction motor data:
 100 kVA, 415 V, 50 Hz.

 𝐽 = 0.3 pu, n = 2
 Winding resistances: 𝐸𝑠 = 0.04 𝑝𝑢, 𝑅𝑟 = 0.02 𝑝𝑢
 Winding leakage inductances: 𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝑟 = 0.04 𝑝𝑢
 Magnetizing inductance:𝑋𝑚 = 2 𝑝𝑢
99/120
11 kV / 0.415 kV, D-Y Transformer Distribution lines Induction motor

Z - 0.04 pu (4%) R - 0.2 Ohms/km load
0.003 pu - No Load loss X - 0.3 Ohms/km
W
0.002 pu - Copper loss 0.99438
COUPLED IM
Il S
#2 #1 TIME
Eap PI
SECTION TL
TL
0.5 km
*
W W X2 0.6 TL
Te Mechanical load model
Tm
Fig. 13.3. The induction motor load.
 Discuss the induction machine model with your instructor

 Data entry
 Initialization methods
 How do you model the mechanical load?
 Apply different fault types on feeder # 2. The fault should be cleared by the breaker B2 on
feeder # 2.
 Open the breaker after about 15 cycles from fault inception and reclose after about 10 cycles.
The fault is cleared due to this breaker action.
 Observe the speed dip of the induction machine (this can impact industrial processes and is
considered a power quality issue)
 Observe the voltage and currents transients on feeder # 1.
If, due to some mal-operation, this fault is cleared by the ‘main breaker’ B2, the supply to the motor will
be cut-off for a number of cycles. This will cause the speed to drop significantly, causing possible tripping
of the industrial process.
 Simulate the above scenario. Observe the following.

 Speed variation
 Impact of motor/load inertia
 Impact of ‘auto re-close’ duration.
100/120
Load the case Tutorial_03_c.psc.
 Discuss the modeling of a motor starting scenario with your instructor.

 Observe the starting transients
 Observe the motor starting related voltage dips.
Discuss methods available to limit the motor starting transients. The severity of voltage dips during motor
starting is largely dependent on the ‘strength’ of the system. Discuss this with your instructor.
Use the following examples to discuss motor starting issues and mitigation methods.
 Ind_motor_starting_01.psc – impact on the voltage profile in a ‘weak’ system.

 Ind_motor_starting_02.psc – Thyristor based soft starting
 Ind_motor_starting_03.psc – IGBT based constant V/f starting.
101/120
§13. POWER QUALITY
Short Line 11 kV / 0.415 kV, D-Y Transformer Distribution lines 86 kVA Load
33 kV System Bus ZL=(0.07+j0.16) Ohm Z - 0.04 pu (4%) R - 0.2 Ohms/km PF - unity
Z + = 4 Ohms @ 82 Degrees 0.003 pu - No Load loss X - 0.3 Ohms/km
COUPLED COUPLED COUPLED
Is Il
#1 #2 #2 #1
0.0005 [H] 0.07 [ohm] Eap B2 PI PI PI
8 [ohm]
0.5 km 0.5 km 1 km
102/120
COUPLED COUPLED
B1 PI Vfault PI 1e6
SECTION SECTION
10 km 5 km
Timed
Fault
A->G Logic
Tutorial 13.3. Electric arc furnace model
The developed EAF model is based on the non-linear differential equations as outlined in [1], which
models the non-linear characteristics of the electric arc as pictured in Fig. 1a. The equations representing
the arc voltage (𝑣) to arc current (𝑖) are shown below, where r is the arc radius:
𝑑𝑟 𝑘3
𝑘1 𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑘2 𝑟 = 𝑖2
𝑑𝑡 𝑟 𝑚+2
𝑘3
𝑣= 𝑚+2
𝑖
𝑟
The parameters 𝑘𝑖 ,𝑟, 𝑛, and 𝑚 characterize the arc under a given operating condition. In reality, this V-I
characteristic shows much more “noise” due to the unpredictable and chaotic nature of the load. Fig.
13.4(b) shows a more realistic EAF V-I characteristic.
(a) Ideal (b) Actual
Fig. 13.4 Ideal and Actual V-I carateristics of an EAF.
103/120
Arc Data Setting:
Parameters k1 to k3 can be selected to obtain the EAF settings, such as active power, reactive power and
power factor close to what were measured in the practical system. As the EAF model is sensitive to the
system connected, parameters k1 to k3 may need to be re-tuned if the system configuration changes. The
EAF model is designed to be able to take the inputs parameters as variables so the optimization routines of
PSCAD can be used to expedite the process.
Modulation Type Setting:
The randomness feature of the EAF model is simulated by adding certain sinusoidal and Gaussian noise.
The magnitude/frequency of sinusoidal modulation and the standard deviation of Gaussian function can be
specified. Each phase can be independently controlled.
It is important to note that it is impossible to get a simulation case to match the observed results perfectly
due to the nature of the problem. The important thing is to capture the essential features and the trends of a
practical arc furnace.
Reference:
[1] “A Harmonic Domain Computational Package for Non-Linear Problems and its Application to Electric
Arcs,” E. Acha, A. Semlyen, N. Rajakovic. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,Vol 5, No.3, July 1990.
104/120
Tutorial 13.4. Simulation of flicker due to an Arc Furnace load.
Objective(s):
 Modeling an arc furnace

