6/19/2019 Effect of surface roughness using different adherend materials on the adhesive bond strength | SpringerLink

Effect of surface roughness using different

adherend materials on the adhesive bond
strength
Applied Adhesion Science

December 2015, 3:20 | Cite as

S. Budhe (1) Email author (sandipiit@gmail.com)

A. Ghumatkar (2)
N. Birajdar (3)
M. D. Banea (1)

1. CEFET/RJ, Federal Center of Technological Education in Rio de Janeiro, , Riode

Janeiro, Brazil
2. Mechanical Engineering Department, SIT, , Pune, India
3. 3DPLM SoftwareSolution Ltd, , Pune, India

Open Access
Research
First Online: 14 December 2015

7.3k Downloads
12 Citations

Abstract

In this paper, an experimental study on the effect of surface roughness of different

adherend material on adhesive bond strength was carried out. The adherend material
used was aluminium AA6061 and wood in the form of sheet, and the adhesive was an
epoxy resin. Different surface roughness obtained by mechanical abrasion using an
emery paper and sand paper for aluminium and wood adherend samples respectively.
Single strap joints were tested at room temperature. Results showed that there is clear
dependency observed in between the adhesive bond strength and surface roughness of
both wood and aluminium adherend joints. Optimum surface roughness values were
obtained in the range of Ra = 1.68 ± 0.14 µm and Ra = 1.64 ± 0.2 µm for the aluminium
and wood adherend joints respectively. Surface roughness along with the adhered
material parameters should be considered during design stage of adhesively bonded
joints.

Keywords

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Adhesive bond strength Surface roughness Adherend material Single strap joint

Background

Mechanical performance of adhesive bonded joints depends on a number of parameters

such as: material properties and joint geometry (adhesive thickness, adherend
thickness), surface roughness etc. [1]. Therefore these parameters have a great
importance in industrial application for achieving maximum strength. During the design
of adhesively bonded joints, one has to take into account these factors associated with the
bond strength. A number of researchers [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] have examined the effect of
different parameters on the strength and durability of adhesive joints. The nature of the
adherends has highly influence on the strength of the adhesive bond.

Surface roughness is one of the important factors which influence the mechanical
properties of the joints. The relationship between the surface roughness and adhesion is
very complex. Most of the researchers [7, 8, 9] noticed the importance of surface and its
positive influence on the bond strength. There are different surface treatments methods
available such as grinding, grit blasting, mechanical etching, plasma, chemical etching
etc. Critchow and Brewis [2] studied the influence of adherend surface roughness on the
durability of adhesive bonding joints. Surface roughness was achieved by grit blasting
method. They observed that roughness has a significant effect on durability of epoxy-Al
joint. Dayss et al. [10] investigated the effect of surface roughness of polymer adherend
on adhesive bond strength. Mechanical grinding and low-pressure plasma treatment was
used for modifying surface properties. It was found that increased roughness led to
improvement in bond strength, but there was a limit of around 1 MPa. Tezcan et al. [11]
studied the effect of surface roughness on the strength of adhesive bond under static and
dynamic conditions. It was observed that low roughness values gave the lowest static
strength and load cycle values. For roughness values of Ra = 1.5 to 2.5 μm, the static
strength showed a decreasing trend while from Ra = 0.5 to 2 μm, the highest number of
load cycles were obtained. Baburaj et al. [12] noticed an enhancement of adhesive joint
strength by laser surface modification. Uehara [13] concluded that an optimum surface
roughness value exist for the maximum tensile strength. However, no clear relationship
was observed between the peel strength and the surface roughness. Zhang et al. [14]
investigated the effect of surface pre-treatment on adhesive properties of aluminium
alloys. They found that maximum lap shear strength and durability of adhesive bonding
joints can be improved by surface treatment and roughness modification. On the other
hand, the surface roughness of wood is influenced to a much higher degree by
environmental factors such as temperature, humidity etc. than a metallic structural
material like aluminum. For wood adherend joints, the lower surface roughness value
(smoother surface) gives the higher bond strength joint [15, 16].

As summarized above, there is no general trend which relates the surface roughness with
the strength of adhesive bonded joints. An optimum surface roughness range is differing
with respect to the adhesive-adherend combinations in order to get high performance of
bonded joints. Therefore, for different adhesive-adherend joints, there will be a different
optimum range of roughness with regard to bond strength. It is of interest to study the

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change in behaviour of adhesively bonded joint with change in adherend material. The
objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of surface roughness using
aluminium and wood adherend material on the adhesive bond strength.

