Objective:

1. To obtain and compare the velocity of free vortex with theoretical velocity.
2. To compare the theoretical force vortex surface profile with the experimental
result.

Theory:
Refer to lab manual.

Apparatus:
Refer to lab manual.

Procedure:
Refer to lab manual.

Results and Calculations:

A) Free Vortex
Table1

Graph 1
From graph 1,
y  mx  c ,
k2
c  z  2
,
2 gr
k2 1
 m  ,x  2 ,
2g r
k  2 gm
g  9810 mm / s 2 , m  23287 mm 3 ,
k  2  9810  23287
 21375 mm 2 / s
Table 2
Radius of the pitot tubes , Pitot head, h(mm)
r (mm) 1st 2nd 3rd avg
15 75 74 74 74.33
25 52 50 50 50.67
30 34 35 34 34.33
For theoretical velocity calculation :
k
Vtheo  ,
r
The value of k is calculated from above.The r is the radius of pitot tubes.
For experimental velocity calculation, it is derived from Bernoulli Equation:
P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
g 2 g g 2 g
V12 P2  P1
  h
2g g
V1  2 gh
Vexp  2 gh

Δh is the average value of pitot head in table 2.

Table 3
Radius of the vortex,r(mm) Theoretical Velocity, Vtheo (mm/s) Experimental Velocity, Vexp(mm/s)
15 1425 1207.62
25 855 997.07
30 712.5 820.7
b)Forced Vortex

Table 4
Number of revolution Time taken,t(s)
1st 2nd 3rd avg
30 17.5 17.5 17.65 17.55
  2N
30
 2 
17.55
 10.74 rad / s

Table 5
Radius ,r(mm) 0 30 50 70 90 110
Experimental
Forced Vortex 0 4 8 30 40 63
Profile(mm)
Theoretical Forced
Vortex 0 5.3 14.7 28.8 47.6 71.1
Profile(mm)

Graph 2
Discussion:
1)
When the radius of pitot tube is 15mm, the theoretical velocity is 1425mm/s while the
experimental velocity is 1207.62mm/s. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
1207.62 - 1425
  100%
1425
 15.25%

When the radius of pitot tube is 25mm, the theoretical velocity is 855mm/s while the
experimental velocity is 997.07mm/s. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
997.07 - 855
  100%
855
 16.62%

When the radius of pitot tube is 30mm, the theoretical velocity is 712.5mm/s while
the experimental velocity is 820.7mm/s. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
820.7 - 712.5
  100%
712.5
 15.19%

Based on the Graph 1, the depth from the datum is proportional to 1/r2 and this has
fulfill the equation c  z  2kgr 2 , as the greater the depth, the greater the value of
2

1/r2 .The value of experiment has slightly differ to the value of theoretical and this
may caused by some external factors.For example, they are hard to maintain the water
level at steady state as the valve is so sensitive.Therefore, the flow rate of flowing in
is either faster or slower than flowing out .This unsteady state causes the radius of
vortex at that certain height vary in time that sometimes is larger, sometimes is
smaller.Thus, the reading taken may have some random error occur.

2)
When the radius is 0mm, the theoretical forced vortex profile is 0mm while the
experimental forced vortex profile is 0mm. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
0-0
  100%
0
 0%
When the radius is 30mm, the theoretical forced vortex profile is 5.3mm while the
experimental forced vortex profile is 4mm. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
4 - 5.3
  100%
5 .3
 24.53%

When the radius is 50mm, the theoretical forced vortex profile is 14.7mm while the
experimental forced vortex profile is 8mm. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
8 - 14.7
  100%
14.7
 45.58%

When the radius is 70mm, the theoretical forced vortex profile is 28.8mm while the
experimental forced vortex profile is 30mm. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
30 - 28.8
  100%
28.8
 4.17%

When the radius is 90mm, the theoretical forced vortex profile is 47.6mm while the
experimental forced vortex profile is 40mm. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
40 - 47.6
  100%
47.6
 15.97%

When the radius is 110mm, the theoretical forced vortex profile is 71.1mm while the
experimental forced vortex profile is 63mm. The error percentage is
Experimental Value - Theoritica l Value
 100%
Theoritica l Value
63 - 71.1
  100%
71.1
 11.39%
Based on the Graph 2, the experiment forced vortex profile is proportional to the
radius which similar to the trend of theoretical forced vortex profile and this has fulfill
12 2
the equation h  h0  r , as the greater the radius, the greater the value of forced
2g
vortex profile.Besides, the graph shows that the lines are parabola that prove the
equation of y proportional to r2 .The value of experiment has some different compare
to the value of theoretical and this may caused by some external factors.For example,
the forced vortex will easily break down when they meet some obstacle in the
fluid.Therefore, when the needles put in the fluid, need to take the measurement
quickly to avoid a large error.