 Modeling flicker due to the operation of arc furnace
 Mitigation of flicker using a STATCOM.
Load the case eaf_statcom.psc.
This case illustrates the starting operation of an arc furnace. Arc furnace loads are highly non linear and
‘random’ in nature. This gives rise to fluctuating currents and results in voltage fluctuations.
 Discuss the arc furnace model and different parameters.

 Run the case and observe the currents and voltages at different points in the network.
 Observe the flicker level. Discuss the flicker meter and other methods used to estimate flicker.
Load the case statcom_6pls_pwm.psc.
This case illustrates the basic features of a STATCOM. Discuss with the instructor and understand
different components of a STATCOM and its controls.
Run the arc furnace case with the STATCOM in operation and verify that the flicker level is reduced.
Change the STATCOM transformer rating and determine the minimum rating required to reduce the
flicker levels.
105/120
Tutorial 13.5. Flicker due to a cyclic synchronous motor load.
Objective(s):
 Modeling flicker due to a large motor load

 Modeling of mechanical load
 Using field data in a simulation.
Load the case motor_load_flicker_01.psc.
This case is used to study flicker problems at BUS 2. Bus 2 and the large compressor motors are fed by a
weak 115 kV line. The 345 kV system behind BUS 1 has a comparatively low fault level, indicating a
weak supply at this location.
Bus 1
Bus 2
P = 24.65
#1 #2 Q = -10.58 T Compressor
V = 118.1 A
T TLine_01 #1 #2 Motors
Ia
A TLine_02
RRL
V
45 km line
100 km line
345 kv
RL
Ea
'Weak system
bus"
Fig. 13.5. 115 kV lines feeding a large motor load.
The compressor torque characteristics are realistic and the variation (T vs rotor position (mechanical)) is
stored in a file and is used in the simulation.
Due to the torque and hence the current variation of the compressor load, a voltage flicker at a low
frequency is observed at BUS 1. (and BUS 2 as well)
If other customers are fed off BUS 2, this flicker has to be investigated and if the levels are above
acceptable limits, mitigation methods must be incorporated.
Appropriately controlled TCR with necessary harmonic filters is a common solution.
 Discuss the ac system model
106/120
 Discuss how the torque data is used in the simulation

 Discuss the following block (Fig. 13.6) that converts the measured data for the simulation.
6 - 6000 HP Compressor Motors

pu Tm1 * 327.27273 rpm - 22 Pole machine
Torque1 -1.0
G
1 Degrees 1 + sT
sT
Clear Torque1.dat
1
Average Torque = 0.82 pu (approx)

6 units are pulsating as one
Zero + D
-
Detector
F The compressor characteristics are
360.0
stored in a data file.
Fig. 13.6. Reading external data files and using in the PSCAD simulation.
 Suggest possible solutions

 Larger transformer
 More parallel lines
 STATCOM
107/120
Main : Graphs
Ea
98.0
97.0
96.0
95.0
94.0
y
93.0
92.0
91.0
90.0
Ia
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
y
-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
Vrms
120.0
119.0
118.0
117.0
116.0
y
115.0
114.0
113.0
P1 Q1
30
20
10
0
y
-10
-20
-30
6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 ...

