Chapter 1 Units

Chapter 1
Units and Measurements
Hints and Solutions
∵ sin is dimensionless.
SECTION - A
 [LT–1] = [L]
Objective Type Questions
[] = [T–1]
1. Answer (1)
∵  is dimensionless.
EL2 ML2T 2 [ML2T 1]2 M 3L2 4T 22
 
5 2
M G 2
M 5 2L6T 4 k
M 5 M 1L3T 2  t  M 0L0T 0
m
E L2 k
5 2
 [M 0L0T 0 ]  Angle = [M0L0T0]  M LºT 1
M G m
2. Answer (2)
k  1  2  2 
 T   T 
∵ G  cx gy Pz ... (i) m 
M–1L3T–2  LxT–x LyT–2y MzL–zT–2z 5. Answer (4)
M–1 L3 T–2  Mz Lx + y – z T –x–2y–2z
m m
∵ Density d = 
z = – 1, –x–2y–2z = –2 and x + y – z = 3 V r 2l
 –x –2y = –4, x + y = 2 d m 2r l
  
on solving x = 0, y = 2 d m r l
So, from ...(i) d 0.038 2  0.005 0.06
  
G [C0 g2 P–1] d 1 0.5 6
3. Answer (3) d
%  3.8%  2%  1%
d
∵ n2u2 = n1u1
d
n u 1J 1 kg  m2 /s2 %  6.8%
n2  1 1   d
u2 u 2 10 kg (5m)2 /(20s)2
6. Answer (3)
8 32 ∵ IBL=F
n2   joule
5 20
F M LT 2 
4. Answer (4) B   M L0T 2 A 1 
IL AL
 K   [B] = M L0 T–2 T C–1T1
V =  A sin   t 

 m   [B] = [M L0 T–1C–1]
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2 Units and Measurements Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
7. Answer (4) 10. Answer (1)
v Reading = main scale reading + circular scale

F = A sin(BT) + reading.
C ln(dx )
Reading = 6 mm + circular scale divisions × L.C.
∵ sin(Bt) and ln(dx) are dimensionless.
[A] = [F]2  [A] = [MLT–2]  1 
Reading = 6 mm + 64    mm.
100 
v 
and    F   MLT 
2 Reading = 6 mm + 0.64 mm.
C 
Reading = 6.64 mm = 0.664 cm.
v
 MLT 2 11. Answer (3)
C
In 33.003 all digits are significant
v LT 1
C 2
 2
 M 1T  S.F. = 5.
MLT MLT
In 0.3003 first zero is insignificant.
Bt   M 0L0T 0   S.F. = 4.
B   M 0L0T 1 
 
In 3.3 × 10–3 power of 10 is not significant
 S.F. = 2.
 [A] = [MLT–2], B = [T–1] and [C] = [M–1 T]
12. Answer (2)
8. Answer (4)
∵ Momentum p = mv = 4.526 × 6.
4 2
a b p = 27.156.
y
c1/3 d 4/3
Final answer should be in minimum significant
y a b 1 c 4 d Figures which is three in given data.
%4 %2 % % %
y a b 3 c 3 d  p = 27.2 kg m/s.
1 4 13. Answer (2)
 42  23  4  5
3 3 ∵ n2u2 = n1u1
y
 8%  6%  8%  22% n1u1 8.85  1012 [M 1L3T 4 A2 ]
y n2   1
u2 M  2
 2   4L   2T  2 2 A 
3 4
 
9. Answer (4)
 
L.C. = 1 MSD – 1 VSD n2 = 2.21 × 10–12
∵ 20 VSD = 12 MSD
SECTION - B
12 3 3
 1 VSD   MSD  mm Assertion-Reason Type Questions
20 5 5
14. Answer (1)
[∵ 1 MSD = 1 mm]
Precision means resolution. More resolution
3 represents more digits or more significant figures.
1 VSD = mm and 1 MSD = 1 mm.
5 15. Answer (4)
3
So, L.C. = 1 mm – mm I
5 ∵ Time period T = 2  moment of
MB
2 inertia
L.C. = mm = 0.4 mm.
5  Given expression is incorrect.

Chapter 2
Motion in a Straight Line
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A displacement
average velocity v1 =
time
v 0 a1t1 a2 t 2
1. Answer (3) v1 =  
2 2 2
Motion is under gravity
a1t1a2 t 2
 Velocity will vary linearly or v1 
2
 Slope of (s–t) curve will vary so when body will So option (1), (2) and (3) are correct.
move up. 3. Answer (2)
Velocity will decrease hence (s–t) curve slope
da
will decrease and when body will come down ∵  2   da   2dt
slope will increase. Distance by the body will dt
increase. dv
 a  2t
dt
s
 dv   2t dt
ds t2
 v  2  t2
dt 2
T T t s   ds   t 2dt
2
3
Note : If displacement -time graph then option (1). t3 
s  s = 32 = 9 m
2. Answer (1)  3 0
v0 = a1t1 = a2t2 4. Answer (2)
a 2 a
∵ s  ut  t  0  t2
v0 2 2
For a1 = 8g & t = t1 For a2 = 2g & t = t2
8g 2 2g 2
s1  t1 s2  t2
2 2
t1 t2 t
∵ s1 = s2  t2 = 2t1 & t1 = t2 – t = 2t1 – t
displacement = area under (v – t) curve t1 = t & t2 = 2t
1 v1 = u + at1 = 0 + 8gt & v2 = 0 + 2g (2t) = 4gt
= (t +t ) v
2 1 2 0 v1 – v2 = 4gt = v
4 Motion in a Straight Line Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
u
alift = a 2
a(m/s )
g
10
w.r.t lift:-
ur = u, ar = g + a 12
t(s)
∵ Time of flight (T) :- 4 8
2ur 2u
t = T = a  (g  a ) acceleration is +ve upto 8 sec
r
2u  velocity will increase upto 8 sec

g+a=
t  maximum will be at t = 8 sec
2u  gt 1
a= vmax = v = × 8 × 10
t 2
6. Answer (1) vmax = 40 m/s
x C
D 10. Answer (2)
v
A B vdv
a   vdv   adx = Area
dx
t v i
For AB section acceleration is positive and for CD

vf 2  vi 2
section acceleration is negative. = Area
2
So a = b – ct represents given graph
vf 2  vi 2 1
For AB  acceleration is positive = 0.16+ × 0.4 × 0.2 + 0.08 + 0.2 × 0.6
2 2
For CD  acceleration is negative
7. Answer (2) vf 2  vi 2
= 0.40
2
Average velocity Vav  t2
vf2 = 0.8 + vi2
dv
 a= = 2 kt vf2 = 0.8 + 0.64
dt
 at vf2 = 1.44
8. Answer (3) vf = 1.2 m/s
v
11. Answer (2)
b (i) Relative acceleration in horizontal direction is

zero. So relative velocity in horizontal direction
a t
is zero because ball is projected upward.
ab   1  1  (ii) Relative acceleration in horizontal direction is
Area A   
2 2 2 non-zero and net acceleration is in different
 direction from velocity. So path should be
Displacement = distance = 1 A = parabolic.
2
Distance (iii) Initial horizontal direction of ball is zero so ball
vmean = will fall behind to the man.
Time
 (iv) With respect to ground net acceleration will be
vmean = m/s always non zero. So path will be parabolic.
4
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Motion in a Straight Line 5
(i) When both balls are in air their relative dx
acceleration is zero. So graph of relative ∵ At maxima or minima =0
dt
separation and time will be a straight line.
(ii) When ball will be in air and second at ground t 3 5t 2
∵ x=   6t  2 ...(i)
then relative acceleration is non zero. So graph 3 2
of relative separation and time will be a
dx
parabolic according to second equation of  t 2  5t  6  0
motion. dt
(iii) Because relative velocity finally will be negative t = 2, t = 3
and increasing. So option (4) is correct.
d2x
13. Answer (2)  2t  5
dt 2
(i) First acceleration is increasing so slope of
velocity-time graph should increase. d2x
At t = 2   0  maxima
(ii) In second section acceleration is decreasing dt 2
so slope of velocity-time graph should also
decrease. d2x
At t = 3   0  minima
(iii) Because area of acceleration and time dt 2
continuously increases. So speed should  At t = 2 s from (i)
increase/ So correct option is (2).
20
14. Answer (2) xmax. = m
3
For particle P
at t = 3s from (i)
u=0 2 2
x
x m/s 2x m/s
A B C
t t
For AB For BC
1 2 1
S1 = 0  xt S2 = ( xt )t  (2 x )t 2 t
2 2 2 3
xt 2
S1 = S2 = 2xt2 13
2 xminimum =
2
5 2
SAC = S1 + S2 = xt So option is (1)
2
For particle Q 16. Answer (4)
u=0 2 2
2x m/s x m/s v
M N O
v0
t t
For MN For NO
1 1 2
S1 = O  (2 x )t 2 S2 = (2 xt )t  xt
2 2 1 2
O t
7 2 t1 t2
SMO = S1 + S2 = xt
2
 SR > SP For t1
6 Motion in a Straight Line Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
v0 v SECTION - B
tan1 =  = t  t1 = 0
1  Assertion-Reason Type Questions
For t2 17. Answer (1)
a
v0 v ∵ a < 0 & v < 0  Speed will increase
t2 =
 v a v < 0 & a > 0  Speed will decrease
v0 v0 18. Answer (3)
t1 + t2 = T = 
  Acceleration can also change the direction of
velocity when it is opposite to velocity.

v0 = T 19. Answer (4)
(  )
For uniform acceleration
Net distance d = Area (v/t)
v2 = u2 + 2ax
1  So graph between velocity and position is
d= .Tv 0  T2
2 2(    ) parabolic.
20. Answer (1)
∵ ==a
vf – vi = Area (a/t)
a2 2
 d= T [vf – 0]max = [A]
t  3t0
4a t0
1 1
4d [vf]maximum = t0 a0  t0 a0  t0 a0
T= 2 2
a
= t0a0

Chapter 3
Motion in Plane
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A
A C
1. Answer (1)
B

C B A C  B

C BA
A BC  0

C  4iˆ  2 jˆ  4kˆ
A 3. Answer (1)
2. Answer (2) B t=0
h
t = T/2
A 37° h
A C t=0
120 m
For particle A :
u 2 sin 2
B ∵ R=  240 m
g
By triangle law : R
  120 m
2
B C  A
T 2u sin  / g
 3s
C  AB 2 2
For particle B :
C  2iˆ  2 jˆ  4kˆ  6iˆ
g 2
h  ut  t
C  4iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ 2
8 Motion in a plane Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS

10 2  OA  OB  OC  OD
h 0 (3)
2
 OC  BC  OC  OC  OB
h = 45 m
 3OC  OB  BC 
 h = 90 – h

h = 45m = 3OC  OC   2OC
4. Answer (4)
= 2[OC ]  4OP
E D 6. Answer (4)

If | P |  | Q |  a then | R |  2 a

O ∵ P  (Q  R )
F C
P 2  Q 2  R 2  2QR cos 
a2  a2  2a2  2 2 a2 cos 
A B
1
cos       135º
2
∵ AF  AB  BC  CD  DE  EF
7. Answer (3)
∵ AB  DE & BC  EF
| AB| | AB|
AF  CD
A2 + B2 + 2AB cos = A2 + B2 – 2AB cos

AE  AB  BC  CD  DE 4ABcos 

∵ AB  DE cos 
 = 90º
AE  BC  CD
8. Answer (1)
AD  AB  BC  CD & AC  AB  BC

 AB  AC  AD  AE  AF E
a sin( +)
= 3 AB  3BC  3CD
B ( +) C
= 3  AB  BC  CD  a
R = b R
= 3 AD  3  2 AO  b b sin( + )


= 6 AO O R = a A (+) D
 n=6 In right angle triangle
5. Answer (1) ODC :
D C b sin(  )
sin  =
R
P R sin 
R = b =
sin(  )
In right angle triangle
OEC
O=A B
a sin(  )
OA  0 sin=
R
OB  OC  BC R sin 
R= a =
OD  OC  DC  OC  OB sin(  )
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Motion in a plane 9
9. Answer (3)
(a.b )b
a| | 
a  b  c  a2  b2  2ab cos   c 2 b2
By triangle law :-
∵ a=b=c=x
a| |  a  a
1 120º
cos    –b a  a  a||
2 60º a

= 120º –b (a.b )b
a  a 
b2
s ab
13. Answer (3)
s 2  a2  b2  2ab cos 
1
 1 ∵ Area of triangle = | a  b | ...(1)
s  x  x  2x    
2 2 2 2
2
 2
a & b are sides of triangle
s2 = 3x2
a  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ, b  4iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ .
s= 3 x  6 3 unit ∵ x= 6 unit
iˆ ˆj kˆ
10. Answer (3)
ab  2 3 4  3 iˆ  6 ˆj  6 kˆ
Triangle law must be valid for zero resultant and for 4 3 5
the formation of triangle sum of length of any two

sides must be greater than third side but in given
| a  b |= 9

problem | a |  | b |  | c | .  from ...(1)
So triangle cannot be formed & resultant can never 9
Area =
be zero. 2
14. Answer (3)
11. Answer (2)
t=0
u1 u2
∵ a.b  ab cos 
A B

a.b
 cos 
ab r1 r2
(4iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ ).(3iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ )

 cos 
50  50
t=t t=t
r2/1
25 1 v2
 cos    v1
50 2 At t = t
 = 120º
v1  u1iˆ  gtjˆ & v 2  u2 iˆ  gtjˆ
tan 120º = tan ( – 60º)
∵ v 1.v 2  0   u1u2  g 2 t 2  0
= –tan 60º
u1u2 12
=– 3 t  s
g 10
12. Answer (2) g g
∵ r1  u1tiˆ  t 2 and r2  u2 tiˆ  t 2
2 2

a r2/1  r2  r1  (u2  u1 )tiˆ
a

  distance d = r2/1  (u2  u1 )t
a|| b
12
(a.b )  b  = (4  3) 
∵ a| |  a cos bˆ    10
b b = 2.4 m
N

3  / 2 3  / 2
v Man  viˆ v Wind/Man  vjˆ j
rf  ri   vdt   u0 dtiˆ   b cos( t )dtjˆ
0 0
∵ v Wind/Man  v Wind  v Man
i
 3   3 
rf  0  u0   iˆ  b sin   ˆj v Wind  v Wind/Man  v Man E
2
  2

v Wind  vjˆ  viˆ
3
2
 3u0 
rf    b
2
∵ sin  1
 2  2
v Wind  v 2
16. Answer (4)
In given diagram velocities in its components w.r.t. N v 2
v
ground
uy1 uy2
ux1 ux2 v E
In given diagram components of velocities of

 Direction is along N-E.
particle 2 w.r.t 1.
C 19. Answer (1)
14 2
[u2/1]y =
d M 2 2 Let’s assume velocity of rain w.r.t. ground is

A
N 
B v r  v x iˆ  v y ˆj .....(i)
14 2
[u2/1]x = +
2 2
Velocity of Man v Man  6iˆ
in  BNM :-

u2/1 y 12 3 v r / Man  (v x  6)iˆ  v y ˆj
tan  =  
u2/1 x 16 4
∵

v r / Man is in vertical direction.
 = 37º
 vx – 6 = 0  vx = 6 km/h
d
In ACB :- sin =  d  AB sin  In second case
AB
3 vMan = 12 iˆ
= 60   36 m
5
 v r /Man  (v x  12)iˆ  v y ˆj
17. Answer (3)
∵  = 37º is the angle from vertical
For minimum time swimmer must move
perpendicular to flow of river.
v x  12  6  12 6
VM/r = Velocity of man w.r.t river tan 37º =  
vy vy vy
Vr = Velocity of river
3 6
d = Width of river   v y  8 km/h
4 vy
vr
6 3
d vM/r from ...(i) v s  6iˆ  8 jˆ  tan   
8 4
A
Where  is angle of v r from vertical.
d 1
t   15 minute
vM /r 4  = 37º & v r  10 km/h
20. Answer (3) 1
2  2 sin2  2
d  u cos = u  u 2 cos2 
5 2
For downstream  t1  v 
Boat  v river
Squaring both side
d
For upstream  t 2  v 2  u 2 sin2  
Boat  v river u2 cos2  = 5   u 2 cos2 
 2 
d
v Boat  v river  ...(i) tan2  = 3 tan = 3 = 60º
t1
23. Answer (3)
d
v Boat  v river  ...(ii)
t2 usin
t= g
(i) + (ii)
 t1  t 2  d hm
2 vBoat = d  
 t1 t 2  t =0 R/2
In still water
2
d d R
∵ d =     hm 
2
t= 
v Boat d  t1  t 2  2
 
 
2  t1 t 2 
2u 2 sin  cos 
∵ R=
2 t1t 2 2  4  8 16 g
t = t t  48  3 h
1 2 and
21. Answer (4)
u 2 sin2 
Vertical component v1 is v1sin1 hm =
2g
Vertical component v2 is v2sin2
u 2 sin  1
∵ v1 sin1 = v2 sin2 ...(i)  d= 1  3 cos2   2
2g
Range for v1,
1
2(v1 cos 1 )(v1 sin 1 ) d u
 1  3 cos2   2
R1 =
g
,  Average velocity vm = u sin  2
g
For v2,
24. Answer (1)
2(v 2 cos 2 )(v 2 sin 2 )
R2 =
g v sin30º
R1 v1 cos 1 sin 2 cos 1 tan 2 v C

    usin
 R2 v 2 cos 2 sin 1 cos 2 tan 1 B t = 3s
usin
u t = 2s v cos30º
22. Answer (2)

For half of maximum height A
t =0 ucos
 h  (u sin ) 2
v y2  (u sin )2  2g  max.  
 2  2 For A  B
Along vertical axis :
u sin 
 vy = & vx = u cos v sin30º = usin – g × 2 ...(i)
2
1 As v cos30º = u cos
 u 2 sin2  2
 v= v x2  v y2    u 2 cos2  u cos 
 2  v = cos 30º
From (i) 28. Answer (1)
u cos 
2
aNet  aradial
2
 atangential
2
= u sin– 2g ...(ii)
3 2
 102 
(100)2     (60)
2
T u sin   r 
As 3  u sin= 3g ...(iii)
2 g
10 4
 From (iii) 104 – 3600 =
r2
u cos  10 4
 3g  2g  g 6400 =
3 r2
104 102
u cos= 3g ...(iv) r2   r 
6400 80
From (iii) & (iv)  squaring and adding u2 = 12g2 r = 1.25 m
 u = 20 3 m/s 29. Answer (3)
25. Answer (1) ∵ v  s
 2 
2 vdv  2
 s 
∵ acentripetal = r2 = r  atangential =
ds 2 s 2
T 
∵ T = constant v 2  2s
aradial = 
R R
acentripetal  r
2 2
[aC ]1   2s    2 
R  anet     
  R   2 
ac 2 r
26. Answer (2) 1 s2

anet   2 
∵ Force F provides centripetal force 4 R2
30. Answer (1)
mv 2 k
 
r r
∵ ac = krt2
 v  r0
v2
27. Answer (3)  krt 2
r
∵ aradial  t
v2
v  rt k
t
r dv
at  at angential  r k
dt
v  t [∵ r is constant]
 aNet  ac2  at2

dv d t

dt dt at
aNet
dv
 t 1/ 2  a  v
tangential t
–1/2
dt
ac
1/ 2 2
 aradial  a2
 t t  ac
tan  = a  t k
tangential 2
t
aradial  atangential
2
 t0
 = tan–1  k t2 
31. Answer (1) Along y-axis
400 40 a 2
∵ f = 2f = 2   rad/s s  ut  t
60 3 2
10 g 2
i = H 0 t
3 2
∵ f = i + t
2H
40 10 t
  t g
3 3
Along x-axis
30
   300 R=u×t
3
 2H
 rad/s2 nH = u 
30 g

∵ tangential = r = 0.5  gH
30 u= n
2
t   m/s2 Along y-axis:
60
32. Answer (4) v y2  uy2  2as  0  2gH
In non uniform circular motion v y2  2gH
1. when speed is increasing angle between
 At pont A :-
velocity and acceleration  is 0º  a.v  0
2. When speed is decreasing v  u 2  2gH

 = 180º  a.v  0 gH
 n2  2gH
33. Answer (1) 2
dv
∵ Tangential acceleration at =  4t  n2 
dt v    2 gH
 2 
v2
Centripetal acceleration ac =  4t 4 35. Answer (2)
r
uy = 20 m/s
ac
tan  = tan 45º  a
t
ux = 20 m/s
at
a Com = H
 v
vx = 20 m/s
ac
at = ac vy v
4t = 4t4  t = 1s Along y-axis
34. Answer (3) v y2  uy2  2ay s
y
v y2  (20)2  2  10  60
u
v y2  1600 & vx = ux = 20 m/s
H = hm
 v  v y2  v y2
A u
x v  2000
R = nH
vy v v  20 5 m/s
36. Answer (4)
SECTION - B
2
u cos
Assertion - Reason Type Questions
u ac = g
i
= 
38. Answer (3)
1
 ac
1. In non uniform circular motion angle between
g velocity and acceleration become acute angle
for increasing speed.
At point 1 2. In non uniform circular motion angle becomes
obtuse angle for decreasing speed.
radius of curvature R1
39. Answer (4)
u2
R1 = v2
g cos  ∵ Radius of curvature R =
g cos 
Where  is angle of velocity from horizontal
v is velocity and angle  from horizontal both
At point 2 change so radius of curvature also changes.
(u cos )2 40. Answer (1)
R2 
g Triangle can be formed in a plane only. Therefore
three unequal vector must be along sides of triangle
u 2 cos2  in same order.
R2 
g 41. Answer (3)
R2 C
  cos3 
R1
u2 CA BC
R1 
g cos 
37. Answer (2) AB
B
∵ v = kt A
OA
dv
atangential = at = k OB
dt
O
∵ at = k = r In triangle ABC
k
= AB  BC  CA  0
r In triangle OAB
 2
∵  = t  t OA  AB  OB
2
AB  OB  OA
=0
AB  b  a
k 2
2n= t 42. Answer (4)
2r

∵ a  b  c  0, a  3, b  5, c  7,
4n r
t2=
k a  b  c
∵ v = k t2
2 2
a 2  b2  2 a  b cos   c 2 .....(i)
v2 = 4nkr
 2 
v2 32 + 52 + 23 × 5 × cos   = c2
 ac =  4n k  3 
r
29 = c2  c  7
 anet = a a
2
c
2
t So assertion is wrong from ...(1) reason is also
wrong because cos  may be positive, negative
anet = 162 n 2 k 2  k 2 and zero.
43. Answer (1) tan 
tan  =
In horizontal direction the component of 2
acceleration due to gravity is zero so acceleration 
in horizontal direction is zero. tan  =  tan   2
4
44. Answer (3)  = tan–1(2)
A ∵ Average velocity for same angle is u cos.
u cos 
u   cos 
hm u