Experimental details

Methods

The materials used in this study were aluminium AA6061 adherend, keeping in mind
that it is extensively used in structural applications because of its lightweight. Chemical
composition and mechanical properties of Aluminium AA6061 is presented in Table 1
(data from supplier). Aluminium plates of size 100 × 25 × 5 mm were cut by shearing
from the commercially purchased sheet. An epoxy resin, commercially known as
Araldite® 2015 [Huntsman Advanced Materials (India) Pvt. Ltd.], was used.
Subsequently, wood was used as the adherend material. Wood billet of size
100 × 25 × 10 mm were cut by planning operation from commercially purchased wood.

Table 1

Chemical composition and mechanical properties of Aluminium AA6061

Chemical composition (%) Mechanical properties

Yield
Ultimate tensile Elongation
Fe Mg Si Cu Zn Cr Al strength
strength (MPa) (%)
(MPa)

0.35 1.0 0.6 0.25 0.15 0.20 Balance 310 275 15

The surface roughness of the aluminium adherend was varied by mechanical abrasion
using an emery paper. Different grades of emery paper identified by P120, P50 and P30
were used to produce different levels of surface roughness and as-purchased aluminium
plate surface roughness was itself used as one grade. The residual particles remaining
after mechanical abrasion were removed by cleaning the surface with a soft clean cloth.
For wood adherends, the surface roughness was varied by mechanical abrasion using
sand paper. Different grades of sand paper identified by P120, P80 and P50 were used to
produce different level of surface roughness and wood billet after planning operation was
itself used as a one grade.

Surface roughness of treated and untreated samples was measured using a profilometer
(Pocket Surf Make Mahr, GMBH, Model EMD 1500). The measuring range of the
profilometer was 0.03–6.35 μm, while the sensor traversing length for all cases was
10 mm. Two roughness parameters, namely average roughness (Ra) and maximum

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roughness (maximum height of profile, Rz) were used to evaluate surface roughness of
the specimens. Measurements were performed in different areas, along two different
mutually perpendicular directions, longitudinal and tangential.

The surface treatment of the aluminium adherend was done by wiping once with acetone
and subsequently soaking those in 20 % by weight NaOH solution. Adhesive was applied
on the adherend surface and spread over it with the spatula. The adhesive thickness was
0.35 ± 0.04 mm. The specimens were then bonded by applying constant pressure on
specimens for 48 h. The curing time was set to 48 h at room temperature. For the wood
adherend samples, the surfaces were wiped by acetone. The rest of the sample
preparation process for wooden samples was same as for aluminium samples. Schematic
and picture of single strap specimen is as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Schematic and picture of single strap specimen. a Schematic specimen

configuration. b Picture of single strap wood and aluminium joints
specimen

The specimens were tested in a Universal Testing Machine (Make Blue Star, Model UTE
20) at a crosshead rate of 0.5 mm/min. The UTM was interfaced with a computer for
automatic data acquisition and storage. Single strap shear tests were carried out in
tensile testing mode. Five specimens were tested for each condition. The gripping length
was kept at 30 mm at both ends, while the gripping width was over the whole width of
the specimen. The tensile test set-up is as shown in Fig. 2. The load and displacement
values were recorded during the tests.

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Fig. 2

Tensile test set up

Results and discussions

Surface roughness and shear strength values

Tables 2 and 3 displays the mean surface roughness values Ra and Rz of aluminium and
wood adherend samples treated mechanically using emery and sand paper respectively.
The surface roughness values of Ra and Rz were taken at nine points over the treated
surface area and the representative value was calculated as the average of all nine
readings.

