Mixture-is a combination of two or more subtances that are not chemically combined

-THE SUBTANCES ARE PUT TOGETHER ,BUT NO NEW SUBSTANCE FORMED

2 TYPES OF MIXTURE

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES

-THAT HAVE SUBTANCES THAT CANNOT BE DISTINGUISHED

BECAUSE SOLUTES COMPLETELY DISSOLVE ,IN THE SOLVENT

EXAMPLE cough syrup, alcohol,vinegar,hot coffee,sugar and water solution

HETEROGENEUOS MIXTURES

-ARE MIXTURES THAT HAVE COMPONENTS WHICH CAN BE IDENTIFIED IMMEDIATELY AND CAN BE
EASILY DISTINGUISHED

EX. THE MIXTURE OF GRAVEL AND WATER , THE MIXTURE OF OIL AND WATER THE OIL IS SEEN ON
TOP OF THE WATER, VEGETABLE SALAD,HALO-HALO.
 Types of Solution

Solid Solution – consist of solute in any place dissolved is solid phrase .

Liquid solution – consist os solute in any place dissolved in a liquid solvent

EX : vinegar . alcohol.( liquid solute and solvent ) hot coffe . salt solution . sugar solution (solid solute
and liquid solvent

Gaseous Solution – consist of gas solute and gas solvent

EX : AIR
 Solubility of Substances
Solubility – Is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a given amount of solvent . solutes can be classified
according to their solubility .

Soluble Substances – Are those that esealy dissolve in a given solvent

Semi Soluble Substances – Are those that dissolve a little

Insoluble – Are Substances which do not dissolve at all

Soluble Substances form 3 types of solution based on the amount of solute dissolved in the solvent

Saturated solution – is formed when maximum amount osf solute is dissolved in a given solvent at a
stated temperature

Unsaturated solution – Is formed when it contains less solute particles than the maximum amount the
solvent can dissolve at that temperature

- When a solution is Unsaturated , it can still dissolve additional solute particles

- Super saturated Solution – Is formed when the solution Contains more solutes paricles that the
solvent can normally hold

- In this condition , the excuss solute can crystalize with the addition of a tiny crystal

Ways to dissolve substances faster

Stirring – Is a method of disloving substances by using mechanical force ( manually or using
machines) with a stirring rod

Shaking – is similar to string but in this method the container is closed and it is moved rapidly using
mechanical force to mix and spread the solutes until dissolved

Powdiering or pulverizing – is done by making the particles of solids smaller to make then dissolve
faster than granulated , fine table salt , dissolved faster than rock salt

Heating – is another method of dissolving substances faster

- Most solid substances dissolve faster in hot water than cold water

Solid Solutions
- According to the children’s ( Reference ) Reference encyclopedia . Bronze was discovered in
3500 B.C

Bronze- is an alloy or mixture of copper and tin

Copper – is mixed with small amount of tin to produce the simplest bronze

Bronze- is very hard because of the tin

- Is used in making tools . weapons . armor. Utensils. And statues

Tin –increases hardness which makes bronze more (resistant) resistant to hear

Steel – used to make tools for agriculture and construction

- Used in medicine and health industry construction etc

 Factors affecting solubility
Nature os solvent and solute – some solutes readily dissolve in water but do not dissolve in other
solvents

Example : table salt - dissolves in water but not in kerosene

Table sugar – dissolve in water but not in kerosene

Oil – does not dissolve in water but it dissolve in kerosene

Oil point – dissolves in thinner or kerosene but not in water

Temperature – most solid solutes increases solubility when there in an increase in temperature

Of the solvent

Ex : sugar is put in hot water . table salt. Coffe and powdered creamer

Pressure – the solubility of gases in liquid increases as pressure increases and solubility decreases as
pressure is decreases as pressure is decrease

Ex – when the softdrinks is dosed and sealed there is a groat pressure so the carbodioxide is dissolved in
the liquid . but when the battle of siftdrinks is opened the pressured of the gas in the battle is reduced
and the solubility of cos is decrease
 Robert Brown

Robert Brown FRSE FRS FLS MWS was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist
who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use
of the microscope.
Born: 21 December 1773, Montrose, United Kingdom
Died: 10 June 1858, Soho Square, London, United Kingdom
Known for: Brownian motion
Awards: Copley Medal
Education: University of Aberdeen School of Medicine and Dentistry, The
University of Edinburgh, Marischal College
 Jean Baptiste Perrin

Jean Baptiste Perrin ForMemRS was a French physicist who, in his studies of the
Brownian motion of minute particles suspended in liquids, verified Albert
Einstein’s explanation of this phenomenon and thereby confirmed the atomic
nature of matter.

Born: 30 September 1870, Lille, France

Died: 17 April 1942, New York, New York, United States
Children: Francis Perrin
Education: University of Paris, École Normale Supérieure, Janson de Sailly
School
Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics
 Henry Bessemer

Sir Henry Bessemer was an English inventor, whose steel-making process would
become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century
for almost one hundred years from 1856 to 1950. He also played a significant role
in establishing the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre. Wikipedia
Born: 19 January 1813, Charlton, United Kingdom
Died: 15 March 1898, London, United Kingdom
Nationality: English
Known for: Development of the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel
Spouse: Ann Bessemer (m. 1834–1897)
 Bessemer Process

The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass
production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth
furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air
being blown through the molten iron.