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Abstract—Juxta-pleural is one of the lung nodules types that There are several methods that have been used to extract the
attached to the chest wall and has the same intensity. The presence lung with automatically. Most of the researchers used a method
of this type of nodules can be a mistake in lung segmentation. We based on gray-scale thresholding [13] such as [14] [15] [16].
propose a method for lung segmentation with bidirectional peak Although the thresholding method can extract the lung
detection method that gives the result of lung border to be a parenchyma, but frequent errors happen when there are Juxta-
solution to the problem. The method we propose has been tested pleural or Juxta-vascular nodules [17]. It is important to note that
with 140 3D CT images from ILDC-IDRI dataset which only Juxta-pleural is one kind of lung tumor based on its position that
contains juxta-pleural and juxta-vascular nodules, result shows attached to the chest wall and has some similarities in intensity.
only 14.3% of under-segmentation. We have compared with
Creating the algorithm to solve this problem is a challenge.
another two methods which are Morphological Closing and
Adaptive Border Marching (ABM). The proposed method [2][18] Using a method of morphology rolling-ball to correct
achieved the fastest computation level at 0.18 sec/slice or three the lung border of a lung that presents Juxta-pleural nodules. In
times faster than the speed of morphological methods (0.56 order to rolling-ball method works well in correcting the lung
sec/slice) and 40 times faster than the speed of ABM method (7.12 border, it must determine the appropriate size of the kernel
sec/slice). The propose method has potential to be implemented in rolling-ball [19]. When the kernel size is too small it results in
embedded systems. under-segmentation, and the opposite, when the kernel is too
large then the computation will increase and will result in over-
Keyword—CAD; lung nodules; segmentation; border refinement
segmentation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The result of the research in National Lung Screening Trial
(NLST) states that the screened using low-dose CT may reduce
the number of deaths caused by cancer [1]. CT-scan imaging is
one of the tools that have a high sensitivity in diagnosing such
as lung nodule detection [2][3][4] and can also be used to
analyze the airway [5].
a b
A radiologist accuracy in analyzing the patient data is a
challenge. Tumors that have a high potential for malignancy
level should not be overlooked in the results of the screening
radiologist. Things that occur in fault diagnosis allows the
radiologist to analyze patient data, such as fatigue [6][7][8],
disruption and satisfaction of search results [9]. So, the role of
computer-aided detection (CAD) is that to become a help to
reduce it. Creating the CAD has to follow the rules of the
c d
radiologist in identifying nodules and the latest research Fig. 1. Category of lung tumors based on position: (a) well-
[10][11]. circumscribed nodule; (b) juxta-vascular nodules; c) nodule with
pleural tail; and (d) juxta-pleural [12]
There are several types of lung tumors. The lung tumor can
be categorized based on the density and position of the tumor.
There are three types of lung tumor based on the density: solid, Another solution proposed by [17] using Adaptive Marching
semi-solid and non-solid [8]. The category which based on the Border (ABM). The basic concept is to connect each pixel of the
position of lung tumor divided into four types: (a) well- lung border, and segmented using thresholding method. It is able
circumscribed nodule; (b) juxta-vascular nodules; (C) nodule to correct the curved sections into an area of the lung that can be
with pleural tail; and (d) juxta-pleural [12] as in Fig. 1. caused by juxta-pleural nodules. Considering the extent of the
lung (Axial slice) that leads to the center of the chest position,
the more extensive areas of the lung, it causes higher region. The arrangement is based on tracking direction, here we
computation which takes longer. use the clockwise direction. Lung border tracking also
We propose an algorithm based on [17]. The proposed distinguish areas that are not interconnected, as is the show in
algorithm is looking for the features of local minima and local Fig. 4.
maxima in each bi-directional coordinates of the lung border. In
this paper, we present the comparison result in comparing the
computation speed and under-segmentation region (percentage)
between proposed method and another two methods which has
been explained above.
Fig. 8 the results of comparative tests on one slice where the green line
shows the segmentation results using the method we propose, the red line
a b results using morphological, the blue line is the result of ABM algorithms.