Table 2

Surface roughness value of aluminium adherend

Surface treatment Ra (µm) Rz (µm)

No treatment 0.54 ± 0.15 3.75 ± 1.25

Grinding P-120 1.68 ± 0.14 10.27 ± 2.50

Grinding P-50 2.69 ± 0.17 17 ± 1.68

Grinding P-30 3.66 ± 0.13 23.5 ± 2.0

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Table 3

Surface roughness value of wood adherend

Surface treatment Ra (µm) Rz (µm)

No treatment 1.64 ± 0.20 9.2 ± 1.55

Grinding P-120 2.63 ± 0.19 15.75 ± 2.20

Grinding P-80 3.37 ± 0.18 21.2 ± 1.70

Grinding P-50 4.11 ± 0.22 25.24 ± 1.90

The relationship between bonding shear strength and surface roughness of aluminium
adherend joints is shown in Fig. 3. Initially, shear strength increased with increasing
adherend surface roughness value up to 2.5 μm and then start to decrease, for surface
roughness values beyond 2.5 μm. Similar trend of shear strength with respect to surface
roughness was found by Tezcan [11] for steel and Loctite 638 adhesive joints under shear
static load. Also Uehara and Sakurai [13] noticed the same variation of bonding strength
with respect to adherend surface roughness under both tensile and shear loading.

Fig. 3

Relationship between bonding shear strength and surface roughness of

aluminium joints

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Significant increase in bonding strength (i.e. 26.70 %) is achieved by maintaining surface

roughness values in the range of 1.68 ± 0.14 μm as compared to surface without
treatment (0.54 ± 0.15 μm). In this range there would be an optimal point where can get
a maximum bonding strength. An increase in surface area, mechanical locking adhesive
between micro columns, and modification in the surface chemistry of the adherend are
the possible reasons for the improvement in the bond strength at higher surface
roughness as compared to the smooth surface [8, 13].Some author [11, 17] observed that
an insufficient wetting occur at higher surface roughness and that might be the reason for
lower bond strength, when surface roughness value are beyond 2.5 μm (Ra > 2.5 μm).

The relationship between bonding shear strength and surface roughness of wood
adherend joints is shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen that the bonding shear strength
continuously decreases with increasing the surface roughness of wood adherend joints.
The wood adherend with lower surface roughness value has maximum shear strength
than the higher surface roughness. 44 % loss in shear strength was found when the
adhered surface roughness is in the range of 4.11 ± 0.22 μm as compared to the lower
surface roughness 1.64 ± 0.20 μm. The same trend of bonding strength was found by
Sulaiman [16] and Murmanis [18].

Fig. 4

Relationship between bonding shear strength and surface roughness of

wood joints

To conclude, the trend of bonding strength of aluminium and wood adherend are totally
different and it depends on the type of adherend materials. The maximum strength can
be obtained for the optimum surface roughness value of respective combination of
adherend adhesive materials.

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Linear regression analysis

The relationship between the surface roughness of aluminium adherend and shear
strength of joints are shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Curve fitting of bonding shear strength with surface roughness of

aluminium adherend joints a first group from 0.41 to 1.78 μm roughness
values b second group from 2.59 to 3.74 μm roughness values

The entire experimental data of aluminium adherend joints are divided into two groups.
First group consist of original surface of aluminium adherend and varied by the
mechanical abrasion using emery paper of P120 grade. The surface roughness of the

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aluminium adhered was varied by the mechanical abrasion using emery paper of P50 and
P30 grade, considered as the second group. The roughness value ranging from 0.41 to
1.78 μm in first group and from 2.59 to 3.74 μm in second group also called lower and
higher roughness group respectively. There are 14 pairs of data in the lower roughness
group and 13 pairs of data in the higher roughness group.

Equations (1) and (2) were obtained by performing a regression analysis on the
experimental data for aluminium adherend joints.

Static shear stress, from 0.41 μm ≤ Ra ≤ 1.78 μm and 2.59 μm ≤ Ra ≤ 3.74 μm are,
2 3
1.841 + 8.357 ∗ Ra − 7.674 ∗ R + 2.381 ∗ R f or 0.41μm ≤ Ra ≤ 1.78μm (1)
a a 
τs = {
2 3
206.7 − 180.8 ∗ Ra + 53.39 ∗ R − 5.223 ∗ R f or 2.59μm ≤ Ra ≤ 3.74μm (2)
a a
2
where, τ s is the shear stress in N/mm and Ra is the surface roughness in μm.

The fitted curves are shown in Fig. 5. The coefficient of correlation estimate R2 is 0.974
for the first group of data, and 0.84 for the second group. Without performing any
additional experiments, Eqs. 1 and 2 can be used to calculate approximate shear stress
for the surface roughnessvalues between Ra = 0.41 to 1.78 μm and Ra = 2.59 to 3.74 μm
respectively. However, these equations are valid for the specific adherend-adhesive
combinations i.e. Aluminium AA6061 and araldite® 2015 adhesive only.