 ∵ –1  cos  1
O R/2 B  Reason is wrong.
In triangle OAB :- 45. Answer (1)
∵ At highest point velocity is ucos
u 2 sin 2 
hm 2 mu 2 cos2 
tan  =  2 So kinetic energy is k =
R u 2 sin  cos  2
2 2g  k  cos2 

Chapter 4
Laws of Motion
Hints and Solutions
If t = 2s  F = 20 N
SECTION - A
 K=5
From (ii)
1. Answer (1)
F = 5t2
Newton’s laws are valid only in inertial frame.
from (i)
2. Answer (3)
2
 5t 3 
∵ Impulse = Pf – Pi =  Fdt  Area (F  t ) 2
Impulse =  5t dt   2

0  3 0
1
m[Vf  Vi ]   T0  F0  (3T0  2T0 )  F0 40
2  kg m/s
3
F0T0 3
m[Vf  0]   F0T0  F0T0 40
2 2  N-s
3
3F0T0
Vf  6. Answer (2)
2m
3. Answer (4) v sin
u cos
∵ Impulse = P  2mV1  Area (F  t ) v 
1 
2mV   T  F0
2 u sin

4mV V vcos
F0 
T

4. Answer (4)  I  P  2mV sin 
Resultant of action and reaction can not be zero For particle 1 I1 = 2mv sin 60°
because they act on different bodies.
For particle 2 I2 = 2mv sin 45°
5. Answer (2)
I1 sin60 3 3
∵ Impulse =  Fdt ...(i)    
I2 sin 45 2  1 2
∵ F = kt2 ...(ii) 2
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Laws of Motion 17
–3 –0
7. Answer (1) 4 × 10 [4 m/s ] = F × 8
2 × 10–3 = F
dr
∵ v  3iˆ  4 sin t jˆ
dt F = 0.002 N

dv 11. Answer (3)
a  0  4cos t ˆj
dt ∵ FNet = mNet × a

F  ma  12cos t ˆj F
a
 /2
5m
 /2
∵ I   Fdt  12 cos t dt ˆj  12  sin t 0 ˆj
0 FBD of D and E
 a
I  12sin ˆj  12 ˆj NS Contact force FN D E
2
8. Answer (4) 2F  m
FN  2m  a 
5m
u sin u
2F
FN 
 5
u cos
u cos 
u F
Resultant force on each mass is m  a 
u sin  5
12. Answer (3)

∵ Pf  mu cos  iˆ  mu sin  ˆj
y

Pi  mu cos  iˆ  mu sin  ˆj F
P

P  Pf  Pi   2mu sin  jˆ l
T l
T sin  Tsin 

P  2mv sin  [∵ u  v ] O  
1 x x 2
 x
T cos
∵ P  F  t  mg  T
9. Answer (3) At point P net force along y-axis is zero

In rocket propulsion So 2T sin  = F
Vdm F
F  ma   mg T  ...(i)
dt 2 sin 
dm For one mass
500  20  103   500  10
dt
T cos = ma
dm
15  103  103  F
dt a Along x - axis
2m tan 
dm F
 15 kg/s a
dt
l 2  x2
2m
10. Answer (2) x
∵ P = Fxt
Fx
a
m[Vf – Vi] = Fx t 2m l 2  x 2
18 Laws of Motion Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
13. Answer (4) v cos – 4 = 0
FNet F 4 10
Acceleration a   v 
mNet 4  1  5 cos  cos 60
30 v = 20 m/s
a  3 m/s2
10 16. Answer (1)
FBD For m2: a
a
M2 T2
30°
T2 = m2a = 5 × 3 = 15 N
v cos 30° M1
FBD for half section and m2: 30°
v
M2 T1
At any instant t = t
 1 Along the string vrelative = 0
T1   m2    a
 2 v cos 30° – 4 = 0
 1 11
T1   5    a   3 u
 2 2 v
cos30
33
T1   16.5 N v  2u / 3
2
14. Answer (3) 20 400
v  m/s
3 3
Because net work by internal forces is zero so net
work by tension is zero. 17. Answer (1)
T3 sin  T
a1 3
T
4 kg T2 cos 45° 
M2 T 3 cos
45° B
T2
T1 m2 g
45° T2
45°
T T1 sin 45° A T2 cos 45°
8 kg a2
M1
W1 = T × 4a1 At point A:
W2 = –T × 8a2
FNet  0
 WNet = W1 × W2 = 0
T2 cos 45° = T1 sin45°
T × 4a1 – T × 8a2 = 0
T2 = T1 ...(i)
a1 = 2a2
and 2T2 cos45° = m1g
15. Answer (4)
m1g
Relative velocity along the string is zero. T2 
2
At point B
v T3cos = T2cos45°
vcos 
T2
u T3 cos  
2
M
m1g
Along the string T3 cos   ...(ii)
2
T3 sin = m2g + T2 sin45° 19. Answer (1)
T2
T3 sin   m2g  ...(iii)
2
m1g
T3 sin   m2g 
2 M 2M
(iii)/(ii)
h A g h gh
h V  2  
2m2 3 2 3
tan   1  2
m1 B
18. Answer (3) FNet 2mg  mg g

a  
mNet 2m  m 3
T 1cos1
y
A  B [After cutting]
T1
1
T1sin 1 h g gh g 2
M A
x S  Vt  t 2  t t
T2 sin 2
2 2 3 2
T
mg 2 2 gh
T2 cos 2 gt 2  2 t h 0
T2cos2 T2 2 3
M F 2 gh 4 gh h
T 2 sin 2 B t   
mg 3 2g 3g
h
For block B: t [ 4  1]
3g
Fx = 0
20. Answer (3)
F = T2 sin2 = mg (i) Figure (1)
Fy = 0 [FNet ] external 2mg  mg g
a1   
T2cos2 = mg ...(ii) MNet 3m 3
Figure (2)
(i)/(ii) and (i)2 + (ii)2
tan 2  1 T22  2 mg
2 mg
T = 2 mg
T2  2 mg
M
For block A:
mg
T2 sin2 = T1 sin1 2mg – mg = ma
mg = T1 sin 1 ...(iii) a2 = g
21. Answer (2)
T1cos1 = mg + T2cos2
With respect to s frame
T1cos1 = mg + mg
aNet  a2  a 20
T1cos1 = 2mg ...(iv)
(iii)2 + (iv)2 a
m a0
T12 = 5 mg
Magnitude of pseudo force
1 = mass of object × acceleration of non inertial frame
T1  5mg and tan 1 
2 = ma0

22. Answer (4) ∵ am1 /Pully  am1  aPulley

am1  am /Pulley  aPulley
A m FPseudo
  ajˆ  a0 ˆj
FP cos + mgsin
 2.2 ˆj  1jˆ


am1   1.2 ˆj m/s2 [downward]
B
Similarly f or m2
maNet = FNet = macos + mgsin
am2 /Pulley  am2  aPulley
aNet = acos + gsin

t2 am2  3.2 m/s2 [upward]
L  (a cos   g sin ) 
2 24. Answer (4)
2L 2L m1 m2
t 
aNet a cos   g sin  5 kg 10 kg F = 30 N
23. Answer (3) For m2

F.B.Q. w.r.t Pully [ flimiting ] = m2g = 0.4 × 100 = 40 N
g and Fapplied = 30 N < flimiting
a0 
10 Block remains at rest and no tension in string so
applied force on m1 is zero, therefore friction m1 is
T zero.
M2 a 25. Answer (1)
T
F P = m2a0 N
m2g
f limiting
M1
mgcos
m1 g
∵ flimiting = N
FP = m1a0
flimiting = mgcos
[a is acceleration of block w.r.t pulley]
For m1: flimiting  cos
m1(g + a0) – T = m1a f
11g fsmax
m1   T  m1a ...(i)
10
For m2: 
26. Answer (2)
 g 
T  m2  g    m2a
 10  F sin F
N
11g 
T  m2   m2a ...(ii) Fcos
10 m
(i) + (ii) fL =  N
mg
11g
(m1  m2 )   (m1  m2 )a ∵ N = mg – Fsin
10
Fcos = N
2  11g
 10a Fcos = mg – Fsin
10
mg
22 F
a  2.2 m/s2 cos    sin 
...(i)
10
For minimum F  denominator should be maximum 28. Answer (2)
y = cos + sin 3 kg
dy f =  × 3g
  sin    cos   0
d u=0
A 2 kg b=4 m
tan     2  1 2g
 FNet 2g  3g

a 
mNet 5
1
a = 1.6 m/s2

 sin  
For A  B
2  1
a 2
1 S  ut  t
cos   2
2  1
4 = 0 + 0.8t2
from (i)
t 5s
mg
Fminimum   50 3 29. Answer (3)
1  2
F sin
F
27. Answer (3) N

M1 M2
N
 F 3 m1 g f = 0.4 × 30
 fL   = 12 N M3
F = 2t = 8 N  2 
 = 0.2 50 N
2g
fL = N
At t = 4s
=  [m1g – Fsin]
 Limiting friction
 F
fL  0.4  20  
fL =  × N  2
fL = 0.2 × 2g   F  F 3
FNet  50  0.4  20      12
Applied force will be equal to limiting friction at   2 2 
t = 2 s at t = 4 s
F 3
F=8N mNet × a = 30 + 0.2F 
2
 2t – 4 = ma
F 3
(2 + 3 + 5) × a = 30 + 0.2F –
dv 2
a t 2
dt
F 3
20 = 30 + 0.2F 
v 4 4 2
0 dv  2 t dt  22 dt
 0.4  3 
2
4 F   10
t   2 
v     2[t ]24
 2 2
 200 
F N
v = 2 m/s 10 3  4 
For upward motion Because minimum value of F to make the block (B)
a = (g sin + g cos) mg
in motion is Fmin 
2s cos    sin 
tUP 
g sin   g cos  F
A B
For downward 
M M
gsin –gcos= a
In this given force block is at rest. So tension in
Similarly string is zero.
2s 34. Answer (3)
tdown 
g sin   g cos 
N
1
 tup  tdown T
2 M N
T
1 1 1 [ f2]1
  mg [ f2]2 M
g sin   g cos  4 (g sin   g cos )
5 mg sin 
tan    mgcos
3 
3
 tan 
5 [f2]1 = mg and [f2]2 = mg cos
3 At equilibrium for mass m:
 [  30]
5 Along the incline
31. Answer (3)

For upward motion FNet  0
v2 = u2 + 2aS mg sin  = T + mg cos  ...(i)
2
u At equilibrium for mass m
S ...(i)
2[g sin   g cos ]
T = [fL]1 = mg ...(ii)
For downward motion
Solving (i) and (ii)
v2
S mgsin = Mg + mgcos
2(g sin   g cos )
From (i) and (ii) mg[sin –cos] = Mg
u2sin – u2 cos = v2sin+ v2cos m 


[u – v ] sin  =  cos  [u + v ]
2 2 2 2
M [sin    cos ]
[u 2  v 2 ] 35. Answer (1)

  tan 
[u 2  v 2 ]
32. Answer (3) mv 2
r
0 < F1 – F2  2mg
F1  2mg + F2
If F2 = 0, F1  2mg
For block F
F2 = f1 + T matangential
FNet
T = f2
Option (1), (2) and (4) are wrong. FNet = fLimiting = mg
 mv 2 
2 mv 2
2 F sin   ...(i)
   (ma )  mg r
 R 
Fcos = mg ...(ii)
2
 mv 2  2 2 (i)/(ii)
   (ma )  (mg )
 R 
v2
4 tan  
v rg
  2g 2  a 2 
R2
v2
tan  
v  [(2g 2  a2 )R 2 ]1/4 rg
36. Answer (2) 34.3 34.3

∵ v m/s and r 
N co s 22 2
N

B (34.3 / 22)2
tan  
N sin  34.3
 9.8
mg 22
h = 1.2 m 2
7
 tan = 1
A
 = 45°
∵  is much smaller
38. Answer (1)
 sin  tan 
A
1.2
tan   ...(i) l
8 
T T cos
Along x-axis

mv 2 r B
N sin   ...(ii) O
r M
T sin 
Along y-axis
mg
Ncos = mg ...(iii) M
(ii)/(iii) For small mass M: Tsin = mr2
v2 Tsin = mr (2f )2
tan  
rg Tsin = mr42f 2 ...(i)
from (i) For large mass M:
T = Mg ...(ii)
v 2 1.2
 (i)/(ii)
rg 8
v  60  7.7 m/s mr 42f 2

sin  
Mg
37. Answer (2)
In AOB:
For bending of cyclist
r
 Fcos sin  
F
2l
r mr 42f 2
 
 l Mg
Fsin 1 Mg
f 
mg 2 ml
44. Answer (2)
SECTION - B
• A component of contact force acting on person
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
provides a centripetal force
39. Answer (3)
• In a car person experiences a force in the outward
Change in momentum is produced by product of force direction due to inertia of direction
and time.
• Centripetal force is considered with respect to
40. Answer (3) inertial frame.
Change in velocity depends on force and pressure 45. Answer (4)
not velocity
• Force of friction may be less than limiting
41. Answer (4) value.
On a straight road velocity is uniform so acceleration • Force of friction is not always equal to limiting
is zero therefore it is a inertial frame. value of static friction.
42. Answer (2)
46. Answer (1)
43. Answer (1)
• To increase the speed the limiting friction is
• Friction helps in the motion of a car insufficient on level road.
• Coefficient of friction depends on smoothness of • If roads are banked a component of normal
surface. provides centripetal force.

Chapter 5
Work, Energy and Power
Hints and Solutions
∵ Displacement of Box w.r.t ground is d.

SECTION - A
  
∵ SB/T = SB – ST
1. Answer (2) Displacement of trolley
(m1  m2 ) g Displacement
∵ Acceleration a  g   2m / s2 of box
(m1  m2 ) 5
Displacement
a of Box w.r.t trolley
∵ S  ut  t 2
2
∵ SB  SB /T  ST
2
S  0 + (0.2)2  0.04m ar 2 aT 2
2 SB = 0  t  t
2 2
∵ Direction of motion of 2kg is upward.
2 3
 W = – mgS   (2)2   (2)2
2 2
= – 20 × 0.04 SB = 10 m
= – 0.8J  Work = FSB = 28 × 10 = 280 J.
F.B.D. of box w.r.t trolley. In parabolic trajectory y = 2x 2 satisfies the

coordinates (1, 2).
2
(ar = 2 m) s y
F  F  2 xyiˆ  x 2 jˆ  4 x 3 iˆ  jˆ
4 kg 2
FP
f  W   F .(dxiˆ  dyjˆ)
F – FP – f = mar.
1 2 y
  4 x 3dx   dy
F – [MB × aTrolley] – mg = mar. 0 0 2
FP is pseudo force. W = 1 + 1 = 2J
F – 12 – 8 = 4 × 2 4. Answer (3)
Because there is slowly pulling. So acceleration is
F = 28 N.
zero and change in kinetic energy is zero.
26 Work, Energy and Power Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
By work-energy theorem K = 0 = mgl sin– mgl (1 – cos)
K = Wgravity + Wfriction + Wexternal ...(i) 
90º sin – (1 – cos) = 0
∵ Wg =  mgR, Wf  – mg R  sin  d 
0
  
2sin cos  2sin2  0
=
90
– mgR  – cos 0 2 2 2
 
tan  1   45º  max  90º
N 2 2
2nd method:
F
F.B.D. at equilibrium
mg
[At point P]

 T cos
Wg = – 2J ∵ dl = Rd
||

Wf = –1J 45º T
K = 0 from P mg
& ... (i) m
m
0 = – 2 – 1 + Wexternal
V = 0 T sin
Wexternal = 3J
5. Answer (4) mg

Position radius vector is r  x iˆ  yjˆ ...(i) ∵ T sin = mg
& T cos = mg
x 2  y 2  a2
∵ tan = 1
 Given force becomes.
 = 45º
K
F  3 [ x i  yj ] ...(ii) = 2 = 90º
a
 maximum
Y (o,a)
dl Because amplitude of angular displacement is two
(x,y) times of angular displacement at equilibrium.
 =a
r (a,o) 7. Answer (2)
X
O Air drag is arranged to be resistive force.
Buoyancy = 0 By work energy theorem
U = 2g
From (i) and (ii), F is parallel to radius vector.
ΔK = Wgravity + Wair
Displacement vector is given by dl which is A
m
 
2
perpendicular to r and F . O 2g = –mghmax + Wair ..(i)
2
 F . dl  F dl cos90º  0 mg f = d
6. Answer (2)  d
∵ geffective = g  
1st method:  m 
∵ K = Wg + W
 
2
U2 2g g
For maximum :  hmax =  
2g effective  d  d
2 g   g  m 
Kf = 0 = Ki = 0  m  
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Work, Energy and Power 27
 From equation (i) By work energy theorem
 g  729
0  mg  mg   Wair W  K  J
d  8
g  
 m 11. Answer (2)
 g  By work energy theorem
mg  1   Wair
d W = K = Fdx = Area (F/x).
 g 
 m
m 2 1  1 
mgd Vf  Vi 2    4  4  2  2   1 2
  Wair 2 2  2 
mg  d
11  2
8. Answer (4) Vf  4   11
2
By Work - Energy theorem
Vf2  4  2  Vf  6 m/s
Kf – Ki = K = Wfriction + Wspring
12. Answer (3)
m 2 k dv
0 V  mgs  x 2 ∵ f  ma  mv  kx 2
2 2 dx
mV 2 1 mVdv = kx2dx
 0.1 0.18  10  0.06   2x(0.06)2
2 2 mv 2 kx 3
V2 = 0.16 m/s2 
2 2

m 2 m
∵ W  K  [V  02 ]  V 2 .
V = 0.4 m/s 2 2
dx dU
V = a x By Work-Energy theorem ∵   F  ax.
dt dx
dx
  adt K = W
 dU    ax dx
x
ax 2
m 2 U
Vf  Vi 2   W 2
2 x  at 2 
Graph is parabolic
 2 
a 2t 2 m   a 2t 
  0   W
2
x  V
4 2  2  
 
X
a 2t ma 4t 2
V W
2 8
10. Answer (3)
14. Answer (2)
2 2
dx 3t 3t dU
∵ V  Vi  0 & Vf  F  4 xyiˆ  2 x 2 jˆ ∵ F  
dt 2 2 dr

m 2  dU  F (dxiˆ  dyjˆ)
 K  Vf  Vi 2 
2
dU = – [4xydx + 2x2dy]
1 9 
K   t 4  0  dU = –d [2x2y]
2 4 
 U   dU    d [2 x 2 y ]
9 9
K  t 4   34
8 8 U = – 2x2y + constant.
15. Answer (1) By conservation of mechanical energy.
U = 8x2 + 2x4 Kf + Uf = Ki + Ui
At equilibrium. mv 2 mgl mgl
 0 2
X = 0  Mean Position. 2 2 2n
At x = A [Amplitude or maximum displacement
 1
from mean position]. (Kinetic energy = 0) v  gl 1  2 
 n 
Total mechanical energy
l 2l 3
∵  n
1 n 3 2
= Umax.  KA2  8 A2  2 A4 = 9
2
5 10  2  5 10
2A4 + 8A2 – 9 = 0  V  gl    m/s.
9 9 3
If A2 = x
17. Answer (2)
2x2 + 8x – 9 = 0
Because springs 3K & K Block
8  82  4  2  9
x are in parallel.
22
 Keffective = 3K + K  when it is at lowest
A2 = x = 0.915 position.
A = ±0.96 m Keffective = 4K
16. Answer (1)  
th Block at initial position.
 1
If   part is suspended below the table.
n
Keff. = 4K
m A
l Xmax.
n V=0 B
m
Reference
line
By conservation of energy.
l
2 At A and B
G EB = EA
1
 K eff.  X max .  mgX max .  0
2
2mg mg
X max .   ...(i)
K effective 2K
mgl
Uinitial  
2n 2 F.B.D. of block at lowest position.
& Ki = 0 Fs = Keff. Xmax.
a
mgl m
U final  
2
& mg
mv 2  ma = Fs – mg
Kf 
2 ma = Keff. Xmax – mg
From is & &
 2mg  Potential energy in C. x1 + x2 = xo ...(ii)

ma  K eff.    mg
 K eff.  1
UC   Kx02 from (i) and (ii)
ma = mg 2
a=g 4 2 x
 UA  UC . x1  x0 & x 2  0
18. Answer (4) 3 3 3
du  x3 x2  4
 x .
∵ F     x 2  x  ∵ U   ...(i) 3
dx  3 2 
20. Answer (3)
At equilibrium.
k 2 k
F=0 Ui  x & Uf  ( x  x )2
2 2
X=1
Work W = Uf – Ui
1 1 1
∵ Uminimum     J. k
3 2 6 Uf  (2 x )2
2
Mechanical E = Kmax. + Umin.
m 2 1
W 
k
2
 
3x 2
energy 4  Vmax. 
2 6
 kx 2 
W  3  
25 2 2
 Vmax.  2 
6 2
W = 3, Ui = 12 J
5
Vmax.  m/s. 21. Answer (1)
6
∵ Uf – Ui = – Wconservation force
19. Answer (1)
If Wc.f < O
 Uf – Ui > O
3K 6K K
Uf > Ui
A B C
 Potential energy increases in the presence of
non conservative force mechanical energy.
If compression in spring C is x0. Therefore net
22. Answer (2)
expansion in.
Potential Energy in A in A & B is x0 m 2
v
mgh
From (i) and (ii) Power  & Power  2
t t
1
UA   (3K ) X12 3K & 6K are in series. m  m V
2
2  PNet Power    gh   
 t   t  2
2
1 2 
UA   3K   x0  FA = FB 30  200
2 3   30  10  10 
2
4 1 
UA  K x02  = 6 × 103 W
3  2
3Kx1 = 6 Kx2

[PNet]Power = 6 KW
x1 = 2x2 ...(i)
23. Answer (1) Between B & C.
Power = Fv = P0 V=O
2m 6 m/s m
From ... (i) maV = P0
mv 2  dv  For perfectly inelastic collision.

