DCA5182-

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
REPORT

LECTURER’S NAME : PN NADIA BINTI CHE ABD RANI

MEMBER’S NAME :
I. Nieranut Khunpitak A/P Chulap
(03DSB17f1017)

II. Tan Ying Wei

(03DSB17f1019)

III. Nurussafwah Binti Zainuddin

(03DSB17f1041)

1
CONTENTS

TITLE PAGES
1 CONTENTS 2

2 APPRECIATION 3

3 OBJECTIVE 3

4 INTRODUCTION 4-5

5 DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING 6

6 APPARATUS 7

7 WORKING METHOD 8

8 DATA & RESULT

9 DISCUSSION

10 CONCLUSION

11 REFERENCE

2
APPRECIATION

Bismillahirahmanirrahim,
Alhamdulillah to the divine presence with all the blessings and blessings that
have been bestowed upon us to complete this assignment with this result.
First of all, we would like to address this remark to our beloved lecturer Pn
Nadia Binti Che Abd Rani for guiding us throughout this entire process and
ensuring that we were on the right track to complete this task successfully.
We also extend our sincere thanks to all the group members who put in so
much effort and hard work into making report into a success with excellent
cooperation.

OBJECTIVE

To understand how thermal factors, physical and personal factor, air temperature,
humidity, sound, and lighting factors affect human comfort.

3
INTRODUCTION
There are many factors that affect human comfort in the internal built environment. Human
comfort is affected by thermal factors; physical factors and personal factors. Another factor that
can affect human comfort is sound of the environment around them. The final factor that affects
the human comfort is the visual of the room and the light intensity. There are ways to measure
the physical factors that affect human thermal comfort, the sound comfort and the visual comfort.

 Thermal Factors

There are two different thermal factors that affect the temperature of the room and human
comfort; they are physical and personal factors. The physical factors include; air temperature,
mean radiation temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. Air temperature is also affected
by the people inside the building and they activity they are doing. The mean radiant temperature
also affects the human comfort; mean radiant temperature is the radiation that is coming into the
building from windows and walls, balanced against the radiation given off by the human body.
The relative humidity is another factor that affects the air temperature; the relative humidity is
the percentage of water vapour saturation that is in the air. The final physical factor that affects
human comfort is the air velocity; this is the movement of the air throughout a building or a
room. This can be affected by the convection in the room, the warm air enters a room and rises to
the ceiling, pushing the cold air downwards and draught also changes the air velocity, the cold
air flows into the room and makes the temperature of the draught path colder that the room
temperature.

 Physical and Personal Factors

There are also personal factors that can affect the human comfort in a building, they include; age,
gender, state of health, clothing and the level of activity. The age of a person greatly affects the
temperature of a room; older people give off less heat then younger people. Gender is also a
factor that affects the temperature given off by people, females give off less heat than males, and
they give off 85% of what the male body gives off. The state of health of the person also affects
the heat that they give off and the temperature of the room, a person who is sick or has an illness
gives off less heat that a person who is physically healthy. The clothing you are wearing also
affects the temperature that you need to be comfortable, depending on the weight of the clothing
you will need different temperatures to feel comfortable e.g. swimwear 29 degrees, light clothing
25 degrees, suit, jumper 22 degrees, coat, glove, hat 14 degrees. The level of activity you are
doing also affects the heat that you give off and the temperature needed to feel comfortable.
Sleeping 70W, watching TV 115W, office 140W, factory work 265W, lifting 440W.

4
  Audio / Sound Factors

The sound of the environment that a person is in greatly affects their comfort in the building.
Sound is a form of energy that is transmitted in pressure waves and changes depending on the
pressure of the air in the room. Sound is the vibration of the particles in a wave that send the
particles in all directions and spread out; this creates a pattern of refraction and compaction.
Sound has two different sources and types where it can originate from, they are impact/structure-
borne sound and air-bourn sound.Both types of sound have different ways of preventing, so
different installations must be put in to insulate from the type of sound. Air-born sound can be
prevented by mass of partitions e.g. thick walls as lightweight particles give very little resistance
unless they are in layers. The main ways that impact sounds are prevented is by using vibration
pads and soft covering on floors and walls. Sound reverberates, so if a sound suddenly stops the
sound will not stop instantly. The time taken for the reverberation of a sound decays at different
rates depending on the area of the exposed surfaces, sound absorption values of the materials
used in the building, the distance between the surfaces and the sound and the frequency of the
sound.