...
...
Fig. 13.7. Simulation results agree closely with measured data
108/120
Tutorial 13.6. Harmonics due to a variable speed drive.
Objective(s):
 Modeling power electronics

 Modeling of a motor simple drive
 Measuring harmonics using the FFT
Load the case Tutorial_06_a.psc.
This case models a simple implementation of a variable frequency drive (figure 1).
Idc
dcVltg
1 3 5 5 5 3 3 1 1
1.0
gt5 gt3 gt1
Ia_motor BRKM A W
1000 [uF]
Eab A IM
B S
DIST
Ebc B Motor
C T
C
0.5
2 6 4 Timed
*
4 6 2 2 6 4 Breaker
gt2 gt6 gt4 BRKM Logic
Ec Eb Ea Open@t0
2
W X
Fig. 13.8. Motor drive converter.
The system side converter is a diode bridge. This produces low order harmonics in the ac network. The
converter on the motor side is IGBT based. The firing pulses are issues through a PWM implementation.
The harmonics on the motor side are of a much higher order.
The firing pulses are based on a constant V/f control. Discuss the control blocks and the firing pulse
implementations shown in figure 2.
109/120
Reference frequency Voltage magnitude
75 0.2
W * D Max D Max Freq * voverf
E F F
5.0
V/f = 250/50 = 5
Reference frequency Voltage magnitude

* * A
TIME * Sin
Freq voverf gt1
B Compar-
6.283185307 ator
2*pi
Firing pulses * A
+ Sin
D - voverf gt3
gt1 gt4 B Compar-
2.094395102 F ator
(2*pi)/3
gt3 gt6
* A
gt5 gt2 D + + Sin voverf gt5
B Compar-
2.094395102 F ator
(2*pi)/3
Fig. 13.9. Motor drive controls.
 Run the case and observe current and voltage waveforms on different parts of the network.
 Use the FFT block to analyze the harmonic spectrum.
Mag
(15)
FFT
Ph
1 (15)
IaS dc
F = 50.0 [Hz]
Supply Current
0.03
0.0
[1] 0.0220829
Fig. 13.10. Harmonic spectrum.
110/120
 Observe the harmonics with and without the active filter.

 Briefly discuss the function of the active filter
Tutorial 13.7. Application of ‘network harmonic impedance scanning’

methods to identify possible voltage distortion issues.
Objective(s):
 Using the Network harmonic Impedance component

 Identifying network resonances
 Harmonic voltage amplification due to non linear loads.
Application of ‘network harmonic impedance scanning’ methods to identify possible voltage

distortion issues.
Load the case HV_test_system.psc
 Measure the harmonic impedance at bus 15.

 Use ‘Livewire’ to plot the positive sequence impedance as a function of frequency.
 Identify the resonance points.
 Add 300 MVARs of capacitive reactance to bus 15 and see how the harmonic impedance
profile is affected.
 Note how the resonance pints have shifted.
 Harmonic resonances can cause sustained over voltages and harmonic voltage distortions in
networks.
Load the case Harmonic_voltage_dist.psc:
111/120
V = 65.95
#1 #2 I2
RL RRL A
V V_BUS
B1
B2
0.2 [mH]
a
38.197
C1 C2
58
Grounding
Fig. 13.11. Simple network model of a distribution network
 Observe the harmonic impedance profile of this simple system, measured at the capacitor bus.
Consider the following conditions:
 No capacitor bank
 Both banks in service
 Only bank C1 in service
 Only bank C2 in service
|Z+|(ohms)
180
160
140
120
100
Ohms
80
60
40
20
0
x 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 ...
...
...
Fig. 13.12. Harmonic impedance profile with bank C1 in service
 Observe the voltage harmonic at the bus bar and verify results.
 If transformer saturation is ‘disabled’ would you observe voltage distortions? Explain the
observation.
112/120
113/120
PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS §14. CREATING CUSTOM COMPONENTS
§14. Creating Custom Components