 P0 t m V  P0
2  dt  Pf = Pi
2P0 (2m + m) V = 2m × 6.
  t
m V = 4 m/s.
ds 2P0 V = [V]C = [V]B = 4 m/s.
  t mv dv = P0dt
dt m 26. Answer (4)
2P0 ∵ Loss of kinetic energy is U
 ds  m  t dt
m1 m2
S  t3/2 ...(ii) U  (U1  U2 )2 (1  e 2 )
2(m1  m2 )
From ...(i) v  t & ...(ii) S  t3/2.
During maximum compression both block will have
same velocity. So at than instant condition is like
S t 3/2 a perfectly inelastic collision. So e = 0 and lose of
  1/2  t
V t kinetic energy is equal to energy of spring at that
instant.
S/V
K 2
 U  xmax.
 2
t K 2 m1 m2
O xmax.  (V  0)2 (1  02 )
2 2(m1  m2 )
24. Answer (3)
Power = FV = P0 = constant. K 2 m (3m ) 3m
xmax.  V 2  xmax  V.
2 2(m  3m ) 4k
mav = P0
dv 27. Answer (3)

mV  P0
dt If initial height is h and coefficient of restitution is e.
then height after nth rebound hn = e2n h ...(i)
2P0
V  t
m h  1
1/8
∵ hn  & e 
2  0.5 4 2
V  5
0.2 From (i)
V = 5 m/s.
1/8 2n
25. Answer (3) h  1  
    h
u1 = 9 m/s 4  2  
m 2m m
A B C 2
2n
 1  1 8
For A & B 2  2
   
(m2  m1 ) 2 m1
∵ V2  u2   u1
(m1  m2 ) (m1  m2 ) 2n
 2
8
2 2
V2  O  u1   9  6m / s. n=8
3 3
28. Answer (3)  5 
Y  5 tan 45º 1   axis from B to A
It two identical sphere collide elastically in two  20 
dimension then velocities after collision become
5  3 15
perpendicular. Y   m
4 4
V2
B From B to O
V=0 Along vertical axis
a 2
  = 90° S  ut  t
2
A B 15
  5T  5T 2
A 4
V1
3
T  s.
 V1.V2 V1V2 cos90º = 0. 2
29. Answer (3) Along X-axis
3 
u 2 sin 2 5  10 e   S 
R  20m 2 
g
1
At B e .
3
x = 10xt 30. Answer (4)
5 = 10xt ∵ At equilibrium
1 dU  ( 12)a 6b 
t S. F     13  7   0
2 dx  x x 
10 m/s 1/6
 2a 
x 
B b
10 m/s
a b
 [U ]at equilibrium  
  2a  1/6 12  2a 1/6 
6
     
B   b    b  
/s a b
10 m/s
0 2m [U ]at equilibrium  
=1
2
 2a   2a 
U b 
b   
 
t=O 45º
O b2 b2 b2
10 m/s A [U ]at equil   
4a 2a 4a
5m
∵ Ux    0
1
Vy  10  10   5 m/s
2  b2  b2
U  [U ]at equll.  0   
1
at t  S  4a  
  4a
2
31. Answer (2)
After Collision.
At stable equilibrium potential energy is minimum
10 m/s and force is zero.
 x (i) At point b  stable equilibrium.
∵ Y  x tan  1  
 R  B
10 e (ii) At point c  neutral equilibrium.
For vertical (iii) At point d  unstable equilibrium.
32. Answer (2, 4) 35. Answer (1)
–dU V=0
∵ F
dr

u 
dU  –F .dr  –F (dxiˆ  dyjˆ)
dU = –[y dx +x dy]= – [d[x y]]
U   dU    d [ xy ]   xy  C  Constant. V=0
33. Answer (3) V1

∵ F  2xyiˆ  y 2 ˆj Because work is B
For path A  C. different from different 60 30º
y = x path so it is A X
60º
F  2x 2iˆ  y 2 jˆ nonconcirnative. 30º
60º
C
1 1 2 1
w   F (dxiˆ  dyjˆ)   2 x 2dx   y 2dy   V2
0 0 3 3
=1J [ABC is equilateral triangls]
34. Answer (1) By conservation of momentum along X-axis.
F = (2x2 – 3x – 2) N. Pi = mu & Pf = mV1 cos30º
At equilibrium + mV2 cos30º
F=0 mV1 cos30º + mV2 cos 30º = mu ...(i)
2x2 – 3x – 2 = 0 along Y-axis.

mV1 sin30º = mV2 sin30º
1
x  2 &x  
2  V1 = V2
dF From (i)
 4x – 3
dx
u
V1  V2 
Graph between F & x is parabolic. 3
 dF  Along line of impact AB

   5  0 unstable equilibrium
 dx  x  2 Velocity of separation = e Velocity of approach
 dF  (V1 – 0) = e [u cos30º]
   – 5  0 stable equilibrium
 dx  x  – 1
2 u 3 2
 eu  e .
F 3 2 3
SECTION - B
A B
X
x =2
x = –1
36. Answer (1)
2
 y 
∵ W   F .dr    2 x 3 i  j .(dxi  dyj )
 2 
0,0  3 y  39. Answer (2)
W  2 x dx  2 dy 
1,2   (i) Time does not depend on energy of body on
o o
which work is done.
 x4  1 y2  1 3
W  2       1  J (ii) Rate of work is power. It means work depend on
4
 1 2 2
  2 2 2
time. Both are true but have different concepts.
∵ U = Uf – Ui = –WCF (i) Work by kinetic friction in round trip is non zero.
If WCF > O (ii) Kinetic ,friction force may be non conservative.
Uf – Ui < O 41. Answer (2)
Uf < Ui (i) For elastic collision relative velocity offer collision
 or velocity of separation is equal to velocity of
approach.
By work energy theorem
(ii) In any type of collision momentum of system is
K = We-F
always conserved.
38. Answer (1)
42. Answer (4)
For bound system: If total energy and potential
energy are negative. (i) In spring or in elastic body, potential energy may
change.
U
(ii) K  E   . (ii) In neutral equilibrium, potential energy remains
2
constant but position of body may change. So
 |U| = 2K. both are incorrect.

Chapter 6
System of Particles and
Rotational motion
Hints and Solutions
1. Answer (4)  m1x1 + m2x2 = 0 ...(i)

Center of mass of uniform semi-circular plate is at a ∵ xrelative = R sin  = x1 + x2
4R
distance from its centre.
3
2. Answer (2)
∵ Centre of mass of remaining part is given by
A1x1  A2 x2
X is If displacement of hemisphere is x2 then displacement
A1  A2
of block is x1 = (Rsin – x2) form ...(ii)
A1  Area of complete disc.
m(Rsin – x2) + M(– x2) = 0
A2  Area of removed disc.
mRsin – mx2 – Mx2 = 0
x1  C.M. of initial area.
mRsin = (m + M)x2
x2  C.M. of removed area.
mR sin 
In the given data.  x2
(m  M )
A1 = R2, A2 = r2, x1 = O, x2 = C
5. Answer (2)
O  r 2C
 X
R 2  r 2
r 2C
X  x2 
R2  r 2
3. Answer (1)
Force acting only Mg and moment of mg is zero so
centre of mass will move straight vertically down.
4. Answer (2)
No external force hence C. M. will not move. (m1  m2 )
∵ Acceleration a  g
(m1  m2 )
m1x1  m2 x2
 X C.M. 
m1  m2 m a(  ˆj )  m2ajˆ
 aC.M.  1
m1  m2
Where x1 and x2 are displacement of m1 and m2
respectively and XC.M. is displacement of C.M. which (m  m2 )
aC.M.  1 a(  ˆj )
is zero. m1  m2
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS System of Particles and Rotational Motion 35
(m  m2 )2 Rod AB is in equilibrium at that instant.
aC.M.  1 g (  ˆj )
(m1  m2 )2 ∵ [ Net ]0  0
2 5gx – 100g (50 – x) = 0
 m  m2 
 aC.M.   1  g 5000 – 100x – 5x = 0
 m1  m2 
5000
6. Answer (1) x  47.6 cm
105
9. Answer (1)
 vman = vM/B + vBoat = v + v0

By conservation of momentum along horizontal
direction

Pf  Pi
l
(m  M )v Common  mv Man  MvBoat ∵ r1  x  cos 45
2
(m  M )v Common  m(v  v 0 )  Mv 0  0 = F × (r1)
(m  M )v 0  mv l
v Common  0  mg cos 45
(m  M ) 2

mgl
7. Answer (2) I0  
2 2
When spring has maximum expansion case becomes
like perfectly inelastic collision because both block ml 2 mgl

will have same velocity so relative velocity should be 3 2 2
zero during maximum expansion.
3g
∵ Loss of kinetic energy. 
2 2l
m1m2 10. Answer (2)
K  (u1  u2 )2 (1  e2 )
2(m1  m2 )
∵ e = 0 and u1 = –5 m/sR u2 = 2 m/s.
m1 = 2 kg, m2 = 5 kg
25
 K  ( 7)2 L0  rP  hmax  (mu cos )
2(2  5)
K u 2 sin2 
∵ U  K  xmax  5  7 L0   (mu cos )
2 2g
572 mu 3
2
x max  L0  cos  sin2 
35 2g
xmax  2 mu 3
L0  cos  1  cos2  
8. Answer (4) 2g
mu 3 
L0  cos   cos3  
2g 
d mu 3
∵ L0  [  sin   3cos2  sin ]  0
d 2g

1
cos  
3
36 System of Particles and Rotational Motion Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
 Figure 13. Answer (2)
1
 cot  
2
 1 
  cot 1  
 2
11. Answer (4)
Because spring force coincides the position of C.M. L
therefore, torque about C.M. of spring force is zero I   0  r2F  mg
2
so angular momentum remains constant.
a mgL
I 
dL L 2
∵  2
dt  

If  = 0  L  constant mL2 a mgL
 
 3 L 2
 L  t  2
 
12. Answer (3) 3g
a
4
Along vertical axis.
mg – N ma
 3g 
mg  N  m  
 4 
mg
N
4
14. Answer (3)
if rod is in equilibrium.

&  net B  0
L
mg cos   N AL sin   0
2  mL2 
∵ IC.M. AB  4  sin2 45
 3 
mg
fL 
2 tan  2
IC.M. AB  3 mL2
∵ fL = NB = mg
By parallel axis theorem.
mg
∵ mg   L 
2
2 tan  I PQ  IC.M. AB  4m  
 2
1
tan   2 2
2 IPR  mL  2mL2
3
 1 8 2
  tan1   IPR  mL
 2  3
15. Answer (1) mv 2
KR 
5
By conservation of mechanical energy between A
and B.
EB = EA
IZ2 = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 mv 2 mv 2 mgh
   mgh.
from symmetry 2 5 4
7 3
I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 mv 2  mgh
10 4
IZ2 = 4I = I + 3I
7  mv 2  3
M 2    mgh
 4I 2  5  4
6
7 3
M 2 M 2 [K R ]  mgh
 I  2 4
46 6
When one part is removed and mass of remain part 18. Answer (2)
M 2 3
is M then I   3I  
6 4
3M 
M
4
M 2 L0   I1  I2  2
I
6
m 2
16. Answer (3) I1  
5 3
4m (4 )2
I2  
5 3
m2 64m2
I 
15 15
13m2
dI = dmx2 I
3
M
dI   2dx  x 2 13 2
 2  L0  m 
3

M  x3  19. Answer (2)
I  
 3  0
I
2
At t = 0, rotational kinetic energy K R  2
M 2
I 
3 1 2 
17. Answer (2) K R   mR 2  i2
2 5 
mv 2
It translational kinetic energy at B is
2 mR 2i2
E0  K R 
 Rotational kinetic energy at B is 5

2
I 2 1 2  v  5E0
KR     mR 2   2  i 
2 25  R  mR 2
At t = t when sphere begins pure rolling. g sin 

m 2 1 R
v  mR 2  f 
2
KNet  E 
2 5 ∵ f  i   t
m 2 2 1
E R f  mR 2f2 ∵ v  R 0  0 
g sin 
t
2 5 R
7
E mR 2f2 R0
10 t
 g sin 
10E 21. Answer (1)
f 
7mR 2
By conservation of angular momentum about axis

passing from contact point.
L2 = L1
2 2
mvR  (mR 2 )  f  mR 2i
5 5
2 2
mR 2f  mR 2f  mR 2i
5 5
7 2 For toppling about point A torque of applied force (F)
f  i should be greater than torque of weight.
5 5
7f = 2i  F A   W A
10E 5E0 r2F > r1mg
7 2
2
7mR mR 2 a
3af  mg ...(i)
Squaring both side. 2
10E 5E0 Because plate is at equilibrium.
49  2
 4
7mR mR 2  F = f2 = mg [∵ N = mg]
2E0  From (i)
E
7
a
20. Answer (2) 3amg  mg
2
1

2 3
22. Answer (4)
There is correction in problem.

0 = Rf = Rmg sin
I0 = Rmg sin By conservation of kinetic energy.
mR2 = Rmg sin Ki = Kf
24. Answer (2)
mv 2 I0 2 MVC.M.
2
 
2 2 2 For rolling with out spipping
ML2 2 2gh
mv 2    MVC.M. 2
...(i) Velocity at bottom is VC.M. 
12
K2
By conservation of linear momentum 1 2
R
mv = MVC.M. ...(ii)
By conservation of angular momentum about point 0. K is radius of gyration.
ML2 2gh
mvd  I0   ...(iii) v0 
12 K2
1 2 ...(i)
From (Is) R (ii)s R
2
ML2 2  mv 
mv 2   M 
For sliding without rolling.
12 M 
5V0
2ML2 2 m2v 2  v  2gh ...(ii)
mv    4
12 M
From (i) and (ii)
m2v 2 ML2 2
mv 2   
M 12 1 4

From (iii) 2 5
K
1
 m  ML 22 2 R2
v 2 m   
 M  12
K 2 25
2 1 
 ML2   m 2  ML22 R 2 16
  m  
 12md   M  12
K2 9 3
2
  K R
ML2 1 1 R 16 4
12d 2 m  M   1
  25. Answer (4)
2
1 1 12d
  By conservation of angular momentum about an axis
m M ML2 passing from contact point.
1 1 12d 2
 
m M ML2

ML2
m 2
L  12d 2
23. Answer (3)
L2 = L1
2 2 v 
Mvr  Mvr  Mv 0 r  Mr 2  0 
5 5  2r 
By conservation of angular momentum about point 1 v0

∵ 0 
and 2 2r
L0 1  L0 2 7 6
Mvr  Mv 0 r
2 5 5
mV0R  mR 2  0 ∵ L1  mvr  IC.M.
 
5 6
5v0 = 2R0 [∵  = 0] v v0
7
26. Answer (3) tan 

F.B.D. of sphere. 3
1
2
w.r.t. plank.
2
 tan 
5
SECTION - B
29. Answer (3)
(i) For wedge net vertical force along vertical axis
is zero.
(ii) For block A net vertical force on A is non-zero.
Therefore, net vertical downward force is acting
on the system.
(iii) Momentum of system is not conserved along

∵ FNet  0 vertical direction.
30. Answer (2)
∵ mgsin = Fpseudo
(i) In rolling motion velocity, acceleration and time
Initially rod has translational kinetic energy. taken are independent of mass of the body on
inclined plane.
27. Answer (3)
(ii) Kinetic energy depends on mass.
When rod comes in contact it starts to rotate so
31. Answer (3)
rotational kinetic energy becomes non-zero (after
collision). So velocity of centre of mass becomes dL
(i)  
smaller therefore, C.M. rises height less than H. dt
(ii) Due to tall building moment of inertia increases
28. Answer (2) so angular velocity decreases and time period
increases.
tan 
∵  32. Answer (1)
R2
1 2
MVR
K ∵ L Bottom  mvR  I   mvR  2
2
For hollow sphere K  mvR
3 
2

Chapter 7
Gravitation
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A From ..... (i).

2
G m
1. Answer (1) FNet 
d 
 cos d 
2
m G m     
df sin 
P d  sin  2   sin   2  
 
 df
d d 2  x2 2 G m
df cos FNet 
d
– +
o x 2. Answer (3)
dm
m m
Because df sin will be cancelled by left part of rod d
from O.
Gm 2 1
 [df]Net = df cos  F F 2
2 and
d r
df Net  Gmdx.  d



m dF m
A
d2 2
x  2
d x  2 F
F
m F F m
Gm ddx E 3 F 3 B
FNet   df Net   3 …(i) 4
d 2  
x2 2 mD m
C
AB = AF = d
If x = – 
AC = AE = d 3
If x = d tan 
 AD = 2d
2
2 A
dx = d sec  d If x =  F 120°
F °
 3 30 30°
 F
2 F F
4 3
42 Gravitation Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
4. Answer (4)
F
Resolving all components along .
4
g1 g2
F
1st resultant of F and F will be F along . C1 O P C2
4 x
F F F  F D D
2nd resultant of and will be 3   along . 2 2
3 3 3 4
gP Net  g1  g2
F F A
 FNet AD  4
F 
3
Gm Gm
F  gP Net  2 2
3  D  D 
F 3   x    x 
2  2 
5 F
FNet AD  4 F  F
3 4
2Dx
gP Net  Gm  
2
So resultant force will be along AD. 2
  D  2
 
  2   x  
3. Answer (2)   
At height [h] : If x < < D
g  2h  32Gmx
g1   h 1  gP Net 
 h
2
 R  D3
1 
 R 
 gp  x
g1 2h 1
 1 gP 
g R D3
5. Answer (3)
g 2h
1 1  x
g R D–x
g1 P g2
g  g1  g  2h 2d M
   R  R …(i)
g  g 1 4M
D
At depth [d] : GM G. 4M
∵ g1  2
and g 2 
x  D  x 2
 d
g 2  g 1  
 R If at P

 g  d  FP  0
 g  R …(ii)
 2
 gNet  O
From (i) and (ii)  g1 = g2
 g   g  GM G 4M
 g   2  g   2% 
 1  2 x2  D  x 2
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Gravitation 43
D – x = 2x
 GmD
vp 
D  D 2 
x 2    x 2 
3  2  
x 1 If x = 0

D 3
 vp < 0
6. Answer (2)
If x = 
∵ V  vp < 0
If x increases
r=R  | vp | increases graph should not be straight line.
r
GM
VC Vcentre = VR = – 9. Answer (1)
R
dV dV dV
Ix   , Iy   , Iz  
7. Answer (3) dx dy dz
m a m m Ix = –yz Iy = –xz Iz = xy
Ix = –6 Iy = –3 Iz = –2
a a
C1 a

2 a 3 a I  6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ
C2

a I  36  9  4  7 N/kg
m m m m
10. Answer (3)
 Gm   Gm 
VE  VC 1     4 , VT  VC2   3 E
a  a  V
   
 2  3
E=0
VE 4 2

VT 3 3 r r
r=R
8. Answer (2) Graph is Graph is
discontinuous continuous
x
m m 11. Answer (2)
O P
D D At the centre of ring [x = 0]
2 2
GMm GMm
Ui = mVi = 
Gm Gm 2
R x 2 R
vp   
D  D 
 2  x   2  x 
 GMm
Uf  m Vf 
R2  x2
D D 
 2  x  2  x
v p   Gm  
2
  D   x2  1 1 
 U = Uf – Ui = GMm  R  2 
  2   
2
R x 
13. Answer (3)

 R2  x2  R 
U  GMm   For r < R.
 R R  x 
2 2
Gm
 x << R by binomial expansion ∵ g (i) and  = 0x
r2
 1  and dm = 4x2dx x
  x2 2 
GMm R  1  2   R  r
U    R   M   dm   40 x 3dx
1
R R 2  x 2 2 dx
0
4
 x2  40 r
M
GMm   4
U   2R 
1  From (i)
R 2  x 2  2
Gm
∵ R >> x ∵ g 2
 G0 r 2
r
 R2 + x2 = R2  g  r2 ...(i)
x2 For r > R
GMm 
U  2R R
40R 4
3
R M = 40 =  x dx  4
0
GMm 2
U  ·x
2R 2 GM G0R 4
g 
U  x2. r2 r2
1
12. Answer (1) ∵ g …(ii)
r2
∵ Total mechanical energy is u.
From (i) and (ii)
GMm GMm g
uE  , U
2r r
3
∵ T r2
r
2 O R
 r T 3 14. Answer (3)
If T  2 times
dr
2
r1  23 r r
C x P
GMm GMm
 Uf  2
and Ui 
r
23 r
GMm  1  Gdm
U = Uf – Ui =  1 2  dV 
r r 2  x2
 2 3 
∵ dm = 2rdr
GMm  1 
U   2  1 G2rdr
r dV 
 2 3 
r 2  x2
 1  rdr
U  2u  3  1 VP   dV  2G 
 4  r  x2
2
2 2
If r + x = t mghm . m v e2 mgR
  
2rdr = dt h . 2 4 4
1 m
R
dt
rdr  4hm = R + hm.
2
3hm = R
R
dt R
VP = – G    2G  t 0 R
0 t hm 
3
M 17. Answer (1)
∵ 
R 2
A1 and A2 are areas.
2GM 
 R  x  x 
2 2
 VP  A
R2
A1
If X = 0 = VP = VC = Vcentre E
D O B
2GM A2
VC 
R
2x C
GMm
 Potential energy UC  mVC  3x == C
R
Net energy [EC]
5x = a [semi major axis]
2GMm mv12
EC   0 b
2
R 2 ∵ e  1  
a
4GM
v1 escape velocity at the centre of disc. v1  2
R 3x b
 e  1  
Similarly at surface of solid sphere: 5x a
b = 4x
GMm mv 22
ES.S   0
R 2 Area A1 = area of EAC + area of half ellipse
v2 1 ab 1
  A1    AC  EO
v1 2 2 2
2GM 20 x 2
v2  A1   12 x 2
R 2
15. Answer (2) Similarly
M R 3  4R 3  ab 1
∵ g    R ∵ M   A2   AC  EO
R2 R2  3  2 2
g A  A RA 20 x 2
   23  6 A2   12 x 2
gB B RB 2
16. Answer (3) By law of area
mghm . A1 t1 t CBA
U    2.24
∵ h .
1 m A2 t2  t ADC
R
18. Answer (4)
∵ U + K = O
Because torque of gravitational force about earth is
2
m  v   zero. So angular momentum about earth will be
U = – K = O   e  
2   2   constant.
19. Answer (1) 3
 r 2
Time period of geostationary satellite is 24 hrs. Final T   C0 r  
 5
Therefore relative speed is zero.
3 3
3
20. Answer (1) 42  42
T     C0 r 2     T
(1) At earth’s centre g is zero. 5  5 
(2) In satellite weight becomes zero. T 8
  72% [approximately]
21. Answer (3) T 5 5
m1 : m2 = 1 : x. T
 28%
T
x
m2  · m [m is mass of satellite]
1  x  SECTION - B
∵ mv =m2v Assertion-Reason Type Questions
mv mv 1  x  23. Answer (3)

v  
m2 xm (1) Gravity inside hollow sphere is zero.
For escape velocity. (2) Potential remains constant and non zero.
mv 1  x  24. Answer (1)

2v 
mx Let’s consider point P inside the cavity.
2 x  1 x
 2  1 x  1 r1 P
O r2
x  2.414. r0 C
22. Answer (2)
GMm C
∵ Kinetic energy K   where C 4G 4G
2r r ∵ E1   · r1 , E2   · r2
constant 3 3
4G
K
C E p   E1  E2  
  r1  r2 
3
r