Equation (3) was obtained by performing a regression analysis on the entire

experimental set of data for wood adherend joints.

Static shear stress, in the range from 1.64 μm ≤ Ra ≤ 4.11 μm, is,
2 3 4 5
τs = 9.69 + 1.001 ∗ Ra − 8.979 ∗ R + 5.948 ∗ R − 1.458 ∗ R + 0.122R for 1.64 μm ≤ Ra ≤ 4.11
a a a a

(3)
where, τ s is the shear stress in N/mm2 and Ra is the surface roughness in μm.

The fitted curves are shown in Fig. 6. The coefficient of correlation estimate, R2, is 0.937.

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Fig. 6

Curve fitting of bonding shear strength with surface roughness of wood

adherend joints

From Fig. 6, it can be seen that the maximum strength was achieved for the lower surface
roughness value of wood adherend. As the surface roughness value increased, the
bonding strength decrease and vice versa. Bond strength of smooth adherend surface is
higher than that of rough one for the wood adhesive bonded joints.

Failure mode

Fractured specimens were visually examined to determine the failure mode. Figure 7
shows the failure surface of the aluminium adhesive joints for all the types of surface
treatment specimens. It can be seen that, there was a mixed failure mode for the joints
with no surface treatment (low roughness value). Cohesive failure, close to interface, was
observed for the joints with surface treatment (P120, P50 and P30). A small contribution
of cohesive failure mode (close to interface) could be a possible reason for higher
bonding strength at particular surface roughness of adherend.

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Fig. 7

Failure surface of aluminium adherend bonded joints

Figure 8 shows the failure surface of the wood adhesive joints of all the type of surface
treatment specimens. Significant variation was observed between the failure surfaces
corresponding to the different adherend surface roughness of bonded joints. It can be
seen that the smooth surface (no treatment) joints failed in adherend failure mode. It
implies that the wood adherend is weaker than the adhesive joint strength. As the surface
roughness increases (surface treatment, P120, P80 and P50) the failure mode shifted to
the partially adherend failure mode and interface failure mode. The contribution of this
mixed failure mode changes with increasing the surface roughness value of adhered
joints.

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Fig. 8

Failure surface of wood adherend bonded joints

Conclusions

Adhesive joints with aluminium and wood adherend were fabricated and tested in order
to study the effect of varying surface roughness of adherend on adhesive bond strength.

The findings of the study are as follows:

1. 1.

Optimum surface roughness value was found in the range of 1.75–2.5 μm for the
maximum bond strength of aluminium adherend joints. The lower bonding
strength was obtained for both lower surface roughness (Ra < 1.68 ± 0.14 μm) and
very high surface roughness (Ra > 2.69 ± 0.17 μm) also. The adhesive bond
strength varies with respect to the surface roughness of adherend.

2. 2.

Mixed failure between the adherend and adhesive occurred when the adherend
had lower surface (0.54 ± 0.15) and then failure mode partially shift towards the
cohesive failure mode close to interface when the surface roughness increases.
Cohesive failures along with the mechanical interlocking phenomenon are the
possible explanation for the variation in bonding shear strength.

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3. 3.

The adhesive bond strength decreases continuously with increase in adhered

surface roughness of wood adherend. The maximum bond strength was obtained
for the smooth wood adherend surface (Ra = 1.64 ± 0.25 μm).

4. 4.

Failure mode shifted from adhered failure mode to mixed failure mode as the
surface roughness of wood adherend increased from 1.64 to 4.11 μm.

5. 5.

The surface roughness parameter must be considered during the design stage of
adhesively bonded joints, as the bond strength varied significantly by 30–40 %,
between the different surface roughness values.

Notes

Authors’ contributions

SB (First and corresponding author) was responsible for completing article and guiding
to my master student for the experimental work of this paper and discuss results with all
authors. AG participated in the experimental works from the purchasing of material to
sample preparation and testing of the specimens. NB carried out the data regression
analysis and the surface failure analysis of the fracture specimens. MB carried out
analysing the failure mode of the fractured specimen, results discussion and great
contribute to making final draft of the article. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Cite this article as:
Budhe, S., Ghumatkar, A., Birajdar, N. et al. Appl Adhes Sci (2015) 3: 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40563-015-
0050-4

Received 24 November 2015

Accepted 08 December 2015
First Online 14 December 2015
DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s40563-015-0050-4
Publisher Name Springer International Publishing
Online ISSN 2196-4351

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