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Definition of Speaking
1. Finnochiaro and Brumfit (1983) propose that speaking means giving oral expression to
thoughts, opinions and feelings in terms of talk or conversation
2. Florez (1999) says that speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning both
its form and meaning depend on the context, the participants, their experiences, the
environment, and the purpose for speaking.
3. Bailey (2000) Speaking is a process of interaction where speakers intend to build
meaning through producing, receiving, and processing information.
4. Brown (2001) states speaking as an interactive process of constructing meaning that
involves producing, recieving, and processing speech of sound as the instruments.
5. Cameron (2001) says that speaking is the active use of language to express meanings
so that other people can make sense of them.
6. Thonburry (2005), considers speaking or oral communication as an activity which
includes two or more people in which hearers and speakers have to react to what they
hear and make their contribution at speed of high level
Indicators of Speaking
1. Madsen (1983) claims that the criterion of oral comunication include grammar,
vocabulary, pronunciation, fluency, and appropriateness of expression.
3. Brown (2001)
The aspects of good speaking skills are pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary, and
accuracy.
4. Richards and Renandya (2002) present a table for converting scores on the various scales
to a composite total score which can be converted to a rating on the overall five levels
namely accent, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension.
5. Thornbury (2005)
There are four categories of testing speaking:
a. Grammar and Vocabulary: accuracy and appropriate use of syntactic forms and
vocabulary in order to meet the task requirements at each level
b. Discourse Management: the ability to express ideas and opinion in coherent,
connected speech.
c. Pronunciation: the ability to produce comprehensible utterance to fulfill the task
requirements.
d. Interactive Communication: the ability to respond appropriately and at the required
speed and rhythm to fulfil the task requirements.
Madsen (1983) Florez Brown Richards and Thornbury
(1999) (2001) Renandya (2005)
(2002)
Appropriateness
of expression
Body
Language
Accent
Question