Cavity by triangle law r1  r2  r0
C
Initial distance r = …(i)
K 4G
EP  cavity   · r0 …(i)
1 C 4 C  3
Final distance r  
K
K 5  K 
Equation (i) represents independency on r2 .So field
4
is uniform at any point inside the cavity.
4
r1  r 25. Answer (1)
5
1 1 
r1 4 ∵ V    E·dr     2dx   3dy 
  80%
r 5  0 0 
r V1 = – [5]
  20% r is decreased by 20%
r
Similarly
3
∵ T  r 2  1 
2 3 
3 V2     2dx   3dy 
 T C r2  0 0 
0
V2 = – [4 + 1] = – [5] 2GM
then v   2v 0 
 V2 = V1 r
Which is greater than escape speed. So satellite
3
∵ Slope of electric field m1  and slope between will escape to infinite and total energy will be positive
2
 1 not negative.
two points (1, 1) and  2, 
 3 29. Answer (1)
1  ∵ By conservation of angular momentum.
  1 2
m2   3    mvmax. Rmin. = mvmin. Rmax.
(2  1) 3
 m1 × m2 = – 1 v max. rmax. (1  e )
 
 Both are perpendicular because both points are v min. rmin. (1  e )2
at equipotential surface which is perpendicular to
electric field . So both option are correct and reason Kmax. (1  e )2
is explanation of assertion.  …(i)
Kmin. (1  e )
26. Answer (1)
1
∵ Potential energy U 
Because integration of given intensity is not possible r
so after changing the path intensity as well as force
changes. So it is non conservative field. Umax. rmin. (1  e )
 
Umin. rmax. (1  e )
27. Answer (3)
2 2
 Umin.  1  e 
  (1  e )2
Because at infinite net mechanical energy is zero. ∵ U …(ii)
 max. 
28. Answer (1)
From (i) and (ii)
GM
∵ Orbital velocity v 0  K max.  Umin. 
2
r 
K min.  Umax. 
if K = 2K0

Chapter 8
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Hints and Solutions
Required ratio
SECTION - A
( e )1 7
Objective Type Questions 
( e )2 1
1. Answer (4)
2. Answer (1)
A B
L dx

x r
Tension in the wire at a distance x form the lower

Considering small segment AB of the ring and its
end,
FBD is given as:-
Mg x Fcentrifugal = dmr2
T  (i)
L dl
Elongation in the element of length dx
A B
T cos T cos
Tdx  T
de  A is cross-sectional area   T
AY T r r
Mg T sin O T sin
de  xdx (ii)
ALY 2T sin = dmr 2
Elongation of upper quarter of the wire As  is much smaller, sin 
Mg
L
Mg  2  3L 2  So, 2T = dmr2 = Adlr2
( e )1 
ALY  xdx  L    
ALY   4  
3L 2T = A(r2) r2
4
T= Ar 2 2
Mg  7L2 
( e )1  (iii)
ALY  16  T
∵ Breaking stress   r 2 2
Elongation of lower quarter A
  = r 2  2
L
4
Mg Mg  L2  1 
(se )2 
ALY  xdx  ALY  16  (iv) 
r 
0
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Mechanical Properties of Solids 49
3. Answer (2) 1 YA 2
U l
2 L
1  Fl 

2
Fl ∵ l  AY 
TP
From conservation of energy,
x
L P
3 Wext = U + heat produced
O 1
So, heat produced  Fl  Fl
Tension at a distance x form the lower end 2
Mx Fl
T  (g  a ) 
L 2
M L g  4Mg Heat produced is equal to potential energy of the
or, T   g    wire.
L 3 3 9
6. Answer (1)
stress
Strain  (1) A has slope greater than B.
young's modulus
4Mg 4 ( ALd )g (2) A has plastic region less than B.

 
9AY 9 AY 7. Answer (1)
4Ldg If applied force by the wall on the wire becomes

9Y equal to 200 N, tension in wire becomes zero.
4. Answer (3)  l = lT
l
l
F0
 T
l
dx x
F l
∵ Y 
Tension at a distance x form the end where force F0 A l
is applied.  F = YAT
x
T  F0     Initial tension T = F = 200 × 109 × 2 × 10–6 ×
 l  10–5 (t –20)
Elongation in the element of length dx, Or, 200 = 4 × (t – 20)
Tdx F  xdx  t = 70°C

de   0  dx  
AY AY  l  8. Answer (3)
Total elongation in the plank, f f
l
se l l N N
F0 1
e   de  AY 0
dx   xdx
l0 mg
0
l F N
F0  l   (i) (∵ F = N)
 l  2  l YA YA
AY
As rod is in equilibrium
Fl
 0 2f = mg
2AY
5. Answer (4) 2N = mg
Wext = Fl mg
N
Elastic potential energy stored, 2
50 Mechanical Properties of Solids Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
From (i) 1 (Stress)2
 u 
l mg A lg 2 Y
 
l 2YA 2YA 2 2
1  mgx  1  dALgx 
u   
l  lg 2Y  LA  2Y  LA 
So, 
l 2Y  1
u  dgx 2  (i)
9. Answer (1) 2Y
R L 2L
∵ x L 
–R 3 3
∵ Poisson’s ratio   
l From (i),
l
2
1  2L 
R u dg 3 
l R 2Y

l  2(dgL )2
u
R 9Y
F l
∵ Y   2  10  R
10
2(dgL )2
A l  u
9Y
100 R
 2  1010  11. Answer (2)
R 2 0.25  R
∵ Energy stored in the wire is
25
 2  1010  ( R ) 1
R U F L
2
25
 2  1010  R FL
  103 ∵ L 
AY
1.25
R   10 6 m F 2L (103 )2  2
 ∵ U 
2 AY 2  10 6  200  109
Minus sign indicate decrease in radius.
U=5J
10. Answer (1)
12. Answer (2)
TP x
T
P
p
X (L–x)
O
O
Tension at P, Tension at point p is
mxg M
Tp  T  (L  x )g
L L
mg Tensile stress, 
 Stress  x
LA
T M
  (L  x )g
∵ Energy per unit volume A LA
x
1 Mg  Mg 
u  Stress × Strain   x
2 A  LA 
Stress Equation of straight line with negative slope and

∵ Strain 
Y positive intercept.
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Mechanical Properties of Solids 51
For stretched wire At minimum potential energy force becomes zero.
1  YA  dV
U    l 
2  F  0
2  L  dx
d  a b 
Elastic potential energy is converted into kinetic F   12
 60
energy dx  x x 
12a 6b
1 1  YA  2   0
mv 2     l x 13
x7
2 2  L 
12a
  6b  0
3 5  108  106 x6
5  10 2
v   (2  102 )2
0.1
2a
 x6 
v = 20 m/s. b
14. Answer (3) a b

Now, V  
x12 x 6
∵ Energy stored in the wire.
a b
Or, V  
1  2a 
2 2a
U  K l 2
2   b
 b 
Where K is elastic constant.
b2 b2 b2
V  
Q=U 4a 2a 4a
Energy required to break this system = – V
b2

l = P 4a
15. Answer (3) SECTION - B

Stress
B 17. Answer (1)
(Yield point)
A (1) Shear modulus or stress is due to tangential force.
(2) Shear modulus or stress changes orientation of body.
O Strain
18. Answer (1)
Stress Steel is more elastic than copper, so Young’s

Slope 
Strain modulus of steel is more than copper. So, more work
will be done to stretch the steel for same elongation
In AB region minimum slope is at B (yield point)
 1 2
So, x > y ∵ W  kx 
 2 

Chapter 09
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Hints and Solutions
P1  Pressure at 1,
SECTION - A
P2  Pressure at 2
4. Answer (3)
1. Answer (2)
For mixture: R gH
∵ Pressure at Walls P1 =
2
m1  m2 1V  2V
∵ Density  =  H gH
V V 2V ∵ Force on Walls F1= 2RH 
1  2 2
 = [For same volume] Pressure at bottom P2 = gH
2
 For B and A For C and B
 Force on bottom F2= gH  R 2
1  2 []B  3
[]B = []C = ∵ F2= F1
2 2
 1  2  gH R 2 = gH RH
   3
 =  2 
2 R=H
1 5. Answer (3)
 =
4
1  2  23 
[C]
2. Answer (2) [ B]
[A]
P2V2  PV H3
∵ 1 1
V1 H1 V2 H2 V3
At the surface At the bottom
A P1 A P2 A P3
P0(8V0) = (P0 + gH0)V0 [∵ V  R3]
∵ V1 = V2 = V3
8P0 = (P0 + gH0) [H0 is depth of lake]

7P0 = gH0
H3 > H2 > H1 P3 > P2 > P1
7gH = gH0
H0 = 7H 6. Answer (2)
3. Answer (1) Considering AB cylindrical liquid:
a
h
P1 P2 
a0
1 2 ∵ P1 > P2 L
A B
1 F1 F2 2
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Mechanical Properties of Fluids 53
∵ F1 – F2 = ma Vin l g = Mg + sVg
(P1 – P2)A = ALa (A × 0.5) × 103g = 100g + 0.9 × 103(A × 0.5)g
(P1 – P2) = La 0.05 × 103 × A = 100
gh = La
1
A=
La 0.05  10
 h
g A = 2m2
7. Answer (3)
9. Answer (1)
It displacement in right limb is x downward. So
In air: In liquid:
x
displacement in horizontal tube is towards left.
2
Because rate of flow of fluid remains constant. Fth T
 Ax = (2A)x1 = (2)Ax2 T0 = mg m
x x mg
 x1 = and x2 =
2 2
T + Fth = mg
T + Vlg = T0
A a = g/2
h x T0 =T + Vlg

10. Answer (1)
 L- x
x ∵ Buoyant force Fth = Vin lgeffective
C 2 D
geff. = (g + a)

(2L- x ) x
2 2 Fth increases.
PC – gL + 2gx 11. Answer (3)
PD = g(L – x) At equilibrium:
∵ PC – PD  gL + 2gx – g(L – x)
F th M
g x g x
= 2  2L    
2 2 22
a
On solving
8L (M + m )g
x
13
∵ difference Fth = (M + m)g
h = 2x Fth = Mg + mg
16L a3g = Mg + a3g

13 M = ()a3
(M)
Fth At equilibrium:
Vin g = Vg
m a = 0.5 m
Vin 

A V 
At Equilibrium : Vout  
  1 
Fth = Mg + mg V  
54 Mechanical Properties of Fluids Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
13. Answer (3) For maximum R
By Principle of Continuity dR d  2
 2H  Hx  2Hx  x 2   0
A1v1 = A2v2 dx dx 
2Av1 = 3Av2 0 – H + 2H – 2x = 0
H – 2x = 0
v1 3
 H
v2 2 x=
14. Answer (2) 2
17. Answer (3)
H=h By Bernoulli’s Principle:
H0 P1 v1
v2
P2
Rmax = x
∵ Rmax = H0  2 
P1  v1  P2  v 22
2 2
& H0 = 2H
 x = 2H  2
(P2  P1 )  (v1  v 22 )
2
15. Answer (3)
A 2
1 Fth = (P2  P1 )A  (v1  v 22 )
2
v1 h =H /2
H 1 18. Answer (2)
H /2
Fv Fth v = constant
2 H /2 
H 2 v2 
a =0
H /2 
F net = 0
H Fv + F th = mg
∵ v1 = 2gh  2g  gH mg v = constant
2
By Bernoulli’s principle between 1 and 2 Viscous force Fv = mg – Fth
Fv = 98 – Fth
H 
1gH  2g  2 v 22 Fv < 100
2 2
19. Answer (3)
21gH  2gH
∵ v2 
2 2 r 2 (S  l )g
∵ Terminal Velocity VT =
9 
1/2
 2     VT  r2
v 2  v1  1 2 
 2 
r  2r  v T  4v T
v1 2
 20. Answer (3)
v2 21  2
F
16. Answer (1)
(2H – x) D=l
2H v F
x ∵ T=
l
H F =Tl

2(H  x )
∵ v= 2g (H  x ) and t = Surface tension
g
F = 0.75 × 0.3
R=v×t= 4(H  x )(2H  x ) F = 0.225 N
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Mechanical Properties of Fluids 55
21. Answer (4) For series combination
∵ W = T × 2[4R2] R = R1 + R2
 3L L 2L
 4
Work
4
reff r  2r 4
W  R2 ...(i) 3L L 9 
4
 4 
∵ Volume V  R3 reff r  8 
R V1/3
 reff   8 r 4
4
  
From (i) 3
W  [V]2/3 dv P  8 4   P r 4
  r 
W2 dt 8.3L  3  9L
2/3 1/3
W1 = [2] = 4 26. Answer (1)
W2 = 41/3W For parallel
22. Answer (4) dV

∵  r4
dt
1
∵ Excess Pressure P 
r 1 1 1
∵  
1 R R1 R2
r
P 4
reff  r14  r24
1 4
Mass m  V  r3  reff  2r 4
( P )3
dv
3   2V
m1  P2  1 1 dt
   3 
m2  P1  4 64 27. Answer (1)
23. Answer (3) By Burnoulli’s principle:
1 1  2 
∵ P  r  P1  v1  P2  v 22
r P 2 2
3  2
V1  P2   1 1
3
P1  v1  v 22   P2
     2
V2  P1  3  27
1
13.6 g  1  (35)2  (65)2   P2
24. Answer (1) 2
1 13.6  980  1500  Hggh
geffective = 0 & h 
geffective
h = 0.89 cm of Hg
So maximum height is 15cm
28. Answer (1)
25. Answer (1)
By Burnoulli’s theorem
dV Pr 4 29. Answer (1)
∵ Rate of flow 
dt 8L Ac
Ac  Area of container
H Ah  Area of hole
R Ah
L 2R
2L
dV
∵  v.Ah
dV P P dt
∵  
dt  8  L  R  Fluid resistance
 4 dH
 r  Ac  Ah 2gH
dt
56 Mechanical Properties of Fluids Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
Hf dH t
SECTION - B
H i
Ac
H
  Ah 2gdt
0
Ac Assertion - Reason Type Questions

1
t  2 H
Ah 2g 31. Answer (4)
Burnoulli’s theorem is valid only for incompressible
Ac 2 
t H i  Hf  fluids.
Ah g  
32. Answer (3)
30. Answer (1)
Net force on the block is non-zero w.r.t initial
frame.
v1 1 33. Answer (3)
h dm dx
F v  v A
v2 dt dt ∵ v  2gh  v g
34. Answer (1)

∵ F = Av2 density, A  Area
 F1 = Av12  dv 
∵ Fv  A  
F2 = Av22  dy 

 FNet = F2 – F1 Velocity gradient
FNet = A[v22 – v12] ...(i) 35. Answer (2)
By Bernoulli’s Principle Final acceleration becomes zero.
E2 = E1
36. Answer (1)
 2 
v1  gh  v 22 There are two surface in soap bubble.
2 2
37. Answer (4)
v 22  v12  2gh
First rise is not constant.
From (i)
F2 = A[2gh] = 2gAh Second height is given by formula which is
practically correct.

Chapter 10
Thermal Properties of Matter
Hints and Solutions
is W2 = 46 – 30.5 = 15.5g

SECTION - A
 Upthrust F2 = W2 = 15.5g,
V22g = 15.5g
1. Answer (4)
1
C F 32 V1(1 + sT) × g = 15.5g
∵   (1   T )
5 9 9
(1   s T )
 C F  16g  15.5 g
 (1   T )
5 9
16
20 F

 (1   T )  1   s T 
15.5
5 9
F = 36 16 
(1   T )  1  3  2.316  15  105 
Ff – Fi = 36 15.5 
Ff = 36 + Fi = 36 + 95 =131°F
16
2. Answer (2)
(1    15)  1  0.001
15.5
X  XM.P C 0 16.016
 1    15 
XB.P  XM.P 100  0 15.5
40  8 C   2.2  103 / °C .

95  8 100
5. Answer (1)
C = 36.8°C
Vc = Vcontainer = V0 [1 + ct]
3. Answer (1)
Vl = Vliquid = V0[1 + t]
Because according to Kirchhoff’s law Good
absorbers are also good emitter. V = V – Vc = V0[ – c]t
4. Answer (2) V = 10–3[1.82 × 10–4 – 0.1 × 3 × 10–4] × 100
∵ Loss in weight in a liquid at 27°C is V = 10–1[1.52 × 10–4]m3
W1 = 46 – 30 = 16 g V = 1.52 × 10–5m3
∵ Upthrust F1 = W1 = 16g = 1.52 × 10–5 × (102)3cm3
V11g1 = 16g V = 1.52 × 10 cc = 15.2 cc
Loss in weight at 42°C Volume of mercury which will Spill out.
58 Thermal Properties of Matter Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
6. Answer (3) For Al and for ice
After cooling contraction in brass disc will be grater  
than steel, so it will be loosened in steel plate. Q1 = 100 × 0.2 × (t + 20) Q2 = 200 × 0.5 × (20 – 0)
7. Answer (4) + 200 × 80 + 200 t
∵ Tension in wire due to change in temperature is So net required heat QR = Q1 + Q2
T.
And given heat is Qgiven = 24000 Cal
T = yAt = 1011 × 2 × 10–6 × 10–5 × 200
By Principle of Calorimetry
T = 4 × 102 N
Qrequired = Qgiven.
Q1 + Q2 = 24000 Cal
20 t + 400 + 2000 + 16000 + 200 t = 24000
t = 25°C
T ∵ T = mg
11. Answer (4)
m ∵ V = V0t
4 × 102 = m × 10
VRight – Vleft = Vleft (t – 0°C)
mg m = 40 kg
AlRight – Alleft = Alleft t
8. Answer (1)
l = lRight – lleft = lleft t = 100 × 10–5 × 100
1.5 kg Cu at 25°C + 0.2 kg H2O at 25°C + mH2O
l = 10–1 = 0.1 cm
at 50°C.
12. Answer (1)
Temperature of mixture is 40°C.
 Q1 + Q2 = Q3 Q KA(T1  T2 )
∵ Rate of heat 
t l
1.5 × 390 × (40 – 25) + 0.2 × 10 3 × 4.2 ×
(40 – 25) = m × 103 × 4.2 × (50 – 40) 0.2  5  (T1  25)
103 
4  10 2
8775  12600
= m 510 × 10–3 kg 40 = T1 – 25
42000
T1 = 65°C
m 510 g.
13. Answer (4)
9. Answer (4)
E
H/2 H/2
h = constant 200º H H 20º
A B C D
A H/2 H/2
Volume V = Ah
F
 ∵ For identical rods RAB = RBE = REC = RCD = R
V = Ah By Kirchhoff’s law in paths ABECD:
Vt = ht
T
V = V ∵ H =
R
Ve = = = 2 H H
TA  HR  R  R  HR  TD
10. Answer (1) 2 2
100g of Al + 200g of ice at -20ºC 200 – 3HR = 20
In 1s heat given is 100 Cal. 180 = 3HR
 4 minutes 24000 cal. HR = 60
If temperature of mixture is t°C For A  B
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Thermal Properties of Matter 59
TA – HR = TB 16. Answer (2)
d/2)
200 – 60 = TB
(R +
140°C = TB
l2,2
14. Answer (2)
l0 
1 2 O
Q KA(T1  T2 ) d/2)
 (R –
t l d d
R
KA(T1  T2 ) d d
Q t
l For l1 For l2
Given heat in a day
Arc l2 l0 (1   2 T )
∵ Angle    ...(ii)
0.01 1 (30  0)  24  3600 radius d d
Q= R R
5  10 2 2 2
Because this heat is used in melting of ice l1 l0 (1  1T )

  ...(i)
 Q = mLf d d
R R
2 2
6 × 24 × 3600 = m × 334 × 103
m = 1552 g d
R
15. Answer (2) ∵ 2  1  (1  1 T )  1
d (1   2 T )
By Kirchhoff's law R
2
T1 – HRA – HRB = T2
d (1   2 )T
T1 T0 T2 
d (1   2 T )
R
2
3K K
A A B (1   2 T ) ( 1   2 )T

l l d d
R
2
 l 
∵ thermal resistance R = KA   From (ii)
 
3 
l l l0      T
T1  H H  T2 l (   2 )T 2 
3KA KA   0 1 
d d
l0 t
4 Hl 
20  T1  T2  2d
3 KA
17. Answer (4)
Hl 1
 15 ...(i) 4
KA ∵ Area  Emissive power T 
4
For layer A. For layer B.
4 4
AP  Q   1980  16
T1 – T0 = HRA ∵      81
AQ  P   2970 
Hl Hl 18. Answer (3)
T1  T0  T0  T2  HRB 
3KA KA
∵ Q = mwater × Swater × T = m × S × T
From (i) From (i)
5  3  T
mwater 
15 Swater  T
T1  T0   5º C. T0 – T2 = 15ºC
3 ∵ Swater = 1 Cal/g ºC
60 Thermal Properties of Matter Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
mwater = 15 kg
80  T0 70  T0
 1  1
100  T0 80  T0
Water equivalent
19. Answer (3) 20 10

100  T0 80  T0
T  T0 
∵ ln  f    Kt 160 – 2T0 = 100 – T0
 Ti  T0 
60ºC = T0
Tf  Final temperature 21. Answer (4)
Ti  Initial temperature
T0  Surrounding temperature dT 4eA T0 4
∵ 
dt mS
t  time
For first 5 minutes dT
  Rate of cooling
dt
 60  50 
ln    K × 5
 80  50  dT A R2 1
   
dt m R3 R
 1
ln     K 5
3  _ dT
For next 10 minutes. dt
 T  50 
ln     K  10  [ 5K]  2 R
 60  50 
22. Answer (4)
T  50   1 ∵ Power radiated P  T 4
ln 
10   2 ln  3 
   
1
& T [By Wien's displacement law]
T  50  1  1
2 
  
10 3 9
1
P
9T – 450 = 10 4
9T = 460 If  n 
T = 51.11ºC.
1
20. Answer (4) P times
n4
T  T0  23. Answer (1)
∵ ln  f    Kt
 Ti  T0  ∵ Rate of radiation P = eA  T4
For 100ºC to 80ºC PA  eA A  TA4
 80  T0 
ln     K  10 ...(i) PB  eB A  TB4
 100  T0 
eA 1
For 80º to 70º ∵ PA  PB & 
eB e
 70  T0 
ln     K  10 ...(ii) TA4 eB
 80  T0   e
TB4 eA
From (i) & (ii).
1
80  T0 70  T0 TA
  [e ] 4
100  T0 80  T0 TB
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Thermal Properties of Matter 61
1  T 1 l
∵   A  B  1 and l  (1   t )
T B TA l
e4
V l g (1   s t )
24. Answer (2) Hence, = (3 + M)g ...(iii)
(1   l t )
Because time taken t  d2
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii)
d is thickness of ice
Mg (1   s t )
If t = Kd2 constant = (3 + M)g
(1   l t )
t1 = T = Kd2 ...(i)
t2 = K (2d)2 M (1  3  20  10 –6  100)
= (3 + M)
(1  45  10 –6  100)
t2 = 4 Kd2
t2 = 4T ...(ii) 3  M  1  60  10 –4 
  –4 
 Additional time t2 – t1 = 3T M  1  45  10 
25. Answer (1) 3 15  10 –4

Before increasing temperature M 1  45  10 –4
Fth M  2000 kg
l
V SECTION - B

26. Answer (4)
Mg
(i) Thermal conductivity is material property.
Fth = Mg
(ii) It is independant of Area and length.
lVg = Mg ...(i)
27. Answer (3)
After increasing temperature
Temperature difference must be smaller.
Fth
28. Answer (2)
3 kg
(i) Emissivity and absorptivity are equal for
anybody at given temperature.
M
(ii) Line absorption spectrum is different from
emissivity.
29. Answer (3)
(M + 3)g
Emissivity does not depend on thickness of layer of
Fth = (3 + M)g water.
lV g  (3  M ) g ...(ii) 30. Answer (1)
V = V(1 + st) No body is perfect black body.