Date: August 2005
Revision: 2
Date: Feb 16, 2007
114/120
Tutorial 14.1. Adder
Objectives:
 To get familiar with the Component Workshop (or the design editor).
 Create input/output nodes.
 Get familiar with the graphic, Parameters and the script sections of the editor.
Create a library file.
Use the component workshop to create a simple control block to do the following computation.
𝑘1 × 𝐴 + 𝑘2 × 𝐵 = 𝐶
𝐴 and 𝐵- External inputs
𝐾1 and 𝐾2 – Internal parameters
𝐶– Output
Include the component in a case and verify its accuracy
Modify the component so that K1 and K2 can be entered as variables.
Verify the modified component.
A
Adder C
B
115/120
Tutorial 14.2. Integrator
Objectives:
 Calling external subroutines.

 Storing data for computations in following (future) time steps.
The block should perform the following function
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑡
𝑥 – input
𝑦– output
To keep things simple, use ‘rectangular integration’.
y (t )  y (t  t )  x(t )  t
This will require the storage of ‘past’ value of 𝑦.
Allow for the input of initial value of y.
Use an external FORTRAN Subroutine to do the calculations.
Integrator
x y
116/120
Tutorial 14.3. Electrical Component – Transformer (coupled wires)
Objectives:
 Design an ‘electrical’ component.

 Using ‘branch’ and ‘transformer’ sections of the ‘script’
Design a model of two magnetically coupled wires.
The model is to be interfaced with other electrical components in the master library.
The inductances and resistances are the inputs.
va  La Mab  d ia   Ra o  ia 

vb   Mab Lb  dt ib    o Rb  ib 
      
Use the ‘transformers’ section to enter the L and R values.
Connect the model to a source and verify the model.
a1 a2
b1 b2
Two coupled
wires with capacitance
Use the ‘Branch’ section to add ‘stray capacitance’ between the wires on the input side.
117/120
Tutorial 14.4. Electrical Component – A simple DC Machine
Purpose:
Interface an electric component as a voltage source. (Branch based interface)
Design a simple model of a DC machine.
Field circuit - Series L and R
Armature circuit – A series branch of L, R and a voltage source of magnitude𝐸𝑏 .
Eb  k _   w
w  speed
k _ 
150
188.5

1  e if / kf 
𝑖𝑓 – Field current
𝑘𝑓 – Input parameter (constant)
The inductances and resistances are the other inputs.
f1 f2
a1
Simple
DC Machine
a2
118/120
FORTRAN CODES
Integrator
!
SUBROUTINE INTEGRATOR(x,y,YINI)
!
! Purpose - integration of a real signal
! Language - Fortran 77/90
! Date -
! Author -
!
! Include Files
! -------------
INCLUDE 'nd.h'
INCLUDE 's1.h'
INCLUDE 'emtstor.h'
!
! Variable Declarations
! ---------------------
REAL x,y,YINI
REAL YOLD
INTEGER ISTORF
!
! Program begins
! --------------
! ISTORF = NSTORF
NSTORF = NSTORF + 1
! it is good to assign NSTORF to ISTORF and
! have all the user assigned STORx locations at the
! top, then you can even use the other functions
! available in EMTDC in your code without worrying
! about which STORx locations are
! used by them
YOLD = STORF(ISTORF)
! here NSTORF points to the first STORF location
! used in the routine, in the old method in V2, NEXC
! pointed to the last STOR location in the previously
! called subroutine/function.
Y = x*DELT + YOLD
! output at time zero
IF (TIMEZERO) THEN
119/120
Y = YINI
ENDIF
! save the data for next time step
STORF(ISTORF) = y
!
RETURN
END
Simple DC Machine
SUBROUTINE SIMPLEDC(Kf,w,A1A2,F1F2,SS)
!
! Dharshana : 04 Aug 2002
!
INCLUDE 'nd.h'
INCLUDE 's0.h'
INCLUDE 's1.h'
INCLUDE 's2.h'
INCLUDE 'branches.h'
REAL Kf,Ifld,w,k_pi
INTEGER A1A2,F1F2,SS
! Activate the source on branch A1A2

