LECTURE 09

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA
2018
 WATER PIPING
SYSTEMS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA
2018
OBJECTIVES
Have a working knowledge of the
basic water piping systems
COURSE
1. Introduction
2. Reference documents
3. Design basis consideration
INTRODUCTION
Water-distribution systems that
serve populated areas and
industrial complexes (offices, light
& heavy industry)
PURPOSES
To supply a sufficient quantity of
water to all parts of the system,
(under all conditions of their
demands).
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
Codes and Standards provides a
listing of the most commonly used
industry codes and standards in
water-systems design, fabrication,
assembly, and testing.
ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31
• B31.1 Power Piping
• B31.3 Process Piping
• B31.9 Building Services Piping
Other Standards
• American Petroleum Institute
• American Welding Society
• American Water Works Association
DESIGN BASIS CONSIDERATION
• Design pressure
• Design temperature
• Pipe sizing criteria
• Effect of velocity
• Pipe wall thickness selection
• Materials
• Joints
• Corrosion & errotion effects
• Start up, operation & maintenance
consideration
DESIGN PRESSURE
The following guidance is provided
in determining and specifying
system-design pressure
requirements.
DESIGN
TEMPERATURE
The design temperature shall be
determined on the basis of the
maximum expected operating
temperature.
PIPE SIZING CRITERIA
Selection of pipe sizes, beside
affecting initial cost, will also
affect operating costs due to their
sensitivity to changes in pressure
drop, heat losses, and
maintenance requirements.
PIPE SIZING CRITERIA
Noise—which can result from high
velocity flow, cavitation or two-
phase flow.
PIPE SIZING CRITERIA
Vibration—which can result from
noise, excessive velocities at
changes in the direction of the
fluid flow, or the causes of
cavitation.
PIPE SIZING CRITERIA
Erosion or corrosion—due to
chemical action of the fluid,
excessive velocities, cavitation,
and excessive turbulence at
fittings, valves, branch
connections, etc.
PIPE SIZING CRITERIA
Flow distribution—the more
uniform the cross-sectional
velocity profile, the more likely
that the above factors will be
reduced. This can be achieved by
using reasonable velocities along
with a piping layout that will
produce a smooth flow pattern.
PIPE SIZING CRITERIA
Cavitation—which can result from
the collapse of bubbles close to a
metallic surface at a high enough
velocity to cause erosion, and
two-phase flow fluids.
EFFECT OF VELOCITY
Higher allowable velocities will
lead to smaller pipe sizes and
higher pressure drops. Excessively
high velocities can cause noise,
vibration, and erosion.
PIPE SELECTION
• Determining the internal
diameter of the pipe,
• Select materials,
• Consider their strength, and
• Select a pipewall thickness or
schedule,
PIPE WALL THICKNESS SELECTION
Pipe-wall thickness determination
begins with the basic stress in the
pipe wall.
PIPE SIZES, DIMENSIONS AND SCHEDULE
NUMBERS
Determining maximum pressure or schedule number

pxD
t=
2xs
D t OD
+
2xsxt
p=
D

Schedule Number
p = pressure inside the pipe (psi)
1000 x p
Sch = D = inside diameter of pipe (in)
s
s = allowable stress (psi)
t = pipe thickness (in)
PIPE SIZES, DIMENSIONS AND SCHEDULE
NUMBERS
1. Calculate how thick the stainless steel pipe with 16 inch diameter
used to transport steam at 600 psi and temperature 450°F. At that
temperatur, allowable stress is 6000 psi.
Penyelesaian

p x D 600 x 16
t= = = 0.8 in
2 x s 2 x 6000

For 0.8 in thick, pipe schedule number can be seen on properties table
that found at schedule number 80.
PIPE SIZES, DIMENSIONS AND SCHEDULE
NUMBERS
2. Calculate how much allowable maximum pressure inside the
stainless steel pipe with 12 inch diameter that has 0.5 inch thick.
Material allowable stress is 5000 psi.
Penyelesaian

2 x s x t 2 x 5000 x 0,5
p= = = 416 psi
D 12

For 12 in diameter with ½ in thick, we use pipe with Schedule Number

80 S atau XS
THE SELECTION OF WATER-DISTRIBUTION-
SYSTEM PIPING
1. Strength,
2. Ductility,
3. Modulus of elasticity,
4. Toughness,
5. Corrosion, erosion and
abrasion resistance,
6. Weldability,
7. Workability, and
8. Surface smoothness.
MATERIALS
The most common piping
materials are steel, either low-
carbon, low-alloy, or stainless;
plastic, either thermoplastic or
thermosetting with fiberglass
reinforcement; or concrete.
JOINTS
• Flanged joints
• Bell-and-spigot joints
• Mechanical joints
• Ball-and-socket or submarine
joints
• Push-on joints
• Bolted retainer-gland joints, to
prevent pullout
• Push-on joints with restrained
gaskets to prevent pullout
JOINTS
Flanged joints are easy to make
and require no special tools. They
are used above ground in water
plants, pump houses, and other
places where rigidity, selfrestraint,
and tightness are required.
JOINTS
Mechanical joints are made by
bolting a moveable follower ring
on the spigot to a flange on the
bell and compressing a rubber
gasket to form a tight seal.
WATER HAMMER
The problem of water hammer in
water piping systems consists of
containing the pressure and
dissipating the water-flow energy.
For example, the energy necessary
to move the water through the
piping is supplied by the pump.
CORROSION EFFECTS
All raw water coming from wells,
rivers, lakes, or ocean is an
extremely dilute water solution of
mineral salts and gases.
The dissolved gases are the prime
agents of chemical corrosion that
act on the metals of piping
systems.
START UP, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
CONSIDERATION
Prior to start-up of water systems,
the piping system should be
cleaned as required. In some
cases, chemical solvents are
utilized, followed by flushing.
START UP, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
CONSIDERATION
Maintenance. A major factor in
developing a maintenance
program is the accessibility of
piping and components.
REFERENCES
END OF LECTURE 09