Chapter 11
Thermodynamics
Hints and Solutions
5. Answer (3)
SECTION - A
(i) Because change in internal energy is
Objective Type Questions independent of path. It is state function.
1. Answer (3) So U1=U2 = U3
(i) Process AB is isochoric. (ii) ∵ Q = U + W
So, work done is zero.
If W  Q
(ii) Process BC is isothermal
(iii) W is Area of graph (P / V)
V  V  W3 > W2 > W1
∵ W  nRT ln  f   RT2 ln 2
 Vi  V1 
(iii) Process CA is isobaric Q3 > Q2 > Q1
 W = R(T1 – T2) 6. Answer (3)

2. Answer (4) P
3. Answer (4) B [2T 0]

2P0 C [4T 0]
∵ Work W   PdV
V2  a P0
 A [T 0]
W    dV  bdV 
V1 V 
V
V0 2V0
V2 dV V2
W  a  b  dV In Process B  C
V1 V V1
QBC = U + W
V 
w  a ln  2   b(V2  V1 ) QBC = nCvT + [Area]B  C
 V1 
 5R 
QBC = n  (4T0 – 2T0) + 2 P0V0
 2 
4. Answer (4)
∵ In P/V graph work done is area of graph.
QBC = 5nRT0 + 2 P0V0 = 7 P0V0 [∵ PV=nRT]
W1 = A1 = r12 & W2 = r22
In process A  B
W1 r12 4
 2  QAB = U + W
W2 r1 9
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Thermodynamics 63
For Adiabatic Process
 5R 
QAB = n   (2T0 – T0) + 0
 2  P
, 2V  Pf, 16V
2
5 P0V 0
QAB = [∵ PV=nRT] PV = Constant
2
PfV f = PiVi
 Net injected heat [Q] = QBC + QAB

 Vi 
5 P0V Pf = Pi  
Q = 7P0V0 + Vf 
2

P  Vi 
P0V 0 Pf =  
Q = 19 2  8Vi 
2
5
7. Answer (1) P  13
Pf = 8 
(i) Process B  C is isobaric. So, pressure must 2  
be constant. P 1
Pf = 
(ii) Process C  D is isochoric So, volume is 2 32
constant. So, in pressure-temperature graph, P
CD graph should be straight line and should Pf =
64
pass from origin.
11. Answer (1)
8. Answer (2)
P
(i) Process AB is isobaric so pressure must be ∵ Slope of P / V graph is
V
constant.
∵ Slope 
(ii) Process CB is isothermal process. So, in PV
∵ [Slope]2 > [Slope]1
graph. Isothermal graph should be hyperbolic.

9. Answer (4)
[]2 > []1
∵ Q  U  W 
[He]2 > [O2]1
U W
1 
Q Q 5 5
∵ []He = &   O2 =
3 7
nCv T W 12. Answer (1)
1 
nCpT Q For polytropic Process
PVN = Constant ...(i)
1 W
1  R
 Q Molar heat capacity C = CV + ...(ii)
1 N
 1 W P = aV2 ...(iii)

 Q PV–2 = a = Constant ...(ii)
From (i) & (iii)
Q   N=–2
 
W  1  1  from (ii)
10. Answer (3) 5R R
C= 
2 1  ( 2)
P 
Isothermal
[P.V ] 
[PV=Constant]
Adiabatic
  ,2V  
γ  Pf ,16V  15R  2R 17R

2  [PV =Constant] C=
6 6
64 Thermodynamics Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
C In Carnot’s cycle there are two adiabatic and two
isothermal process
c P A (T 1, V a)
B (T 1, V b)
3
R
2
D
C (T 2, V e)
O x X (T 2, V d)
Va Vd Vb Vc V
For polytropic Process :
B  C  Adiabatic
PVx = Constant
T1Vb–1 = T2Vc–1
R
C = CV +  1
1 x T1 Vc 
  ...(i)
T2 Vb 
3R R
C=  ...(i)
2 1 x D  A  Adiabatic
At C
T1Va–1 = T2Vd–1
x = 0  from (i)
 1
3R 5R T1 Vd 
C  R    ...(ii)
2 2 T2 Va 
At x From (i) & (ii)

C=0
Vc Vd V V
 From (i)   b  a
Vb Va Vc Vd
3R R
0=  16. Answer (3)
2 1 x
1 3 T2
   2  3  3 x ∵   1
1 x 2 T1
5 If T2 = 0  = 1 = 100%
x
3 According to third law of thermodynamics absolute
14. Answer (2) zero temperature is not possible.
For polytropic Process PVN = Constant 17. Answer (3)
Work done is For refrigerator, working performance
nR T Q2
W= =
1 N W
In given problem PV2 = K
N=2 250
S= [∵ Q2 = 250]
W
nR T
W= = – nRT W = 50
1 2
W = 2R (400 –300) ∵ W = Q1 – Q2
W = –200R Q1 = W + Q2 = 50 + 250 = 300
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Thermodynamics 65
18. Answer (2) ∵ Efficiency of engine []
Coefficient of performance of refrigerator WNet 1040  100
= 
QSupplied 9605
Q2 Q2 T2
 = W  Q Q  T T
1 2 2  = 10.82%
T2  Lower temperature 21. Answer (4)
T1  Upper temperature T2 [Sink]

∵  = 1 – T [Source]
Q2 T2 273 1
  
W T1  T2 20
1 T
 1 2 ...(i)
Q2  20 mLf  20 6 T1
W=  [∵ Q=mLf]
273 273
 1 1 (T  62)
∵ Lf  Latent heat of fusion 2     1 2 ...(ii)
6 3 T1
5  80  4.2  103  20
W= 1 T 62
273  1 2 
3 T1 T1
W 8000  4.2  103

 Power =  = 102.5 W 1 1 62
t 273  1200  
3 6 T1
19. Answer (4)
1 62

T1 A T B T2 6 T1
For A efficiency For B efficiency T1 = 372K

T1 = 372 – 273
T T2
1 = 1 – T 2 = 1 – T1 = 99°C
1 T
22. Answer (1)
∵ 1 = 2
Free expansion is adiabatic process in which no
T T work is done on or by the system. Therefore,
1  1 2 change in internal energy is also zero. So Internal
T1 T
energy remains constant.
T = T1T2 23. Answer (2)
20. Answer (2) In extremely cold weather the coefficient of
performance of heat pump will decrease because
∵ QSupplied = Q1 + Q4 temperature difference between source and sink
Qsupplied = 5960 + 3645 increases.
Qsupplied = 9605J Q1 Q1 T1
∵ []Heatpump =  
For Cycle W Q1  Q2 T1  T2
U = O If T2 (T1 – T2)  

QNet = WNet 24. Answer (1)
5960 – 5585 – 2980 + 3645 = WNet In de-frost cycle, the heat pump switches from
heating to cooling due to accumulation of ice.
1040J = WNet
66 Thermodynamics Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
∵ K>1 So If 
SECTION - B
 [K]1/  Vf
 Degree of freedom of monoatomic is minimum
25. Answer (1)
2
For adiabatic process PV = Constant So  is maximum ∵   1 
f
Pf Vf  = P i V i 
26. Answer (1)
 Carnot’s engine has maximum efficiency.
Pf  Vi 
  27. Answer 1)
Pi Vf 
In adiabatic process during expansion of gases
temperature falls.

P2  Vi   TV–1 = Constant
   = K (Constant)
P1 Vf 
1
T 
V  1
Vi
Vf  1 If V  T

[K ] 28. Answer (3)

Chapter 12
Kinetic Theory
Hints and Solutions
nR T = PfVf – PiVi
SECTION - A
nR T = [PV]Q – [PV]P
= 3 × 105 × 5 – 1 × 105 × 2
1. Answer (2)
nR T = 13 × 105 J
In path CD, gas is compressed so temperature
increases. f 
 U = 13 × 105  
 TP > TQ 2
∵ Vrms  from ...(i)
T  VP > VQ
2. Answer (1) f
1.95 × 106 = 1.3 × 106 ×
2
f
5 Q 1.5 =
3 × 10 2
P
f=3
P
1 × 10 5
3. Answer (3)
2 5 V Q
P 2
∵ Work is area under graph PQ.
1 P
1
W=A= (1 + 3) × 105 × 3
2 0.5 1.0 
W = 6 × 105 J m
∵ p=
By first law : v
Q = U + W m
v=
2.55 × 106 = U p
(2.55 – 0.6) × 106 = U + 6 × 105 ∵ m = 1 kg
1.95 × 106 = U ...(i) sf pi = 1 sf pf = 0.5

vi = 1 m3 vf = 2 m3
nfR T
∵ U = nC V T  [f is degree of Equation of graph PQ
2
∵ Y = –mx + c
freedom]
68 Kinetic Theory Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
1 N
P = –2 + 3 ∵ tan  = 2 ∵ n= (N is number of molecules)
0.5 V
m  P
P = 2    3 n
v  KT
from ...(i)
2
P=  3
v KT
m 
 2 2dv 2  2d 2P
 W=  Pdv     3dv 
1
 1 v 1  m  [It is not always true]
W = –2 ln2 + 3 [2 – 1] P
1
W = – 2 In2 + 3 So from (i)  m 
n
W = –2 × 0.6931 + 3 [∵ In 2 = 0.6931] 6. Answer (3)
W = 0.16138 × 106 J Initially finally
∵ Q = U + W PV = (n + n)RT1 PV = (n + 2n)RT2
nfR T 2nRT1 3nRT2
1.0614 × 106   0.16138  106 V= and V = ...(ii)
2 P P
f ∵ Volume is same
(1.0614 – 0.16138) × 106 = [nRT]
2 So from (i) and (ii)
f 2T1 3T2
0.90002 × 106 = [P V – PiVi] 
2 f f P P
f P  3 T2 3 6000
= [2 × 105 × 2 – 1 × 105 × 1]   
2 P 2 T1 2 300
f P = 30P
0.90002 × 106 = × 3 × 105
2 7. Answer (2)
0.90002  106 ∵ Law of equipartition of energy net energy of n
f  6
0.15  106 moles and for f degree of freedom.
4. Answer (2) nfRT
U=
1: In the Maxwell Boltz mann speed distribution 2
graph for gas molecules is given between  Initial energy Ui  UHe  UH
fraction of molecules per unit speed and speed. 2
There fore dimensions of fraction of molecules 2  3  R  300 3  5  R  600

Ui = 
per unit speed is 2 2
M 0 L0T 0 Ui = 5400R
 [L1T ]
LT 1
(n1  n2 )fM RTM
2: Area under curve should be dimensionless, so Final energy Uf =
2
area cannot represents the number of moles.
fM  Degree of freedom of mixture
5. Answer (2)
TM  Temperature of mixture.
∵ Mean free path [m] is given
n1f1  n2 f2
1 ∵ fM = ( n  n )
1 2
as m = ...(i)
2nd 2
 n1f1  n2f2  RTM
n  number of molecules per unit volume.  Uf =
2
d  diameter of a molecule By conservation of energy
∵ P = nKT Uf = Ui
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Kinetic Theory 69
 2  3  3  5  RTM SECTION - B
 5400R
2
21 TM
 5400
2 9. Answer (1)
10800 ∵ PV = nRT n  number of moles
TM = 514 K
21
8. Answer (3) If V & T  constant
P  n
P1 20 cm
Air 10. Answer (1)
Hg 10 cm
Hg 10 cm At very high temperature two vibrational degree of
Air
P2 freedom are also considered one for kinetic energy
& other for potential energy.
P1 + 10 = P0 P2 = P0 + 10 11. Answer (3)
&
3RT 2RT
V1 = 20 cm V2 = cm 1: ∵ Vrms = & VMP 
M M
∵ P1V1 = P2V2
VMP  most probable speed
(P0 – 10) × 20 = (P0 + 10)
(75 – 10)20 = (75 + 10) Vrms  rms speed
[P0 = 75 cm of Hg) VMP < Vrms for all temperatures
260
  15 cm 2: In Maxwell’s gas distribution number of
17 molecules or area remains constant.

Chapter 13
Oscillation
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A 4
cos(t) =
5
4
t = cos–1  
1. Answer (2) 5
In simple harmonic motion 2 1  4 
t = cos  
acceleration a = –2x ...(i) T 5
 is angular frequency T 4
t = cos1  
Given, acceleration, a = –162x ...(ii) 2 5
From (i) & (ii) 3. Answer (4)
2 = 162
1
 = 4
2 x = –A x =0 x=A
or, T = 4 2
1 ∵ x = A sin(), where  is phase of particle

T= s executing SHM.
2
2. Answer (2) So, x1 = A sin (1) ...(1)
If particle starts SHM from extreme position or and x2 = A sin (2) ...(2)
from rest its position is given as From, equations (2) equations (1)
  x2 – x1 = A sin 2 – A sin 1
x = A sin  t   ...(i)
 2    1   2  1 
Or, x2 – x1 = 2 A cos  2  sin   .....(3)
  2   2 
∵ Phase constant  =
2 Now, x2 – x1 = 0
4A  2 + 1 = 
O x= v=0
.....(4)
5
x = –A x =0 x=A 2
Also 2 – 1 = .....(5)
M.P A 3
5 on solving,
∵ x is measured from mean position O.

4A   1 =
 A sin  t   6
 x=
5  2 5
2 =
4A 6
= A cost
5 Putting in equation (1) or (2)
4 A
= cos (t) x=
5 2
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Oscillation 71
∵ At mean position system is in equilibrium and ∵ ax2 + bv2 = k .....(i)
net force is zero.
bv2 =k– ax2
v =0
m x =0 F = kx0 = kA Differentiating w.r.t. x
m
m dv
A b2v  0  2ax
m dx
x0 = A 2 mg ba0 = –ax
k
vdv
∵ a0(acceleration) =
dx
At x0 = A FNet = 0 a
kx0 = 2mg a0 =    x
b
kA = 2mg
∵ a0 = –2x
2 mg
A=
k so motion is simple harmonic.
5. Answer (3)
In air : In water : From (i)
At x = A, v = 0
Fth
aA2 = k
m
k
A=
mg a
mg  Fth 7. Answer (3)
 geffective =
m ∵ In SHM
mg  V H2O g
geff. = v =  A2  x 2
m
S Vg  V  H2O g v2
geff. =  A2   x 2 .....(i)
SV 2
  H2O  a = – 2x
geff. = g 1   
 S 
a2 = 4x2 .....(ii)
S
∵ Relative density =    (i) divided/(ii)
H2O
 1 v 2
 A2 2  1
 geff. = g 1   = 
    a 2 2
4
a2
l l v2 – A22 = 
∵ T = 2  2 2
g eff.  1
g 1   a2 = –2v2 + A24
 
T Y = –2x + c
T =
 1 Graph is straight line with negative slope and
1    positive intercept.
 
a2

T = T    1

2
v
72 Oscillation Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
8. Answer (3)  2
O = t = t
6 T
T 2 1
t =   s
 l 12 12 6
10. Answer (1)
m
kx k
mg
O
Torque due to mg is 1 (about 0) 1m
d = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5 m
1 = mg(l sin)
C.M
Torque due to kx (about 0)
 x
2 = kxl = k(l)l ∵   l 
 
 Net torque about 0 is
[Net]0 = –[mgl sin+ kl2] If rod is displaced at an angle  with vertical.
If is much smaller
0 = –[mgl  + kl2]
I0 = 0 – [mgl + kl2]
O
mI2 = –[mgl + kl2]
g k 
 = –    
d
 l m
∵  = –2 C.M
dsin
2 g k
 
T l m
2 mg
 T= g k

l m 0 = mg d sin
9. Answer (1)
for small 
If particle starts from mean position so position is
given as x = A sint 0 = mg d
dx I0= (mgd)
∵ v=  v = A cost
dt
 mgd 
Kinetic energy k =
mv 2 =   I  
2  0 
m 2 2 2 mgd
k = A  cos2 t 
2 T I0
m2 A2
∵ Total energy E = I0
2  T = 2
mgd
 K = Ecos2t
75 IC.M  md 2
E = E cos2t T = 2
100 mgd
3E ml 2
= E cos2t  md 2
4
T = 2 12
3 mgd
= cost
2 ∵ l = 2 m & d = 0.5 m
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Oscillation 73
13. Answer (2)
4 1

2  12 4 d
T= 1 m
g p
2 x = (R – d )
7 74 7
T = 2  
60 60 15
11. Answer (4)
x = Acost .....(i) ∵ At point P
T   d
t= =
O 12 6 t = 0 g  g 1  
 R
x = –A x =0 P x=A
x0 (A – x0) R  d 
g = g  
( A  x0 )  R 
So, average speed vm = T .....(ii) x
12 g = g  
R 
From (i)
g 
 2 T   Acceleration a  g      x
x0 = A cos    R 
 T 12 
∵ a = – x
2
 3A
x0 = A cos    g
6 2  =
R
From (ii)
2 g
 3A  =
 A 


2 

2 3 A    T  
T R
vm = T  ∵ 12  6  R
2   T = 2
12 6 g
vm =

3 A 2  3  ∵g=
GM
 R2
12. Answer (1)
R3
T  2
  GM
x1 = 3sint, x2  3 sin  t   , x3 = 7sin(t +)
 2 14. Answer (2)
By phasor diagram along x and y axis :
[x2] maximum = 3 = A2
A •

C.M • d=4
A3 = 7 = [ x3 ]Maximum [x1]maximum = 3 = A1
O
AR 3
AR  32  42 = 5 ∵ A = mgdsin
53º
90º For small 
(7–3) = 4 O A = mgd
 XR = 5 sin [t + (90 + 53)] IA = (mgd)
XR = 5 sin [t + 143º]  mgd 
Resultant position =   I  
 A 
74 Oscillation Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
∵ = –2 2 l g
 
2 mgd T 0 a

T IA 0 a
T  2
2 l g
ml 2 l 
 m 
IA 12 4 0 a
T  2  2 T  2
mgd mgd g
7 ml 2 SECTION - B
7l
T  2 48  2 Assertion - Reason Type Questions
l 12 g
mg
4 16. Answer (1)
1st statement :
7l
l If x = Acost, then particle starts its motion from
∵ T  2 12  2 effective extreme position. So velocity is towards mean
g g
position.
2nd statement :
7l
 leffective = We know that in S.H.M acceleration is towards
12
mean position. So both are in same direction so
15. Answer (1) dot product of velocity and acceleration is positive.
17. Answer (2)
At equilibrium
At equilibrium applied force is equal to spring
force.
 kx0 = F
F
If cube is pushed downward by a displacement y, x0 =
k
then additional buoyant force is given by
This displacement (x0) is equal to amplitude of
Fth = Vin l g oscillation.
Fth = (a2y)l g 18. Answer (2)
ma0 = Fth = –(a2l g)y 1st statement :
For SHM direction of acceleration and
 a 2 l g 
a0 = –  m  y displacement (always measured from mean
  position) is opposite.
 a 2 l g   l g  2nd statement :
a =   a3  y     a  y
 (∵ m = 0 a3) Minimum potential energy may be non-zero
 0   0 
because it depends on position of zero potential
a = – 2y energy.

Chapter 14
Waves
Hints and Solutions
3. Answer (2)
SECTION - A

Objective Type Questions y1 = 10 cos(5x + 25t), y2 = 20 cos(5x + 25t + )
3
1. Answer (2) 
∵ A1 = 10 m & A2 = 20 m,  
 x 3
y = y0sin2 ft   ∵ Resultant amplitude AR =
  
1/ 2
dy  x  A12  A22  2 A1A2 cos 
 VP   y 0 2f cos 2 ft  
dt   1/ 2
 1
AR = 100  400  2  10  20  
[VP]max. = 2fy0 ∵ [cos ]max.  1  2 
AR = 10 7
 By Phasor diagram :
∵ wave velocity V   f
K
∵ [VP]Max. = 4 V A2
2fy0 = 4f
y 0 AR
= A2sin 60º
2
2. Answer (2)  60º
60º A1 A 2cos 60º
T
∵ V 

3
20 
T is tension in wire. A2 sin60º 2
tan  = 
A1  A2 cos 60 1
 is linear mass density 10  20 
2
By error analysis 10 3 3
tan  = 
V 1  T 20 2

V 2 T
1
 3
T 2 V  = tan  
  2 
T V
 Resultant wave is
T 2
 2   3 
500 300 y = 10 7 cos 5 x  25t  tan1 
 2  
T = 6.67 N    
76 Waves Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
4. Answer (2) f
= 0.562
RT f0
Speed of sound is Vs =
M
15
For same atomicity H2   O2 f0
= 0.562
 H2 RTH2 O2 RTO2 15

VH2   VO2  f0 =
MH2 MO2 0.562
TH2 373 1 T 100

 f2 =  f
2 32  40   140 0
2 l  l
 100 
373
TH2   23.31K
16 100 15 1500
f2 =  
140 0.562 78.68
TH2  (23.31  273) K
TH2  249.69 f2 = 19.1 Hz

If we consider small element of mass dm in string.
1 1 RT
1 f= v
∵ Kinetic energy dK = dm v
2
2l 2l M
2
1 RT 1 RT
1 f1 = , f2 
dk = dm A2 2 [∵ v = A] 2L 2  L 32
2 2 
 2
1  dm 
dk = dx A2 2 ∵  
2  dx  1 RT
, f4 
1 RT
f3 =
 2L  28  L 44
dk 1  dx  2 2 2  2 
power    A  3  3
dt 2  dt 
1 f3 3 44 1 11 11
power  vA 
2 2
  
2 f4 2  3 28 2 7 28
∵  = 2f
8. Answer (2)
power = 2vA22f2
1 T
T 2 2 2 ∵ Frequency f 
power = 2 A f 2l  r 

power = f2 l1 r1 T2 1
   
80 f1 l 2 r2 T1 2
2  5  10 2   (6  10 2 )2  2  (60)2
5  10 2 T1 8 r1 4 l1 36 1 1
∵  ,  ,  , 
power = 511 W T2 1 r2 1 l 2 35 2 2
6. Answer (1)
f2 36 4 1 1
1 T    
∵ f0 = f1 35 1 8 2
2l 
f1 35
 144  
1 T  100 T  f2 36
f1 =    244  f
0
2l  100 f1  f2 –1

f2 36
f1 360
 1 = 1.562 – 1 f2   10 Hz
f0 36
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Waves 77
Vs  Speed of source. v= 104
v0 = u vs = u/2
V  Speed of sound. R2 s
v is velocity of sound
V0  Speed of detector or observer.
v relative v  v s
f0  Original frequency of source. ∵ wavelength  2  
f0 f0
According to graph:
u
104 
At t = 3s, f = 1100 Hz
2  2  214
Detector or observer is moving under gravity u = 0, f0 2f0
a = g, t = 3s. v = 10 u
u/2 = vs u = v0
∵ v = u + at s
R1
v0 = O + gt = 30 m/s u
At t = 3s v relative v  v s 10u  2
1 =  
f0 f0 f0
194
v0 = 30 m/s 1 =
2f0
Frequency observed by detector is f.
v 1 19
∵ 
 2 21
s
SECTION - B
v
f = relative Assertion - Reason Type Questions

11. Answer (1)
(v  v 0 )
f = ...(i) 1. Transverse wave can travel on the surface of

water due to surface tension. Which acts
v tangentially.
∵ 
f0 2. Modulus of rigidity also represents a force
From (i) which acts tangentially.
12. Answer (4)
f0 (v  v 0 )
f = 1. Due to change in distance between consecutive
v nodes and antinodes pressure changes.
f0 (v  30) 2. Phase difference between displacement and
f = [∵ v0= 30 m/s]
v pressure is /2. So displacement nodes
 v  30  represent pressure antinodes.
1100 = 1000   13. Answer (3)
 v 
1. Wave has a phase change of  after reflection
11 v  30
 from denser medium and of zero after reflection
10 v from rarer medium.
11 v = 10 v + 300 2. Power of wave P f 2
v = 300 m/s ∵ f is frequency.