3)
One of the application of free vortex motion is the design of winglet at the wing tip of
the aircraft. First of all, the airplane could fly is because of the high pressure under the
plane and lower pressure above the plane in order to lift the airplane. The wings of the
plane have a curved upper surface and a flatter lower surface, making a
cross-sectional shape called an airfoil . As air flows over the curved upper surface, the
air is dragged down. Thus, the air is effectively stretched out into a bigger volume and
this is lowers its pressure as the same number of air molecules forced to occupy more
space. For exactly the opposite reason, the pressure of the air under the wing
increases(Woodford 2019).

As fluid will always flow from the high pressure to a lower pressure region, high
pressure air from below of the wing will bleeds into the low pressure air above.

As a result, mini tornadoes is created at the tips of the wing which called the wingtip
vortex or the induced drag. The wingtip vortex has reduces the lift of the wing and
increase the fuel consumption of the plane.
Therefore, the design of winglet is to reduce the airflow at the wingtip by reducing the
pressure gradient at the tips of the wings(Real Engineering 2016). Winglet make it
harder for the air at the bottom to spill over and move it further away from the wing
surface. It's basically like a wall, the air can't just walk over to the top of the wing, it
has to climb over it if it wants to mingle with the low pressure air so badly(Nelson
2016).

Next, the application of forced vortex is the centrifugal pump. (Mecholic) claims that
forced vortex required a continuous supply of energy or extra torque to maintain the
flow. Thus, centrifugal pump is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical
energy into hydraulic energy using centrifugal force acting on the fluid is working on
the principle of forced vortex. The flow of liquid takes place in radial outward
direction which is reverse of the inward radial flow reaction turbine. It is used in
different areas where fluid is needed to raised from low level to high level (Mishra
2017).The rise in the pressure head of the rotating liquid at any point is directly
proportional to the square of the tangential velocity of the rotating liquid.
Mathematically
A centrifugal pump consists of a rotating section which consists of a shaft and
impeller and a fixed section which consists of a casing cover and bearings. The
impeller again connected with the shaft of an electric motor. Casing cover which
made on tuvalu curves is an air tight passage which surrounds the impeller. The
design of the casing is done in such a way that it is capable of converting the kinetic
energy of the water discharging from the outlet of the impeller into pressure energy
before it leaves the casing and enters into the delivery pipe(Learn Engineering 2013).

As the electric motor starts rotating, it also rotates the impeller. The rotation of the
impeller creates suction at the suction pipe. Due to suction created the water from the
sump starts coming to the casing through the eye of the impeller. From the eye of the
impeller, due to the centrifugal force acting on the water, the water starts moving
radially outward and towards the outer of casing. Since the impeller is rotating at high
velocity it also rotates the water around it in the casing. The area of the casing
increasing gradually in the direction of rotation, so the velocity of the water keeps on
decreasing and the pressure increases, at the outlet of the pump, the pressure is
maximum. Now form the outlet of the pump, the water goes to its desired location
through delivery pipe(Mishra 2017).

Conclusion:
The velocity of free vortex at certain radius obtain from the experiment is close to the
value of theoretical velocity.Throughout the experiment, the greater the radius of the
vortex, the smaller the velocity, thus, this has proven the equation of theoretical.
Besides, there is just a slight different value between theoretical force vortex surface
profile and experiment result. However, there is a huge bias when the radius is 50mm
with almost 46% of error percentage and this may cause by inappropriate adjustment
of the needle or move the needle unintentionally.
Recommendation:

(Amirul 2019) list that,

1)Repeat the experiment at least twice to get more accurate result.
2)Error might happen while taking the time for the number of revolutions since the
paddle that created the forced to the vortex is rotated at the fast rate and this is
difficult for us to get the accurate time. It is best to get the time average.
3)The velocity of water need to be constant to get the best result so the water flow
need to be adjust and be watched for the whole experiment.
4)Make sure that the needles touch the water surface accurately to get precise data to
be used in the further calculations.
5)Make sure that the apparatus is clean
6)Use long ruler and try to avoid parallex error.

Reference:
1) Chris, Woodford 2019,Airplanes,viewed on 22 June 2019,
<https://www.explainthatstuff.com/howplaneswork.html>.
2) Real Engineering 2016,Winglets - How Do They Work? (Feat. Wendover
Productions),viewed on 22 June 2019,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNqXf6t7e-w>.
3) Christian ,Nelson 2016,Why hasn't a wing been designed to stop wing tip vortices
effectively?, viewed on 22 June 2019,
<https://www.quora.com/Why-hasnt-a-wing-been-designed-to-stop-wing-tip-vortices-
effectively>.
4) Mecholic 2019,Free and Forced Vortex,viewed on 23 June 2019,
<https://www.mecholic.com/2015/10/free-and-forced-vortex-flow-comparison.html>.
5) Pankaj, Mishra 2017,Centrifugal Pump – Working Principle, Main Parts with
Application, viewed on 24 June 2019,
<https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2017/07/centrifugal-pump.html>.
6) Learn Engineering,2013,Centrifugal Pump Working, viewed on 24 June 2019,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiE8skW8btE>.
7) Amirul 2019,Free Force Vortex, viewed on 25 June 2019,
<https://www.scribd.com/doc/286789696/Free-Force-Vortex>.