 Visual / Lighting Factors

The final factor that affects human comfort is light intensity. If the light levels are too low or too
high then it will not be as suitable. Light travels in rays and bounces off objects and into the eye.
The rays cannot bend so they must go in straight lines, but light can be refracted through certain
materials which can bend the beam slightly. The light needs to be the right intensity so that the
eyes don’t have to strain too much if it is too dark or if the light is too bright it may blind. Light
can be controlled by letting certain amounts of natural light through windows and also by the
brightness of the artificial light from the light bulbs. Natural light can be controlled by using
darkened windows and the artificial light can be controlled by having dimmers on the lights to
change the intensity as the intensity of natural light changes. Glare can affect the human comfort,
glare is a light intensity that is too high reflecting off a surface and reflecting into the eyes
making it difficult to see detail or may cause visual discomfort.

5
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING
Location: Lecture room 4, Blok Bilik Kuliah, Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim
Mu’adzam Shah(POLIMAS),Bandar Darulaman,06000,Jitra,Kedah.

Block lecture room in Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah(POLIMAS)

is a 2 storey building with lecture rooms,toilets,utilities room and others.Lecture
room 4 is located in ground floor of block lecture room.The height of the room is
3660mm.

6
APPARATUS
Air Humidity Meter

A air humidity meter is an instrument that is used to

measure that saturation of water vapour in the air of
the surrounding environment. This instrument relies
on the pressure, temperature, mass and mechanical or
electrical change. By calibrating the device and
I. calculating the other factors the humidity can be
worked out. It measures its units in percentages.

Sound Level Meter

Sound is measured using a sound level meter, this
instrument analyses the sound that it picks up and
uses electronics to convert the sound onto a digital
scale. Sound level meter can pick up sound instantly
or can be used to pick sound up over time and the
average can be calculated.
II.

Light Meter
The intensity of light in a room can be measured
using a light meter. The light meter woks using an
electrical current which is generated by
III. photosensitive electrons that detect the amount of
light hitting the surface. This causes the electrons to
react depending on the amount hitting the surface
and is then converted into an electrical reading.

7
WORKING METHOD
1.Measured the size of lecture room 4 in the morning by using measuring tape.

2.Measured the humidity, sound and light in lecture room 4 by using air humidity
meter, sound level meter and light meter.

3.Recorded all the data.

4.Repeat the steps in the afternoon and night.

8
DATA & RESULT

9
10
DISCUSSION
 Thermal Factors
 Audio / Sound Factors
 Visual / Lighting Factors
 Physical and Personal Factors

Ages Gender
3%

7%

20%
41.18%

58.82%

70%

0-15 16-25 26-45 46 and above Female Male

Clothing Activities in Lecture Room 4

5%
5%
5%

83%

1.2

85%

10%
3%

Light clothing Suit,Jumper ATTEND CLASS MEETING

Coat,glove,hat Others CLEANING OTHERS

11
These chart shows lecture room 4 often used by students around 16-25 years
old.They are still young and not easy to fell cold. Younger people give off more
heat than older people. The . Gender is also a factor that affects the temperature
given off by people, females give off less heat than males, and they give off 85%
of what the male body gives off. The clothing they wearing also affects the
temperature that you need to be comfortable, depending on the weight of the
clothing you will need different temperatures to feel comfortable. The students
always wear light clothing (25 degrees). The level of activity you are doing also
affects the heat that you give off and the temperature needed to feel comfortable.
The activities in the lecture room included watching lecturer’s slide 115W, attend
the class 140W, clean the room 265Wand sleeping 70W.

12
CONCLUSION
As a general conclusion, the human comfort of lecture room is efficient and
sufficient. A very extensive comfort research was done by means of a survey,
measurements and building simulations. The survey formed the most important
part of the research. The measurements and building simulations were necessary to
deduce the causes of the thermal discomfort. It showed us the importance of
thermal comfort in a building.
The report was the results of an extensive research about human comfort in a
building and its impacts or benefits it could bring to a high-rise building. After
finishing this report. I have learnt about the general knowledge of environmental
science and also how a high-rise building is able to utilize its characteristics to
maintain a healthy interior air quality. I have also learnt about the importance of
teamwork a. It enables our group to share ideas and responsibilities to complete the
paper efficient.