Chapter 15
Electric Charges and Fields
Hints and Solutions
FR 4F
SECTION - A
1. Answer (1)
When M and P When N and P 2F

are touched are touched
 FR = (4F )2  (2F )2
M P N P
–2C –2C 1C 1C FR = 20F
20kq 2
FR =
q1  q2 4  ( 8) r2
q P  qM    2 C
2 2 3. Answer (1)
4  ( 2)
qN  qP   1 C
2 x x
F F
Final charge, qm = –2 C, qn = qp = 1 C

2. Answer (2) l l
 
(1) The resultant force of all charges of outer ring
T T
of radius R will be zero because they are
placed at opposite position and having same W
charges.
F.B.D. of balloons:
(2) Due to inner charges :
F th
+2q
F T sin
2F + 2F
F+F 
+q –q T
–q
T cos

FNet  = 0
 x
T sin = F
–2q
q2
F is force between q & –q T sin = .....(i)
40 (2 x )2
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Electric Charges and Fields 79
F.B.D. of weight (w) : If k = constant
2T cos yq
T   T ∵ |qp| = |qe|
 yp = ye
5. Answer (3)
F1
W 2F2
F2
A q
FNet  = 0 Q
∵  y F2
2T cos = w .....(ii)
Equation (i) / equation (ii)
tan  q2

2 16 0 x 2w
q  8w tan 0 x 2
q Q
4. Answer (1)
_ _ ∵ Net force on Q at A is zero.
P  F1 = – 2F2 .....(i)
( x, y)
E +q v kQ 2
O ∵ F1 =
 
2
2a
+ + kQq
Along y-axis, and F2 =
a2
∵ F = qE From (i)
 qE  kQ 2 kQq
– 2 2
ay =   2a 2 a
m
ay q 1
 Sy = u y  t2 –
2 Q 2 2
 qE  2 6. Answer (1)
y=  t .....(i)
 2m  1. Fifth positively charge will perform SHM along
Along x-axis x-axis. Because when it is displaced along
x-axis from origin net force is towards origin.
ax = 0
2. If fifth charge is displaced along y-axis then net
x = uxt = vt .....(ii)
force is away from origin.
From (i) & (ii)
7. Answer (4)
2
qE  x  1. In case (1), a and b should have opposite
y
2m  v  nature because between these net field is non
zero.
qEx 2
 y .....(iii) 2. In case (1), a should be +ve because its field
2mv 2
will be towards +ve axis.
y is deviation along y-axis.
3. In case (2), both must have same nature
From (iii) because net field is zero between charges and
qEx 2  mv 2  near field is –ve.
y= k    a and b both are negative.
4k  2 
80 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
8. Answer (2) qP
Fy = 3
qA = nqB qB
P 
20 l 2  a 2  2
A B
r x If l < < a
+ve –ve
qP
At P, ENet  0 Fy =
20 a 3
r
 x= .....(i) 10. Answer (2)
n 1
+
–q
+
qA No.of field lines emerging from A
∵ P
qB = No. of field lines terminating at B x
qA 12
2 C
qB = 6
qA = 2qB  n = 2
 + +
From (i)
∵ Electric field at
r

10  2 1  P is given as
 
x=
2 1 2 1 kqx
EP = .....(i)
x = 10 cm R3
4 3
9. Answer (3) ∵ q = V =   R 
 3 
y
F F From (i)
  k  4 3
F sin F sin EP = –
R3  3 R  x
+Q  
2 2
  l +a ∵ FP = qEP and from (i)
l a
a 4 
+q +q x
a O FP = –  kq  x
l a  3 
F   F
 4kq 
a = – x
F sin F sin  3m 
–Q ∵ a = –2x
Net force along y-axis 4kq q  1 
 2 =  ∵ k  
Fy = 4F cos .....(i) 3m 3m  0  4 0 
kQq 2 q
∵ F=
l 2
 a2  T

3m  0
and
3m 0
T  2
l q
cos=
l  a2
2
11. Answer (3)
 From (i) q1 q2 q3
4kQql 2kq(2Ql ) 2kqp
Fy = 3
 3
 3
(l 2  a ) 2 2
(l 2  a ) 2 2
(l 2  a2 ) 2
2qP
Fy = 3

40 l 2  a 2  2 After induction
Final distribution of charges are given as : & P = ql
Q1 P
Q2 q=
q1 + q 2 + q3 l
q1 + q2 + q 3 –Q 1 –Q2 From (i)
2
2
A B C  E 
F P 
 q1  q2  q3   l 
Q1 = q1    .....(i)
 2 
E
∵ q1 = Q, q2 = –2Q, & q3 = 3Q ∵ = 105 N/cm and P = 10–7 Cm
l
From (i)  F = 10–7 × 105 = 10–2 N.
 Q  2Q  3Q  14. Answer (1)
Q1 = Q –  
 2  A
Q1 = 0
h/4 P R2 Q
12. Answer (2)
B F
y
h/2
R1
E
C
h/4
1 2 D
E
x O R
O
If 1 is flux passing from cross-section of radius R1.
z 2 is flux passing from cross-section of radius R2
Electric field at surface 1 is E1 = 0 &  is a flux passing from radius R.
∵ x=0 ABF & AOD are similar triangles.
At surface 2 BF AB R h/4 1
  2  
x=a OD AO R h 4
∵ Electric field is constant
 E2 = E0a
  = EA[Area]
Flux passing from surface 1
  A R2
1 = 0
2
Flux passing from surface 2 2  R2  1
  
2 = E2[Area] = E2a2  R 16
2 = E0a3 
2 =
 Net flux Net = 1 + 2 = E0a3 16
According to gauss’s law : Similarly :
qin R1 3h / 4 3
Net =   
0 R h 4
2
qin 1  R1  9
E0a3 =    
0  R 16
qin = E0a3 9
1 = 
13. Answer (4) 16
l
 Flux between cross-section R1 & R2
P O Z
E = f(Z) 8  R 2E
 = 1 – 2 =  
∵ F = qE .....(i) 16 2 2
15. Answer (2) r
 E2 =
E1 ER 54  0
 Net field at P is
EP = E1 – E2
x 
2
E2 r 1 1 
y EP =
0  3  54 
 
 17r
(0, 0) 1 EP = 54 
0
17. Answer (1)
dx
x
2
∵ E2 =
20 x
1
and E1 = Density   x
20 y
 = cx (c is constant)
E1 1x
tan  = E   y
2 2
∵ q=  dV
∵  = 45º for equal inclination
 cx  4x dx 
2
q=
1x R/2
 tan45º =  y
2 q = c 4 0
x 3 dx
1 R
 y= x  x4  2 R 
4
2 q = 4c    c   
 4 O  2 O
16. Answer (3)
4
 R
kc   
kq  2  R
∵ E1 =  ∵ r  2 
A r/2 r2  R
2
 
B  2 
E1 E2
kc R 2
E1 =
4
If we consider net positive charge is distributed
over the complete sphere and –ve charge is For complete charge
distributed in the small spherical volume of radius R 4cR 4
q = c 4 0 x dx 
3
r/2. 4
If E1 is electric field at A due to positive charge q = cR4
and E2 is the electric field at A due to negative
kq k cR 4 kc R 4
charge. E2 = 2
 
(2R ) (2R )2 4
kq r  4 3
E1 =  ∵ q   3 r  E1
r 2 3 0    1
E2
3
18. Answer (2)
kq2 k 4 r 
E2 = 2
     1. Charge along the side of cube q = l and
 3r   9r 2
 3 2 centre of charge is at mid point of the edge
 2   
   4  therefore charge will be closed by 4 cube.
2. In a cube, 4 surface give zero flux because 
field lines are tangential to the surface. sin2  
q1 2
 According to gauss’s law.  
q2 
sin2  
l 2
4 cubes give flux =
0 20. Answer (1)
l Electric field due to half ring at its centre is
1 cube give flux =
4 0 
E
2  0 R
l
 2 surfaces give flux = For vertical ring :
4 0
l
 1 surface give flux =
8 0
19. Answer (3)
If a gaussian surface with its centre at the vertex
of cone.
+ C +

q
2E+
Flux through the base of the cone is

q
=
2 0
1  cos  E+ is the electric field due to positively charged
semicircular ring and E– is the electric field due to
negative charged semicircular ring.
q
No. of lines of force per unit solid angle are so
4 
∵ E+ = E– =
no. of lines of force through cone of half angle  2  0 R
q For horizontal ring :
are 2(1  cos )
+
4
 
∵ 2E+ c
+q1 –q2
 No. of lines from q1 are l1
+
q ∵ E+ = E–
l1 = 2 1  cos  
4 So net field at common centre C is
No. of lines from q2 are l2 2E + C
q2
l2 = 2 1  cos 
4
∵ Total no. of lines emanating from q1 are equal
to total lines of force terminating to q2.
 l1 = l2 2 [2E ] 2E +
q1 q ENet = 2 2 E
2 1  cos    2 2 1  cos  
4 4 
 ∵ E+ = 2  R
2 sin2   0
q1 (1  cos ) 2
   2
q2 (1  cos  )    ENet =
2sin2    0R
2
21. Answer (1)
 1 1
∵ F = qE ∵ F = –kx F = – kqQ  2
 2
h0
 h2 1  x  
 W1 =  Fdx  W2 =  Fdx  0  h0  
 
 W1 =  qEdx  W2 =   kxdx
kqQ  1 
2 F=– 2  2
 1
kx h0 
 W1 = q  E0 (1  x )dx  W2 =   1 x  
2   h

0 

 
 x2 
 W1 = qE 0  x   2
 2  kqQ  x  
F=– 2
  1    1
WNet = W1 + W2 h0  h0  

 kqQ  2 x 
x 2  kx 2 F=– 1   1
WNet = qE0  x   h02  h0
 2  2 
Body is initially rest and finally at rest. So change kqQ 2 x
F=– 
in kinetic energy is zero. h02 h0
By work – Energy theorem, kqQ
∵  mg
h02
k = WNet
 2mg 
 x 2  kx 2  F = – h x
0 = qE0  x  2   2  0 
 
 2mg 
2qE0 a = –  mh  x
 x = (k  qE )  0 
0
∵ a  2 x
22. Answer (3)
If charge q is displaced small distance x. 2g
= h0
m
q 23. Answer (2)
x ∵ F = QE
h0 q
(h0 – x) 
∵ E=
Q 0
Q
F=
0
 Q –
+ –
kqQ +
 F=  mg .....(i) +
(h0  x )2 +
+
∵ Initially particle is in equilibrium. +
+
+
 FNet  0 +
+ F
kqQ + C.M.
+
h02 = mg +
+
From (i) + + –
+
 kqQ kqQ 
F = –  2 
  h0  x 
2
h0 O

 = rc.m F Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface
L Q
= 2  ( r 2 l )
0 qin =
0
LQ
I0 = 2  By Gauss law
0
ML2 LQ qin

3
 =
2 0  E.dA  0
3 Q
  = 2  ML
0

 r 2 l 
E2rl =
24. Answer (3) 0
+ + + r
+ – – – + +q E = 2
0
–
+
– R –
+ 27. Answer (2)
– R/2 P
q – + Ep
+ –
– ∵ Emax =
kq
– R2
+ –
– –
– +
Electric field at distance x < R.
+ +
+ + kq 1 kq
3R E= x  Emax 
R3 4 4R 2
kq kq
EP = 
(3R )2 9R 2 R
 x=
25. Answer (1) 4
28. Answer (1)

E1
30°
E2 y  y
60°
E2sin60º E 1sin30º x
60° Q P x
q2
30 °
x
q1
d
∵ ENet   0
 x
 E1sin30º = E2sin60º 
E 
P sheet 
2 0
E1 3E2

2 2 kQ
E1 EP Q 
 3 x2
E2
∵ Net field is zero
26. Answer (3)
r E 
P sheet   EP Q
 kQ
 2
2 0 x
l 2kQ  0 2kQ  0
Gaussian x2   x
 
surface
2  9  109  6  10 6  8.85  10 12
x= 0.7 m
2  10 6
R
29. Answer (2) q   
 F  qE  ∵ E  
2 0  2 0 
+
At equilibrium
R/2
R
q
l  F  T sin 
2 0
120º
mg = T cos
+ q
120º   tan 
∵ l = 2R sin  2  0 mg

 2 
l = 2R sin60º = 3R 2  0 mg tan 
=
q
∵ qin = l = 3 R
= 5 C/m2
qin = 3  1 1  3 C
By gauss’s law : 33. Answer (3)
qin Considering semicircular ring

∵ = 
0
F
3
= q +++
0 + ++
++ + +
30. Answer (2) +
+
++
kq1  R / 2 
++
+++
For q1 : [E1]P =
R3
++
Q
kq2
For q2 : [E2 ]p  2
 3R 
 2 
T E+ T [Tension]
[E1]P = [E2]P If  is linear charge density of ring.
q1 8 q 9
  2   1.125 q
q2 9 q1 8 =
2R
31. Answer (1)
 Force on Q is
2q + q
– –
–q   
– q– F = QE+ = Q  
–A
–
S  2  0 R 
–
– –
 q 
Q
After earthing potential will be zero so outer charge  2R 
will be neutralised. F=
2  0 R
32. Answer (3)
+ qQ
T cos F=
4  0 R 2
2

T  Same force will act on ring as a reaction
 2T = F
T sin
F qQ
T   2
mg 2 8 0 R 2
+
2 – 
dr
E3
E1 r
E2 P
1 2 3
EP = |E1| – (|E2| + |E3|)
2     r
EP =     = 0  1  
2 0  20 30   R
EP = 0  dV = 4r2dr
35. Answer (4) q=  dV

Equilibrium along y-axis is neutral because net
force along y-axis is zero. R  r 
q= 0
0  1   .4r 2dr
 R 
36. Answer (2)
r
 r3 
y q = 40   r 2 –  .dr
0
 R 
3 +
 2 + r 3 r 4 
+++ + q = 40   
++ +  3 4R 
A +
+
++
x
z
++
qin
 E.dS 
+
1 As
 0
E2
40  r 3 r4 
Electric field of wire 1 & 3 will be cancelled out. So E=  – 
0  3 4R 
net field is equal to field of semicircular ring.
 0  r r2 
∵ EA = E2 = E=  – 
2  0 R 0  3 4R 
 Force on q dE 0  1 2r 
 – 0
dr 0  3 4R 
q
F = ma = qEA = 2  R
0 2r 1
 
4R 3
q
a = 2  Rm (  j )
0 2R
r 
3
Direction is in –ve y-axis.
2R
q  E is maximum at
 .....(i) 3
2m  0 R
37. Answer (2) 0  2R 4R 2  0  R 

 –  =
E=
0  9 4R.9  0  9 
Induced electric field forms closed loop.
39. Answer (2)
SECTION - B
Along AO & BO, Assertion - Reason Type Questions
40. Answer (4)
p = qa
Assertion: In a straight line path traced by a charge
Along CO, is along field line but not in curved path.
Reason: Electric field line start from +ve charge &
–q A –2q terminated at negative charge.
41. Answer (1)
2p Assertion: The high electric field develops at sharp
p
points so that current can flow from lightning
+q +2q conductor to the earth.
–q
O +q p B Reason:
p = 2q  2a  ∵ 
1
r
, r is radius of curvature. At sharp point
radius of curvature is minimum.
p = 2 2 qa So charge density is maximum.
42. Answer (1)
p = 2 2 p
Electric field at the centre of disc is zero because
disc is the collection of rings which also have zero
At O
field at its centre.
[pnet]O = 3 2 p 43. Answer (2)
In electrostatic condition charge inside the conductor
p O is zero but in current carrying conductor electric field
is non zero.
44. Answer (1)
If there is large difference between size of conductors
bodies may attract due to induction which takes
place when conductors are placed at small
p separation.
45. Answer (2)
[pnet]O = 3 2 qa
If net flux is zero then net electric field may or may
not be zero.

Chapter 16
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A 1 1  K1  K 2 
  
Objective Type Questions k effective 2  K1 K 2 

∵ dv  –  E  dr Electric potential energy at A
Integration of option (3) is not possible so it can kq1 q2 k  3  10 – 9  2  10 – 9

not be conservative field therefore it cannot be UA  
r 1 10 –2
electrostatic field.
2. Answer (3) k  3  10 – 9  2  10 – 9
UB 
kq 9  109  0.008  10 – 6 1 10 –2
∵ E0  
r2 (0.30 2)2  UB – UA = U = 0
E ∵ K + U = 0
 E  0 (iˆ  ˆj ) Nc 1  200 2(iˆ  ˆj ) NC1
2  K = 0  vf = vi = 0

Considering two medium as a capacitors B
C1 and C2. V
K1A0 K A u=0
C1  and C2  2 0 e
d /2 d /2
A
C1 and C2 are in series they can be replaced by
one capacitor of capacitance effective. V
E
d
K effective A0
 Ceffective 
d
eV
a
For series combination. d
1 1 1 1 2
  at  d
Ceffective C1 C2 2
d d d
  2md 2
k effective A0 2K1 A0 2K 2 A0  t
eV
90 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
o
1 2 3
–q q –q
– q a a q 
p p p
If we consider a charge q at 0. So potential energy
of q with all charges placed towards + ve x-axis as
r r
well as towards – ve x-axis.
 kq 2 kq 2 kq 2  2E
 UNet  2  –  –  …
 a 2a 3a  E 9E
E  E
E 9E

8 8 8 8
–2 kq 2  1 1 1 
UNet  1– 2  3  4  … –  
a   1
∵ Electric field of short dipole E  .
2 kq 2 r3
UNet  –
a
ln(1  1)
U = –pE cos 
2 3
x x
∵ ln(1  x )  x –   
2 3  9 pE  9 pE
 U1  U3  2   4
 8 
2ka 2
UNet  – ln[2]
a U2 = 2pE
2
2a ln[2]
UNet  – 9 pE
40 a  [Ui ]Net  2 pE 
4
q 2 ln[2]
UNet  – .
20 a 17 pE
[Ui ]Net   U0
4
7. Answer (3)
In the given option locus of zero potential energy 1 2 3
will be y-z plane passing from origin.
It point of zero potential energy energy is
P (0, y, z) where – Q charge is placed.
E/8 E
P (0, y, z)
E
E
8
7 9
x U1  PE U2 = 0 U3  PE
+Q a/2 a/2 +Q 8 8
2kQ 2 kQ 2  Uf = U2 + U2 + U3
UNet  –  0
a
2 a
2  y z
2 2
7 pE 9
  Uf   0 – pE
8 8
4 1

a
2
a2 pE
Uf  –
2  y z
2 2
  4
a2 U0
4a 2   y 2  z2 Uf  –
4 17
a2 ∵ [ W ]Electric field = Ui – Uf.
4a 2 –  y 2  z2
4
18
15a 2 [W ]E  U0
 y 2  z2 17
4
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 91
9. Answer (1)
VP  k  ln[r ]l
2l
q VP  k  ln[2l ] – ln[l ]
p
kq  ln 2
E VP  k  ln 2 
r2 40
 U = – pE cos 0°
pq 12. Answer (2)
U–
4 0 r 2 ∵ Potential V  q
10. Answer (2) ∵ q = ent
d d [n is number of electrons per unit time]
q q q p  V  t.
r After a certain time sphere attains stopping
potential and electron of maximum kinetic energy
– kq kq kq will stop to move from surface of sphere. So
VP   
(r  d ) (r – d ) r potential will become constant. So correct graph is
given as
1 1 1 
VP  kq   – v
 r ( r – d ) ( r  d ) 
 (r – d )(r  d )  r (r  d ) – r (r – d ) 
VP  kq  
 r (r – d )(r  d ) 
t (time)
 (r – d )(r  d )  r (r  d ) – r (r – d ) 
VP  kq   13. Answer (3)
 r (r – d )(r  d )  +q
 r 2 – d 2  r 2  rd – r 2  rd 
VP  kq
r (r 2 – d 2 ) Conductor
+ +
– ––
kq  r 2 – d 2  2rd  –– O +q–
VP  – –
–
r (r 2 – d 2 ) – R
3R 2R –P
r   d. – –
+ +
kq  r 2  2rd 
VP  +
r3
kq k (– q ) kq
V0   
kq kq  2d  3R 2R R
VP  [r  2d ]  1
r2 r  r  kq  1 1
V0  1 –
11. Answer (4) R  3 2 
l l kq  1 1 
V0  
++ +++ R  2 3 
B dq A P
kq  5 
V0 
dr r R  6 
kdq k dr 14. Answer (2)
[dv ]P  
r r
∵ dv  –E  dr  –a(4i  xjˆ)  (dxiˆ  dyjˆ)
2l 2l
k dr dr
VP  
l r
 k 
l r
dv = –a [ ydx + xdy]
dv = – a d [xy ]
VA – V0 = – 80 V
 v   dv  – a  d [ xy ]  – a [ xy ]  c
18. Answer (2)
15. Answer (2)
WAB = q [VA – VB ]
Q
r r 6.4 × 10–19 J = –1.6 × 10–19[VA – VB ]
–q –q – 4 = (VA – VB)
2
kq Q kqQ kq For equipotential surface
US  – –  0
r r 2r VC = VB
2
–2k Qq – kq – 4V = (VA – VC )

r 2r  VC – VA = 4 V
q = 4Q 19. Answer (1)
Q 1 Ey = 100 × sin30°

q 4 = 50 v/m
16. Answer (2) B E
v=0 v=0
P P 30°
r A 0
Ei = Ui + Ki
Ke 2 3
Ei  0 E x  E cos30  100   50 3 V /m
r 2
Ef = U + Kf VH – VL VH  Higher potential
∵ E
d VL  Lower potential
mv 2 mv 2
Ef  0   Along x -axis
2 2
 2[K P ]  Kinetic energy of proton VA – VO  E x d  50 3  A0
Ef = 2KP VA – VO  50 3  2  100 3V ...(i)

