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spanned by the basic set of orthogonal functions the function receives the co-
ordinates . Each sinusoidal wave has angular frequency The fundamental frequency
The set of Fourier coefficients has
Time Space
Temporal frequency Spatial frequency
(2)
Note that there is only one coefficient which survives in sine series, namely all the
other coefficients vanish. It is interesting. Why it is so, will be clear later. See Fig. 1.
A scale factor of 2 is due to doubling the function in the period.
: The wave form can be represented as
, namely .
This is expected since it is a pure sine wave and has only one Fourier component,
viz., and hence only contributes. Again a factor 2 is present due to ‘doubling’ the
function in the period. See Fig. 3.
The assertion is the the half-wave rectifier contains the coefficients of full-wave
rectifier and (unrectified) pure sine wave. This is interesting. A closer analysis
shows that full-wave rectifier and pure sine wave are respectively even and odd
extensions of half-wave rectifier! If half-wave rectifier is extended as an even
function (full-wave rectifier) only the cosine coefficients survive and sine
coefficients (odd) vanish. A factor 2 arises due to the period is doubled. If the half-
wave rectifier is extended as an odd function, i.e., pure sine wave only the odd sine
coefficients survive and all even coefficients vanish. This is an important concept
and can be applied to all so called Fourier sine/cosine series. In both extensions, a
factor 2 arises due to the function is doubled in the period.
REDUNDANT EXERCISES: It is not necessary to teach Fourier sine /cosine series and
they are redundant in the sense that they are special cases of Fourier series of a
causal periodic function.
Our approach is further strengthened by the following exercise: See. Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
When extended as an odd function the are simply doubled. When extended as an
even function, it becomes a continuous straight line with constant value 1. Hence
There is consistency in this approach. It is well-known that a constant function has
only ‘dc’ term as there is no undulation or change in the function. In Fourier
analysis, it is sometimes regarded as ‘useless’ term having no information; but it is
not so. Its role is important and serves as a ‘canvas for painting’. The next
illustration with a causal triangle function is also self evident and proves beyond
doubt our assertion. See. Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
A function is said to be causal if it is zero for negative range. For example the
Heaviside function is causal :. (3)
(4)
Half wave rectifier is causal because for negative duration of the period, the wave is
zero.
CAUSALITY AND QUADRATURE RESPONSE: One might have noticed
that when a cosine periodic force is acting on a damped harmonic
oscillator , in the response (displacement) there is a component
proportional to cosine periodic force and also a component of
displacement proportional to sine of the periodic force! This is surprising
as no sine periodic force was applied. Yet the system responds as if a sine
periodic force were also applied. This displacement is said to be ‘in
quadrature’ response and that proportional to cosine force is said to be
‘in phase’ response. The differential equation of a damped harmonic
oscillator (DSHO) is [5, 6]
(5)
where is the natural frequency and is the damping constant per unit
mass and C is the strength of the impulse. is the displacement and is
the velocity of the particle. It can be shown that [2]. The velocity is given
by [2]
. (6)
, (7)
there are two components for the velocity: first ‘in-phase’ component
and ‘in-quadrature’ component . It is surprising that there is a response
proportional to and that oscillating force was not applied. Nevertheless
the response has that component also. A causal linear passive system
always produces an impulse response with both ‘in-phase’ and ‘in-
quadrature’ response. We can write eq. (.) as