13
REFERENCE
 ajassp.2009.1495.1501thescipub.com
 (PDF) Assessment of Thermal Comfort in Respect to Building Height in a High-Density
City in the Tropicswww.researchgate.net
 (PDF) Thermal Comfort Assessment: A Case Study at Malaysian Automotive
Industrywww.researchgate.net
 case study human comfort in building slideshare - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/ESUS15/ESUS15029FU1.pdfwww.wit
press.com
 The relationship of ventilation and thermal comfortwww.slideshare.net
 THERMAL COMFORT IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS; A STUDY OF
EFFECTIVENESS OF…www.slideshare.net
 case study human comfort - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 Human Thermal Comfort and Heat Stress in an Outdoor Urban Arid Environment: A
Case Studywww.hindawi.com
 Abstract: Study of Human Thermal Comfort in Urban Environments: A Case Study in
Santa Maria-RS, Brazil (97th American Meteorological Society Annual
Meeting)ams.confex.com
 A Case Study of Occupant Thermal Comfort in a Cabin Using Virtual Thermal Comfort
Engineering | Request PDFwww.researchgate.net
 Integrated Approach for the Improvement of Human Comfort in the Public Realm: The
Case of the Corniche, the Linear Urban Link of Dohaarticle.sapub.org
 A case study on human bio-heat transfer and thermal comfort within CFD -
ScienceDirectwww.sciencedirect.com
 CASE STUDY ON THE THERMAL COMFORT IN A STOREwww.inive.org
 report human comfort - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/preliminary/preliminary/1-Boduch_Fincher-
Standards_of_Human_Comfort.pdfsoa.utexas.edu
 objective Human Comfort In Buildings - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 thermal comfort and classroomswww.slideshare.net
 Human Comfortwww.dnr.louisiana.gov
 Thermal comfort in buildings - Designing Buildings Wikiwww.designingbuildings.co.uk
 Factors Affecting Human Comfort In Buildings - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 HSE - Thermal comfort: The six basic factorswww.hse.gov.uk
 Basic factors that affect human comfortwww.slideshare.net
 Human comfort in buildings - Designing Buildings Wikiwww.designingbuildings.co.uk
 working method to measure building humidity,lighting and noise - Carian
Googlewww.google.com
 Snuggies at work: Case study examples of thermal [dis]comfort, behaviors, and
environmental satisfaction in the workplace. - Interior Design Educators
Councilwww.idec.org
 Factors Affecting Human Comfort In Buildingswww.ukessays.com
 objective human comfort in buildings - Carian Google
 Naturally Ventilated Buildings: Building for the Senses, the Economy and Society - Buku
Googlebooks.google.com.my

14
 Naturally Ventilated Buildings: Building for the Senses, the Economy and Society - Buku
Googlebooks.google.com.my
 http://www.inive.org/medias/ECA/ECA_Report11.pdfwww.inive.org
 Temperature, Humidity, Ventilation and Lighting in the
Workplaceintranet.birmingham.ac.uk
 report on building humidity,noise and lighting - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 report on building ventilation and lighting - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 Building bye laws lighting ans ventilationwww.slideshare.net
 (PDF) Building ventilation: The state of the art, building airtightness: Research and
practicewww.researchgate.net
 2.1 Temperature, Relative Humidity, Light, and Air Quality: Basic Guidelines for
Preservation — NEDCCwww.nedcc.org
 lab report environmental science - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 report on building humidity,noise and lighting - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 (PDF) Assessment of Thermal Comfort in Respect to Building Height in a High-Density
City in the Tropicswww.researchgate.net
 (PDF) Thermal Comfort Assessment: A Case Study at Malaysian Automotive
Industrywww.researchgate.net
 case study human comfort in building slideshare - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/ESUS15/ESUS15029FU1.pdfwww.wit
press.com
 The relationship of ventilation and thermal comfortwww.slideshare.net
 THERMAL COMFORT IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS; A STUDY OF
EFFECTIVENESS OF…www.slideshare.net
 HUMAN COMFORT - BULDING SERVICESwww.slideshare.net
 report human comfort in building - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 (PDF) Thermal Comfort Report for Student Residential Buildingwww.researchgate.net
 https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877705815021578/1-s2.0-S1877705815021578-
main.pdf?_tid=7f52e3b0-190c-4917-9327-
cf23e6790d52&acdnat=1553007405_6d025f09d0e7cda4961f22e382d53904ac.els-
cdn.com
 case study human comfort in building - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 Thermal comfort in office buildings: Two case studies commented -
ScienceDirectwww.sciencedirect.com
 Outdoor human comfort and climate change. A case study in the EPFL campus in
Lausanne | Request PDFwww.researchgate.net
 (PDF) Thermal comfort in office buildings: Two case studies
commentedwww.researchgate.net
 objective report human comfort in building - Carian Googlewww.google.com
 Human Comfort Approach In Green Building Designwww.ukessays.com
 0354-98361600095K.pdfwww.doiserbia.nb.rs

15
16