∵ Ef = Ei
Along y-axis
ke 2
2K P  VO – VB  E y d  50  OB
r
9  109  (1.6  10 –19 )2
VO – VB = 50 × 4 = 200 V ...(ii)
2K P 
10 –10 Adding (i) & (ii)
KP = 11.5 × 10 – 9 J VA – VB  200  100 3
17. Answer (3)
VA – VB  100 2  3 
E  30 x 2 i
 VB – VA  –100  2  3  V
∵ dv  – E  dr  – E dx  
20. Answer (3)
dv = –30x 2dx
Potential inside the sphere:
2
v f – v i  – 30  x 2dx kq
Vin  3R 2 – r 2  [r  R ]
2R 3 
0
2
 x3 
v f – v i  – 30   3 kq
 3 0 V(Centre)  ∵ r  0
2 R
8 VC
v f – v i  – 30   – 80 V ∵ V  ...(i)
3 2
kq 3 kq a 
∵ V(Out )  and V(Cebtre)   2 b  0  K
r 2 R
CO   
r  distance of centre. d
 from (i) 0Kab
CO 
kq 1  3 kq  2d
= 
r 2  2 R  23. Answer (1)
4R = 3r
4
r  R a
3
 Distance from surface
For plate at infinite
4R R Potential V = 0
r  r – R  –R 
3 3 For metal ball (assuming charge q on it)
21. Answer (1) q
VO 
–Q 40a
– – B q
A Q ∵ V  VO – V 
a 40a
C –
– q
r  C  40a
– V
b
Q P 24. Answer (4)
– If we consider a charge q on the inner surface of
P  Inner point for B and external point for A. plate a after earthing then after induction charges
are given in diagram.
kQ kQ
VP  – Q
r b q
+ –q
Q 1 1 +
VP  A B C
40 r – b +
  1 2 3
+
22. Answer (2) + Q+q
+
b + –(Q + q)
We can consider two capacitor connected in
series.
C D +q +(Q + q)
a/2 – –
a K A B
B E C1 C2
C0
A A0 A
F C1  and C2  0
a b
a
d By K.V.L. from A to B.
2
b q (Q  q )
0– – 0
C1 C2
∵ A0  K C1 b
CO  q  – (Q  q )  –(Q  q )
d C2 a
Qb qb (C  x )
q– – CAB  C 
a a 5
 b Qb 5C  C  x
q 1    – x
 a a 5
5x = 6C + x
Qb
q–
(a  b ) 4x = 6C
 Charge on the right side of middle plate is 3

x C
Qb Qa 2
(Q  q )  Q – 
a  b (a  b ) 27. Answer (1)
25. Answer (2)
1 3
Q2  Q  Charge on pistons 
F  
2 A0  r  A  Area of pistons 
6 2 6
(F  Force between pistons)
2
 0  r A  A 2 2 B
 x V 
  0 r AV
2
 3 & 6 in series and
F
2 A0 r 2A x 2 2 & 2 in parallel
If x is increased F decreases
C1 = 1 C2 = 2
 Restore force decreases

6
 Equilibrium is unstable
26. Answer (1) A B
C3 = 2 C4 = 4
It we consider equivalent capacitance between
A and B as x. so same equivalent capacitance will
be between ends of all sides of hexagon. Therefore This is balanced wheatstone bridge between A and
effective diagram is given as B. So capacitor of 6 F can be removed.
x
C1 C3
∵ 
C2 C4
x x
C 1 2
C C
C A B
x
C x 2 4
2 1 2  4
A B CAB  
C 2 1 2  4

(C + x)/5 CAB = 2 F
28. Answer (3)
C 10 F and 10 F are in parallel. So simplified form

of circuit is
A B
2 F 2 F If we consider effective capacitance between A and
A
B is x so effective capacitance between M and N
is also x.
4 F
A C M x C B
2 F B 2 F
C/2
20 F
 
2 F 2 F A B
A
C  C C
C D x  2 
4 F  
A C  C
 x 
2 F B 2 F 2  2
 CAB 
C C
x 
20 F 2 2
Circuit is symmetric about points line AB. So 4x 2 + 2Cx – C 2 = 0
potential of C is equal to potential of D. Therefore,
capacities of 20 F is neglected then circuit is –2C  4C 2  16C 2
x
given as 8
2 F = C1 2 F = C3
A –2C  20C 2
x
8
C 4 F D
–2C  2C 5
2 F = C2 2 F = C4 x
8
B
C1 and C2 are in series and C3 & C4 are in series. ( 5 – 1)C  ( 5  1)
x
A 4  ( 5  1)
C
1 F 4 F 1 F x
( 5  1)
30. Answer (1)
B
 All three capacitor are in parallel. For parallel combination
 CAB = 1 + 4 + 1 C1 + C2 = 9 ...(i)
CAB = 6 F For series combination
29. Answer (2)
C1C2
2
C1  C2
A B C1C2 = 18
∵ (C1 – C2 )2  (C1  C2 )2 – 4C1 C2

Because vertical capacitors will have zero
potential difference due to symmetry. (C1 – C2 )  92 – 4 18  9
 Simplified circuit is given as,
(C1 – C2 )  3 ...(ii)
A C M C C C N C B
(i) + (ii)
2C1 = 12
C C
C1 = 6PF and C2 = 3PF
31. Answer (2) Energy of capacitor in air is U1.
C H 1
U1  0E02  d – t  A .
E 2
G
E0  Electric field in medium air.
q3
q3 q1 Energy of capacitor in dielectric is U2.
D
B
1
q1 U2  K 0 E 2 t A
A q2 2
q q2 F
E  Electric field in medium
2
 No current flows in CD and EF. E k  E 
E  0  V2  0  0  tA
C K 2 K 
C H
 U2 = U1
E
G C 2
C C 1 E  1
K 0  0  tA  0 E02 (d – t )A
2 K  2
C C
D B
C t Kd 3
C d t t   d
C k K 1 4
A
F 33. Answer (4)
q=0 q
GC and CH in series and GE and EH in series. + –
Similarly AD and DB in Series and AF and FB in C
series. K1 
V V
So simplified circuit is
K2
C Energy stared in capacitor is U.
C C
CV 2
U
A B 2
C
 work done by battery
C/3 WB = qV = CV 2 [∵ q = CV]
U 1

WB 2
C
34. Answer (3)
A B
∵ C = kC0 = 6 × 3500 × 10–12F
C 4C
CAB  C  
3 3  q = CE = 6 × 3500 × 10–12 × 32
32. Answer (3) q = 6.7 × 10–7C.
t
35. Answer (1)
∵ Dieletric strength is maximum bearable electric
field.
K
Emax = 18 × 106 V/m
Vmax V
V Emax   d  max
d Emax
kA0 Electric field at P is Ep.
∵ C
d
Qq q
EP  
Cd C  Vmax  2 A0 2 A0
A   
k 0 k 0  Emax 
Q  2q
EP 
2 A0
7  10 –2  10– 6  4  103 
∵ Amin   6 
2.8  8.85  10 –12 18  10  (V1 – V2 )
∵ EP 
d
Amin = 0.69 m2.
(V1 – V2 ) (Q  2q )
36. Answer (2)  
d 2 A0
B
E (Q  2q )

d 2 A0
C2
(E is emf of battery)
C1 d
d C3
2  A  (Q  2q )
E 0 
A/2 A/2  d  2
A
2EC = Q + 2q [C  Capacitance]
C2 & C3 are in series and C1 in parallel with
effective of C2 and C3. Q
CE – q
2
C2C3
CAB  C1  ...(i)
C2  C3 Q
 Charge on plate 2 is – q  – CE .
2
( A /2) 0 ( A /2) 0 A0
∵ C1  , C2  
d d d 38. Answer (2)
 A
k   0
2 2 A 0
and C3    
d /2 d
R2
From (i) R1
A0  A 
 2 0 
A d  d 
CAB  0 
2d A0 2 A0

d d 40 R1 R2
∵ C
(R2 – R1 )
A0  1 2  7 A0
CAB    
d 2 3 6 d q K 40 R1 R2

Vf – (R2 – R1 )
37. Answer (2)
Q+q –q 2.5  10 – 6 12  13  10 – 4  32

Vf – 1 10 – 2  9  109
P
1 2
C 2.5  10– 8  9  109
A Vf – 
d 12  13  10– 4  32
Vf– = 450 V
39. Answer (4) 1
A  (2iˆ – kˆ )  ( ˆj – kˆ )
2
1
A  2(iˆ  ˆj ) – 2(iˆ  kˆ ) – (kˆ  ˆj )
2R 2
R 1
A   2kˆ – 2(– ˆj ) – (– iˆ)
2
1
A  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ 
 2
dx
x
1
 
∵ Flux E  E  A  3  103 iˆ   iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ 
2 

3  103
E   1.5  103 Nm2 /C
2
41. Answer (3)
When plane is perpendicular.
40 R1 R2 1 = EA cos 0° = EA ...(i)
C
(R2 – R1 ) When plane is at 45°.
∵ R1 = R and R2 = 2R EA
2  EA cos 45  ...(ii)
 C = 8 0 R ...(i) 2
∵ dV = 4 x 2dx. 1
 2.
2R 2
 V   4x dx
2
42. Answer (3)
R
4
V  (2R )3 – R 3 
3  +
R l  R2 – y 2
4 +
V   7R 3 +
3 y +
From (i) + l
3 +
7C
V 
3842 03
lNet  2l  2 R 2 – y 2
40. Answer (2)
y qNet   lNet  2 R 2 – y 2
B (0, 1, 0)  
qNet 2 R 2 – y 2

0 0
43. Answer (3)
x
A (2, 0, 0) Ey
O (0, 0, 1) Ex 
z  Ex 
40 R
1 R
∵ Area vector A  OA  OB  .
2 + + + + + +

1 
A  (2iˆ – kˆ )  (0iˆ  ˆj – kˆ )
2
∵ Ey is parallel to plane of circle so flux is zero. 46. Answer (2)
EX is perpendicular to plane.
Because electric field is variable. E is a function of p p
radius. x E
dr 1 2
For short dipole.
r kp
∵ E1 
x3
 U2  – pE1 cos180
U2 = pE1
 dA = 2 r dr pk p
U2 
R x3

    EdA   4  r 2rdr dU
0 0 ∵ F–
dx
R
 2 R d 1
 
40 0
dr 
20
F  – kp 2
dx  x 3 
44. Answer (1) kp 2 (–3) 3kp 2

F–  4
x4 x
–QB 47. Answer (2)
A
+QA q
A
rB R (R + x)
A B
rA R 
O
R (R – x)
B
B
(i) because field inside the cell is zero. kQr
∵ Electric field due to ring E  .
(R  r 2 )3/ 2
2
 If 0 < r < rA.
For force on OA:
E=0
A differential charge
(ii) If rA < r < rB.
dq = dr
1 Force dq
E and  ve
r2 dF = Edq
(iii) If rB < r
kQ  r dr
dF 
1 (R 2  r 2 )3/ 2
E and – ve
r2 Rx
rdr
∵ | QB |  | QA |
F1  kQ 
0 (R  r 2 )3/ 2
2
(R  x )
So correct option is 1.  1 
F1  kQ  
 R  r 0
2 2
45. Answer (1)
In non-uniform field net force on dipole is always  1 1
non zero and net torque on dipole may be non- F1  kQ  – 
R
 R  (R  x )
2 2
zero. 
Similarly force on OB: E1 is field of p1 on p2.
  U2 = –p2E1
1 1
F2  kQ  – 
 R 2  (R – x )2 R   k 2p 
U 2  –2 p2  3 1 
 r 
FNet  F2 – F1
2k p1 p2
  U2  –
1 1 r3
 kQ  – 
 R  (R – x )
2 2
R  (R  x )2
2

dU d 1
 F2  –  2k p1 p2
dr dr  r 3 
 1 1 
FNet  kQ  –  1
 2R  x – 2Rx
2 2
2R  x  2Rx 
2 2 F2  –2k p1 p2  3 
r4
x 2  0 (x is small)
6k p1 p2
  F2  –
r4
 
kQ  1 1 
FNet  – 1
2R  
1/ 2 1/ 2 
x  x  F .  n  4.
  1– 
R 1  R   r4
    
49. Answer (3)
kQ  
–1/ 2 –1/ 2
x  x C
FNet   1–  – 1   
2R  R  R 
B P a
kQ  x x 
FNet  1  2R – 1  2R  D
2R  
A
kQ x kQx x
FNet   
2R R 2R 2 Initially we,
Consider net charge on the cube. If volume charge
q density is  and potential at surface ABCD is
∵ 
2R assumed to be zero.
kQqx Qqx 
FNet   Electric field E at distance x is E  x.
0
2 2R 3
80 2R 3
∵ By Gauss law
 Qq  (dsx )
a x and a  2 x Eds 
 8 2 R 3  0
 0 m 

E x
2 Qq 8 20 mR 3
0
  T  2
T 8 20 R 3
m
Qq  dV = Edx
 2
2 2 0 mR V   Edx  x
T  4R 20
Qq
 2
48. Answer (3)  Potential at P, V1  a  V0 .
20
p1 p2
a
E1 Now we consider small cube of side . Similarly
r 2
due to Small cube potential at P is
2 This increases the potential at the original corner
 a    a2 
V2  2    by a factor of 8. It is now the centre of a cube with
20   20  4  distances scaled by a factor 2 and charge scaled
 Netw potential at P is VNet by factor 8. So potential is a factor 4 greater than
potential and centre of small cube.
3
VNet  V1 – V2  V0 4
4 Due to one small cube potential is factor
8
50. Answer (2) greater than its centre.
Q
VCentre 1

2a VCorner 2
a
53. Answer (4)
–q –q
A
+q a +q –q –q
∵ Potential energy +q
–q O –q
kq1 q2
U
r
kQq kq 2 kQq –q –q
U   0
a a 2a b
2
kQq  1  kq Electrical potential energy between +q and charge
1 – a
a  2
at one corner U.
Q [ 2  1] kq 2
 –q U–
2 OA
– 2q –2q 3b
Q  ∵ OA 
2 1 2 2 2
51. Answer (3) kq 2
 U–
2q q 8q 3b
x (9 – x) 2
9 2kq 2
U–
3b
Because for minimum potential energy large
charge should be at maximum separation.  Net potential [U ] Net = 8 U
2 2 2
k 16q k 2q k 8q
USystem    0 4q 2
9 x (9 – x ) [U ]Net  –
30 b
dU
For minimum, U,  0.
dx 54. Answer (3)
dU 2kq 2 8kq 2 ∵ Electric potential of spherical surface of radius
0– 2  0
dx x (9 – x )2 R is V
2 8 kq 1
2
 V  V 
x (9 – x )2 R R
1 2
  9  3 x  x  3 cm If R  2 times
x (9 – x )
52. Answer (2) V
V
Imagine the vertex to be the centre of a cube of 2
side 2a, by adding seven cubes of side a next and V
onto the original cube. V  8V
2
+ qA qB
+ dq
+
r +
+
rA rB
C
kdq
dv c  kqA kqB
r VA  VB 
rA rB
k kq Slopes of given graphs
 vc 
r  dq 
r
VA k VB k
 tan  A   tan B 
q qA rA qB rB
∵   q  l
l ∵ A > B
k l tan A > tan B
Vc  ...(i)
r
1
∵ r = l rA < rB ∵ r  .
tan 
l
r  58. Answer (2)

E
From (i) +q1 l –q2
k l q1E = F1 kq1q2 kq1q2 q2E
VC   k  F12  F21 
l / l2 l 2
56. Answer (4)  

kq1q2 kq1q2
[FNet ]1  q1E – [FNet ]2  2 – q2E
+ – l2 l
 
A B Acceleration [a1 ] Acceleration [a2 ]
kq q kq1 q2
a a a q1E – 12 2 2
– q2E
a1  l a2  l
m1 m2
∵ Electric potential due to infinite long wire at a
 Separation will remain constant if relative
distance r is V  ln(r )  C .
20 acceleration is zero.
Potential at A ∵ a1  a2  q1El 2 – kq1 q2 k q1 q2 – q2 El 2


   m1 l 2 m2 l 2
VA  ln a – ln 2a  [– ln 2] 
20 2 0 2 0
1 q1q2 (m2  m1 )
Potential at B l
2 0 (m1q2  m2 q1 ) E
  
VB  ln 2a – ln a  [ln 2] 59. Answer (3)
20 20 20
 Work done W = q0 [VB – VA]. CNetV 2

∵ U
2
   
W  q0  ln 2 – ln 2
 20 20  ∵ CNet = C1 + C2 [∵ C1 and C2 are in parallel]
q0  2A 0
W  ln 2 CNet 
0 d
 2 A0  2 62. Answer (1)
 d V A0V 2
 U  
2 d q –
50  10 – 4  8.85  10 –12  (12)2 – FS

U F
3  10 –3 –
U = 2.12 × 10 –9 J.
60. Answer (4)
Such problems are solved hit and trial method. q2
F (force between plates of a capacitor)
For option (4) 2 A0
C At equilibrium
F = FS
C
C
C C q2
A B  Kx
2 A0
C
C2 E 2
C  Kx ...(i)
2A0
C A0
5C  ∵ C
CAB  2  5C 0.8d
and x = 0.2d [∵ x = d – 0.8d ]
C 11
5C 
2 From (i)
∵ C = 2 F
A2 0 2 E2
10   K  0.2d
CAB  F (0.8d )2 2 A0
11
61. Answer (1)
1250 AE 2
Initially, K
32d 3
A0
∵ In air C0   10 F . 63. Answer (2)
d
Finally: In Dielectric If a is breadth of plate and l is length of plate.
( A /2) k 0 k  A0 
C1   
d 2  d 
a
k 4
C1  C0   10  20 F
2 2 C2
Finally: In air C1
(l – vt)
( A /2) 0 A0 C0
C2    vt
d 2d 2
10 l
C2   5 F
2
∵ C1 and C2 are in parallel.
(vt )aK 0
 Ceffective = C1 + C2 = 25 F For capacitor C1 
d
( l  vt )a0 Initially charge on capacitor is q = CE. When S is

For capacitor C2  closed voltage accross the capacitor remains
d
same so charge on capacitor remains same and
∵ C1 and C2 are in parallel. charge in energy of capacitor is zero so not heat
∵ Ceffective = C1 + C2 is dissipated in the wire.
∵ U = 0 and WBattery = 0
aVK 0 t a0 ( l  vt )
Ceff.  
d d ∵ WB = U + H
 H=0
a0
C eff.  Kvt  l  vt  66. Answer (4)
d
After removing the battery charge remains constant.
a
Ceff.  0 vt ( K  1)  l 
d A0V
∵ q  CV  = constant.
d
a 0 E
 q  Ceff .E  [vt (K  1)  l ]
d  Vd
If d 1 = 2d  V 1 = 2V
dq a0 E
 Current I   v (K  1)
dt d q 1 C
and C   C   C 
∵ v = constant. V V 2
I = constant. CV 2
Initial energy Ui 
During charging current is in one direction and 2
during discharging current becomes in opposite
C V 2 1  C 
direction. So correct option is 2. Final energy Uf     (2V )2
2 2 2 
64. Answer (3)
C
By K.V.L Uf  (4V 2 )  CV 2
4
C1 E C2
 Work W = Uf – U1
A q q B
CV 2 A0V 2
q q W  
VA  E   VB 2 2d
C1 C2
67. Answer (3)
q q
VA  VB  E 
C1 C2 + q0
E1 = 3 V 2 F = C1
B –
q q
10   10  S + q0
1 2 E2 = 6 V – 3 F = C2
40 40
q C  | q | C
3 3 Initially C1 and C2 are in series and E1 and E2 are
65. Answer (4) in also series
S  ENet = E1 + E2 = 9 V.
C1 C2 6
CNet   F
E C E C1  C2 5
6 54
q0  CNet  ENet  9  C
5 5
When S is closed. 69. Answer (3)
q0 = CV q0 = CV
+
3 V = E1 q1
q1 –
P
q3 q2 +
S1 S2
6 V = E2 q
– 2 RA RB
q1 = C1 E1 = 2 × 3 = 6C.
I1  Io1 e t / c I2  Io2 e t / c
q2 = C2 E2 = 3 × 6 = 18C.
at t = 0 at t = 0
54 24
q1  q  q1  6  C V V
5 5 I1  Io1  I2  Io2 
RA RB
54 36
q2  q  q2   18   C V2 V2
5 5 HA  I12 RA  and HB  I22 RB 
RA RB
At Junction P
∵ RA > RB
–q1 +q2 + q3 = 0

24 36
   q3  0 HA < HB
5 5
70. Answer (2)
–12 + q3 = 0
qi = C (E1 + E2)
q3 = 12C
qf = C E1
68. Answer (3)
q = qf – qi = –C E2
q1 = C1V
WBattery = WB = E1q – CE1E2
+ –
C1 C 2 C
U  Uf  Ui  E1  (E1  E2 )
S1 VC S2 2 2
C2 C3 C 2 C 2 C 2
U  E1  E1  E2  C E1 E2
2 2 2
VC
C 2
U  E2  CE1 E2
∵ q1 = C1V 2
q1 = 1 × 110 ∵ WB = U + H[Heat]
q1 = 110 C C 2
CE1 E2   E2  CE1 E2  H
2
VC is common potential.
C 2
∵ qNet = CNet VC. H E2
2
11  C2C3  71. Answer (1)
110   VC ∵ CNet  C1  
5  C2  C3  q1 = 4Q q2 = 6Q
VC = 50V
When S1 and S2 are closed diagram is given as
q1
+ –
q
S1 S2
A B
S
q1  C1VC  1 50  50 C
C 2
 q  q1  q1  110  50  60 C Ui  VAB
2
2 74. Answer (3)
C   q1  q2  / 2 
Ui   
2 C  Q 2 Q 2d
Initial stored energy Ui   is
2C 2 A0
(q1  q2 )2 Q 2
Ui   ∵ Charge remains constant in isolated capacitor.
8C 2C
5Q 5Q d
∵ d  and 0  K 0
2
d 
Q2  
Final energy Uf  2  1 U
i
2 A K 0 2K
A B Ui
∵ Uf 
2K
S
75. Answer (4)
VAB = 0
+ –