SOURCE(A1A2,SS)=.TRUE.
!
! Read the field current and the armature current during the previous time step
Ifld=CBR(F1F2,SS)*1000
!
! Define the noload excitation charactersitics for the machine
!
k_pi = (150/188.5)*(1 -EXP(-Ifld/Kf))
!
EBR(A1A2,SS)=-k_pi*w/1000
!
RETURN
END
!
120/120
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.
244 Cree Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3J 3W1
T 204 989 1240 F 204 989 1277
sales@pscad.com www.hvdc.ca
That concludes the Introduction to PSCAD and Applications course. Thank you for your attention and
participation. As you work with PSCAD in the future, please remember we are available to provide
assistance with any simulation or modeling difficulties you may encounter. Please do not hesitate to
contact us at:
support@pscad.com
As well, additional training courses are available; please refer to www.pscad.com for more
information. We are also able to offer customized courses to suit your specific requirements. Please do not
hesitate to contact us for more information at:
info@pscad.com

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Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.

244 Cree Crescent

INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD AND

Training Course Presented by the Manitoba

HVDC Research Centre

Course Date: Fall/Winter 2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I

INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD AND APPLICATIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------1

§1. GETTING STARTED AND BASIC FEATURES --------------------------------------------------------------------8

Tutorial 1.1. Transformer Energizing ............................................................................................................... 9

§2. ESSENTIAL TRAINING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16

Tutorial 2.1. Two Area Power System ........................................................................................................... 17

§3. TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE ACROSS BREAKER POLES (TRV) ------------------------------ 36

Tutorial 3.1. Breaker TRV Studies ................................................................................................................. 37

§4. INDUCTION MOTOR TRANSIENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

Tutorial 4.1. Induction Machine Dynamics/Transients .................................................................................. 41

§5. LIGHTENING STRIKE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44

Tutorial 5.1. Fast front studies ........................................................................................................................ 45

§6. FERRO-RESONANCE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

Tutorial 6.1. Ferro-resonance ......................................................................................................................... 49

§7. FAULTS AND CURRENT TRANSFORMERS --------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

Tutorial 7.1. Faults ......................................................................................................................................... 51

§8. ACTIVE FILTERS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

Tutorial 12.1. Active filters ............................................................................................................................ 57

§9. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-BASIC EXERCISE --------------------------------------------------------------- 60

Tutorial 8.1. One machine infinite bus case ................................................................................................... 61

§10. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-APPLICATION STUDIES ------------------------------------------------------ 64

Two area power system: ................................................................................................................................. 65

Direct conversion of PSS/E files .................................................................................................................... 69

§12. POWER ELECTRONIC BASICS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82

Tutorial 12.1. Basic operation of a Thyristor Controlled Reactor .................................................................. 83

§13. POWER QUALITY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94

Tutorial 13.6. Harmonics due to a variable speed drive. .............................................................................. 109

§14. CREATING CUSTOM COMPONENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------114

Tutorial 14.1. Adder ..................................................................................................................................... 115

Introduction to PSCAD and Applications

1 Installing the software and getting started

2 Creating a small simulation case using PSCAD

3 Fundamental theory of transient simulation

4 Brief look at the models and examples available in PSCAD.

6 Direct Conversion of PSSE data files to PSCAD.

11 Power Electronic Basics

15 Designing Custom Components

Brief Overview of the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

PSCAD/EMTDC is the world’s leading commercial electromagnetic transient simulation program

RTP (Real Time Playback System)

Power System Study and Project Management Services

Load flow, stability and PSCAD/EMTDC (electromagnetic transient) study

Specialized power system study

Training and advanced model development

 Development of advanced power system simulation models including custom machines,

Specialty Power Quality Monitoring Service and Data Analysis

PSCAD TRAINING MATERIALS

§1. Getting Started and Basic Features

Prepared by: Dharshana Muthumuni

Tutorial 1.1. Transformer Energizing

 Getting familiar with PSCAD.

 NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name!

 Note: 𝐼𝑎 and 𝐸𝑎 contains the three waveforms of the three phases.

Fig. 1.1. Transformer energizing circuit.

Fig. 1.2. Basic steps to create a graph with a selected signal.

Fig. 1.3. Two state switch attached to a control panel.

Capacitor Main ...