(q1  q2 )2 A B
Uf  0
8C
Heat H = Ui – Uf
First capacitance increases so charge increases
Q 2d
H and for charging of capacitor current flows from B
2 A0 to A then capacitance decreases so charge
72. Answer (4) decreases and for discharging current flows from A
to B.
 1
∵ q   q 1   76. Answer (2)
 K 
 q K1
6C K2
q q  1 q
 1 3C 3C
A A  K  qV
 1
   1   ∵ q = Ceffective V
 K
 1  63
   1  q 9
 5.4 
 6  3
Q2 = q = 18C
44 22
   
54 27
73. Answer (3) K2
+
q q 18C = q 3C 3C
30 V 3F 6F
B
A ∵ qNet = Ceff.VC
By K.V.L. 18C = (3C + 3C)VC
q q VC = 3
VA  30    VB
3 6 VC  Common Potential
VA = VB = 0
 Q2  q   3C  VC  3C  3  9C
3q
0  30  0
6 Q2 18
  2
q = 60 C Q2 9
77. Answer (2) q2 3q1 q 2 2q 3q
–  0  1   q1  & q2 
q q 2 4 q2 3 5 5
A B
D From (i)
C1 C2
3q  2q 
From A to B by K.V.L.  2 
q 5  5   7q  C  20
 AB
q q CAB 4 20 7
VA – –  VB
C1 C2
79. Answer (2)
 C  C2 
VA – VB  q  1  C C C C
 C1 C2 
C C C
C
 C  C2  A B
V1 – V2  q  1  C
 C1 C2  C C
C
(V1 – V2 )C1 C2 C C
q
C1  C2
There is a symmetry about AB so after folding the
For A to D By K.V.L. circuit about AB is given as
q 2C 2C
VA –  VD 2C 2C
C1 N 2C O
M
q 2C 2C 2C 2C
V1 –  VD 2C 2C 2C
C1 A B
(V1 – V2 )C1 C2 
V1 –  VD M 2C 2C O
C1(C1  C2 )
2C N 2C
C1V1  C2V1 – C2V1  C2V2
 VD A B
C1  C2
2C C
C1V1  C2V2 CAB  
 VD 4 2
C1  C2
80. Answer (1)
78. Answer (1)
6 3 7
C1 = 2 C2 = 4
+ – D A B
C + –
q1 q2 8 10 4
(q2 – q1)
+
q – –
A C3 = 4 B
V + 
6 3 7
q2 C2 = 4 C =2 N M
+ – + 1– A B
E q1
8 10 4
In a path AEB by KVL:
q2 q1 O
VA – –  VB
4 2 Circuit ANMOA is balanced wheat stone bridge.
q q  2q1 6 3 7
 VA – VB  2 ...(i) M
CAB 4 A B
In a loop CDEC: 8 4
q1 (q2 – q1 ) q2
–   0
2 4 4
85. Answer (2)
A B
2 7 kq
∵ Ein  x [ x is distance from centre] and
8 R3
3 kq
[V ]Surface 
R
86. Answer (4)
 8
 2  3   7 (14  7)/3 (1) After earthing potential must be zero, charge
CAB    may be non zero.
8 35 / 3
2 7 (2) Electric potential depends on reference point.
3
87. Answer (4)
14
CAB  F (1) ∵ E  E x iˆ  E y ˆj  4iˆ  4 ˆj
5
81. Answer (2)  Ex = Ey
(2) Electric field from higher to lower.
17 10
88. Answer (1)
13 1 Because centripetal force is perpendicular to
A B displacement.
5
89. Answer (1)
6 1 1
17 and 13 are in parallel, 1 and 1 in parallel. ∵ 
r
10 At sharp point r becomes much smaller.
90. Answer (3)
30 5
A B kq1q2
2 (1) ∵ V 
r
1
6  V
Given circuit is balanced wheat stone bridge. So r
5 F is neglected –q
10
(2) –q –q
30 O
A A B
2 If – q is displaced towards charge B, net force on
B – q charge is toward ‘O’ so it is stable equilibrium.
6
91. Answer (3)
(1) The point of electric field may be anywhere.
30  10 6  2 30 12
CAB      9 F (2) Gaussian surface should be special type of
30  10 6  2 4 8 symmetrical surface to find the electric field.
92. Answer (1)
SECTION - B
Assertion-Reason Type Question P2
82. Answer (1) E1

P1 r
dv ∵ U2 = – P2 E1 cos 90°
∵ E–
dr  U2 = 0.
Under electrostatic condition. Net charge resides
At the centre of ring electric field is zero.
on outer most surface to have minimum.
84. Answer (1) potential energy
In the uniform field net flux from Gaussian surface 1
is zero. U
r
Energy supplied by the battery is distributed in
energy of capacitor and in heat. 1 s Dielectric constant depends on temperature.
95. Answer (2) 2 s Dipole moment of molecule does not change
(1) Charge of capacitor is defined as the charge of significantly.
inner surfaces of both plates which is always
opposite and equal. 98. Answer (3)
(2) +q1 +q2
k
q1 q3
q2 q4

q1 > q2 
 q1  q3   q1  q3 
  k  
 2   2 
+ –
+ –  q2  q4   q2  q4 
+ –    
 4   2 
+  q1 – q2  –
  Net charges on both plates may be positive.
+ 2 –
q1  q2 + –
2 +  q1 – q2  99. Answer (2)
 
+  2 
(q1 – q2 ) (1) When a dielectric slab on inserted in C2. Its
– capacitance increases and potential difference
2
decreases.
96. Answer (1)
Capacitor with Capacitor with 1
Dielectric conducting medium ∵ v
C
(2) ∵ Ceffective   q 
Conductor
So battery will supply the charge and direction of

current is clockwise direction.
100. Answer (1)
Capacitor is the combination of two conductors.

t t The separation between conductors may be finite
 A0 or infinite.
A0 C2 
C1  t
t d –t  101. Answer (4)
d –t  
k A 0
 C2  Potential drop across both capacitors will be same
 C2 > C1 d –t as a common potential.

Chapter 17
Current Electricity
Hints and Solutions
1
SECTION - A 
2  10 8  5  1028  1.6  1019
1
1. Answer (2)   6.25  103 m2s1v 1
160
i 3. Answer (1)
i0
Yellow  4 [Number] 
Violet  7 [Number] 
Brown  10 [Multiplier] 
 47  10  5% 
o t Gold  5% [Tolerance]
t0
4. Answer (1)
∵ Average current iav 
 i dt  Area D
 dt  dt
1 C
 t0 i0 i
iav  2  0 A
t0 2 B
2. Answer (4)
Mass of unit volume = 5 × 103 kg E
in 60 g, no. of atoms = 6 × 1023 Circuit is symmetrical about ABC So potential of
A, B and C will be same and resistor AB, BC and
6  1023  5  106 AC will be neglected.
in 5 × 103 kg, no. of atoms =
60 So simplified form of circuit is given as
=5× 1028 atom
D
 no of free electron per unit volume = 5 × 1028
as one electron is free per atom R D
A 2R
 2R 2R
J  E R
R
1 R B C
nVd e  E
 R E
E
Vd 1 2R
  RDE =
3
E ne
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Current Electricity 111
∵ Six cells are connected in series
l
R
A  Effective resistance in series is rs
A  Cross-sectional area of facing surface. rs = 6 × 1 = 6
l  Length of conductor in the direction of current Effective emf ES = 6 × 4 = 24 V.

flow. ES rS
  Resistivity 24V, 2
ES rS
[4a] [a] [2a] ES rS

 RAB  RCD  , REF  =
[2a  a] [2a  4a] [a  4a]
A B
RAB > REF > RCD. R R
A B
x > z > y. r
EAB = ES = 24V and rAB = s =2
6. Answer (4) 3
8. Answer (2)
For series
Rs = R1 + R2 2V 1 i
A B
R = R0(1 + t) 2
at t = 0°C i i
D C
(Rs)0 = R0 + R0 = 2R0 1
10V
at t = t°C In loop ABCDA
(Rs)t = (R1)t + (R2)t [By K.V.L]
(Rs)0 (1 + st) = R0(1 + 1t) + R0(1 + 2t) VA – 2 – i × 1 – i × 2 – i × 1 + 10 = VA
2 + 2st = 1 +1t + 1 + 2t 8 – 4i = 0
1   2 i = 2A
s 
2 By K.V.L along AB
For parallel VA – 2 – i × 1 = VB
1 1 1 VA – VB = 2 + i = 2 + 2 = 4 V
 
Rp R1 R2 9. Answer (2)
at t = 0°C 2
B C
R1 = R2 = R0
i
R0
Rp  15 V
2
at t = t°C 5 10 V 10 V
5V
1 1 1
 
(Rp )0 (1   p t ) R0 (1  1t ) R0 (1   2t ) O
A
5V
1
2(1   pt )1 (1  1t )1  (1   2t )

R0 R0 R0 In a closed loop ABCA
VA + 10 – i × 2 – 5 = VA
Binomial approximation
5 – 2i = 0
2 – 2pt = 1 – 1t +1 – 2t
1   2 5
p  i A
2 2
112 Current Electricity Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
R1 10 R2
I/2 5 5
C B
G
I/2
12 V
5 I 5
A B
50 cm 50 cm
A 5 5 ∵ R1 + 10 = R2 ...(i)
E R1 R2
Net current I 
RNet
G
12 24 8
I   A
15 15 5
2 B
40 cm 60 cm
By K.V.L. along A C B
R1 40 2
 
I I I R2 60 3
VA   5   5   5  VB
2 2 2
5I 5 8 2R2
VA  VB    4V R1  ...(ii)
2 2 5 3
From (i) and (ii)
11. Answer (3)
R1 = 20
14. Answer (3)
I1 I2
5 10 I2 R5
A
I1
10V 20V B
I1 I1
2 R1
I I2 No current is in
I=0 R3
R6 R6  brdge is
F C balance between AE
12. Answer (4) I=0 I1
I2 R4
A 1 A 1 B R2
B D
E
1
1 R R3 R1
G 1 So 
D C R4 R2
x E 1–x
C 15. Answer (1)
E 1–x
When K1 and K2 are opened.
Circuit is balanced Wheat Stone Bridge between
AC. E1 15
R=1–x
1 1 M
and  1 A B
R 1 x
E2 G
1 1
 1
1 x 1 x
5
x  2 1
RAB = 10RAM = 6.25
CE E1 4
  2 I  A.
ED  RAB  15  25
4 17. Answer (2)
VAM  I × RAM  × 6.25 = 1 V.
25 ∵ Q = t (a – bt) ...(i)
 E2 = VAM = 1 V. a
If Q = 0  t 
When K1 and K2 are closed. b
I dQ
∵ I  a  2 bt
dt
5 cm
a/b
N ∵ H   I 2R dt   (a  2bt )2 Rdt
A B 0
G a/b a/b
a/b
C D H a2Rdt  4b2R  t 2dt  4abR  tdt
I2 E2
0
0 0
5 I2 a3R
H
 RAB = 10 3b
RAN = 1 18. Answer (1)
At steady state
4
I  0.4 A. A
10 C D
VAN = 0.4 × 1
I=0 15F 30F
I B
VAN = 0.4 V E F
2 3
VCD = I2 × 5
 E  I 10 V 5
∵ VCD = VAN = 0.4 V = E2 – i2r i 2  2 
 5r 10
VEF = I RNet  5  5 V
E2 (2  3  5)
0.4 V  5
(5  r ) VEB = I × REB = 1 × 2 = 2 V
1 5  VCD = VEF = 5 V
0.4   r  7.5 
(5  r ) VCA 30 2 10
  2  VCA  5  V
16. Answer (3) VAD 15 (2  1) 3
In standard potentiometer when K is opened null 10
point is at length l1. VCA = VEA  V [∵VC = VE ]
3
10
E = Kl1 ...(i) VE  VA  V ...(i)
3
When K is closed null point is at length l2
VE – VB = 2 V ...(ii)
V = E – ir = Kl2
From (ii) – (i)
E
E r = Kl 2 10 4
(R  r ) VA  VB  2   V
3 3
Kl1 19. Answer (4)
Kl1  r = Kl 2
(R  r ) 4V
l  4
r = R  1  1
 l2  2 I2 8 1F 10 V
6V P
∵ l1 = 76.3 cm and l2 = 64.8 cm I1 O I4 P
R = 9.5 4 I3
 76.3 
 r  9.5   1  1.7
 64.8  8V
By KCL at O P = 600 + 500 + 400 + 1000
 I 0 P = 2500 W
From (i)
6 V 4 V 8 V
   I4 ...(i) 2500 = VI
2 4 4
In steady state I4 = 0 2500
 I I 12A
From (i) 220
12 – 2V + 4 – V + 8 – V = 0 23. Answer (3)
24 – 4V = 0 60
V=6V
At steady state by KVL along OP
6 V1 V2
q
V 08   10  0
1 I1 120 V
6 + 10 – q = 0
q = 16 C 120
I1 
20. Answer (2) 66
120
At t = 0 capacitor offers zero resistance or as a V2   60 V
short circuit so resistor of 2R is neglected. 66
E E (120)2 (120)2
 I1   For heater RH    60
R  R 2R PH 240
At t =  capacitor offers infinite resistance. 60[Heater]
E E
 I2  
R  2R  R 4R 60
I2
I1 4
 2 6 V2
I2 2
21. Answer (2) I2
I1 120 V
If resistance of wire is R.
V2 I2 
120
P1 
R 36
V2  I2  30
R
If wire is cut, R1  R2  After parallel 120
2 V2   30
connection 36
R  Drop in potential V = V2  V1
R
R 2 
2 4 V 10 V
V 2 4V 2
P2 =   4P1 24. Answer (3)
R R
4 25 W, 220 V 100 W, 220 V
P2 B1 B2
4
P1 I
22. Answer (3) V1 V2
Net power P = VI ...(i)

440 V
P = 15 × 40 + 5 × 100 + 5 × 80 + 103 I
For B1 For B2 dt dt 2
2164   6.2 0
(220)2 (220)2 dt dt
R1  R2 
25 100 2164 – 6.2 × 2t = 0
R1 100
 4 t = 174.5ºC
R2 25
27. Answer (2)
In series current is same.
I R1 R2
V  R [ I = constant] , ,
E A E B
V1 R1 4
  
V2 R2 1
I R
 4 
V1     440  4  88  352 V  VAB = E – IR2 = 0
 4  1
2ER2
 1  E 0
V2     440  88 V (R1  R2  R )
 4  1
R1 + R2 + R – 2R2 = 0
 V1 > 220 V  B1 will fuse
R1 + R – R2 = 0
25. Answer (2)
R = R2 – R1
At neutral temperature thermo emf (E) becomes
maximum. 28. Answer (1)
G
dE 2A 1A
 0
d 4
b 2 2 4A 5V
∵ E = a +  ...(i) B
2 A
3V 1
dE
 a  b  0
d 2A
H 3A
a

b
By K.V.L in path GABH
14
 VG – 2 × 4 + 3 – 2 × 2 + 2 × 1 = VH
 0.04
VG – 8 + 3 – 4 + 2 = VH
 = 3.5 × 102
VG – 12 + 5 = VH
 From (i)
VG – VH = 12 – 5 = 7 V
1
E = 14 ×106  3.5  102  ( 0.04  106 ) 29. Answer (4)
2
If total cell are n and m are wrongly connected.
(3.5  102 )2
 ENet = (n – m) E – mE = (n–2m)E
E = 4.9 × 10–3 – 2.45 × 10–3
ENet (n  2m )E
E = 2.45 × 10–3 V  INet  
RNet R  nr
26. Answer (3)
(12  2m )E
At temperature of inversion thermo emf become 1
zero. 6  12  0.5
12 = (12 – 2m)E
E = 0  2164 t – 6.2 t2 = 0
6 = (6 – m)E ...(i)
2164
t  349ºC When two cells are added
6.2
At neutral temperature. n = 14
15 (14  2m )E
dE
d
=0
d 
dt 
2164 t  6.2 t 2  0  I 
13 6  14  0.5
15 = (14– 2m)E ...(ii) (E1R2  E2R1)
I
Solving (i) and (ii) R1R2  R(R1  R2 )
2
m = 2 and E = 1.5 V 2 E1R2  E2R1 
Power = I R    R.
30. Answer (2)  R1R2  R(R1  R2 ) 
For maximum power internal resistance should be dP
equal to net external resistance (RNet). For maximum power 0
dR
A R R
 
6R  
R R d  R 0
(E1R2 + E2R1)2
dR   R1R2 (R  R2 ) 
2
B  R 1  
R 4R   a b  
d  R 
Circuit is balanced Wheat stone bridge between  0
dR  (a  Rb )2 
A and B. So 6R is neglected.
d d
3R  6R (a + Rb )2 R R (a + Rb )2  0
 RAB   2R dR dR
3R  6R
(a + Rb)2 × 1 – R2 (a + Rb) × b = 0
 [RNet]AB = 2R
(a + Rb) – 2Rb = 0
For maximum power. a = Rb
[RNet]AB = r [internal]
a R1R2
2R = r R 
b (R1  R2 )
r
R  2 SECTION - B
2
31. Answer (4) Assertion-Reason Type Question
Circuit can be converted in given form by loop law 32. Answer (2)
in loop ABCDEFA (i) After increasing the temperature relaxation time
decreases. So drift velocity decreases.
I1 R1 I1
A F eE V 
∵ Vd  d  
m
(ii) After increasing the temperature resistivity of
I2 R2 I2 conductor relaxation time increases so
B E
conductivity decreases.
33. Answer (3)
I R After increasing the resistance current decreases.
C D
34. Answer (4)
– I R + E1 – I1, R1 = 0
Accuracy of meter bridge is independent of length
(E1  IR ) and cross-section area of meter bridge wire.
I1 
R1 35. Answer (1)
By loop law in loop BCDEB Resistance of conductor decrease due to decrease
in temperature and current. Increases so more heat
– IR + E2 – I2 R2 = 0 is dissipated.
(E2  IR ) 36. Answer (1)
I2 
R2 In peltier effect current is given so heat is evolved or
∵ I = I1 + I2 absorbed.
37. Answer (1)
E E  1 1 
I   1  2  I R  
Neutral temperature of thermocouple is defined as a
R
 1 R2 R
 1 R2 temperature where thermo emf becomes maximum.

Chapter 18
Moving Charges & Magnetism
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A (Uniform) is zero

Objective Type Questions  Wnet = WE = qEa
1. Answer (2)
m
K  (2v )2 – v 2 
∵ F  q v  B   q E 2 
2. Answer (4) m  2
K  3v
2 
mv mv 2
∵ Radius r  & K From ... (i)
qB 2
3
2
mv 2  qEa
p 2
∵ K  [ p  momentum]
2m
3 mv 2
E
(q B r )2 q 2 B 2 r 2 2 qa
∵ K   ...(i)
2m 2m
4. Answer (1)
∵ Proton 1H1 , Deutron  1H2
2m
qP = qD & mD = 2 mP ∵ Time period T   1s
qB
from....(i)
K P mD 1 T
  2  KP  2 KD Given time is t = 0.167s  
K D mP 6 6
KP = 2 × 50
KP = 100 kev y
3. Answer (1)
vy
Electric field is along x-axis.
 
 displacement along x-axis is d = 2 a – a = a v cos= vx
x
work by electric field E is W
WE = qEd = qEa ∵  = t
By work energy theorem K = Wnet... (1)
2
∵ work by magnetic field  t
T
118 Moving Charges & Magnetism Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
 2  Torque on loop will be due to sections AD & BC.

v x  v cos  t  Net Torque due to sections AB & CD is zero
T 
Force on AD will be towards infinite wire due to
T magnetic attraction and force on BC will be away
at t 
6 from due to magnetic repulsion.
 2  Z
v x  v cos  
6
v F sin P
vx 
2 cm
13
 2  12 cm
v y  v sin   v sin  t 
F
T    N
M F cos
X

 2  3v F cos
v y  v sin    F
6  2 5
F sin
∵ speed v = 10 m/s
Torque on loop is due to couple F sin
3  10
vx = 5 m/s & v y  ∵ loop = r(F sin) = (MN) F sin
2
loop = (MN)F sin(i)
v y  5 3 m /s
 i i 65  78
∵ F  0  1 2  2  10–7 
5. Answer (3) 2 MP 13  10–2
Representing magnetic force on certain parts of
wire CD. 12
sin  
13
F1 from ...(i)
F2 F3 F4 0.1 2  10 –7  65  78 12
i1 loop  
C D 13  10 –2 13
r loop = 72 × 10–5 Nm
loop = 720 × 10–6 Nm
Force is decreasing from C to D
7. Answer (1)
1 Y
∵ F
r A (0.25,1)
 A torque will act in clockwise direction on the
CD.

6. Answer (3) 12 A
Y X
Z (D 20)
P 12 cm
Effective length
D C
 i 
   j  m
4 
 
A
x
65

Magnetic field B  B cos 60º i  B sin60º j

A B B  2 i  2 3 j ∵B  4T 
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Moving Charges & Magnetism 119

∵ Magnetic force f m  I   B  ∵ v = constant

a =0
 i  
f m  12    j   (2i  2 3 j )
Fm cos= mg sin
 4 
  ∵ Fm = I B
I B cos= mg sin
 3 
∵ f m  12   k – 2k  B
mgtan 
 2  I
10. Answer (1)
f m  6 3 – 24  k
∵ W = MB [cosi – cosf ]
8. Answer (4) W = MB [cos0º – cos 180º]
W = MB [1– (–1)]
B
 W = 2 MB
A B W = 2 [NIA] B
W = 2 × 50 × 2 × × 16 × 10–4 × 0.1
W = 0.2 × 16 ×  × 10–2
I W = 3.2 × × 10–2 = 10 × 10–2 r1
Considering only semicircular wire:- W = 0.1 J
effective = 2r 11. Answer (4)
FM
B
I i
+ + ++
O q A
A r B
T [Tension] T Angular impulse (j)

At equilibrium j = L = t
2 T = FM t = I0 (f – i)
2 T = I B effective = I B × (2r) 0t = I0 f [∵i = 0)...(i)

∵ magnetic force Fm = i l B
T = I B r...(i)
Torque on rod 0 = r FM

∵ = 2r  r  from ...(i)
2
0  [ i B ]
2
IB from ... (i)
T 
2
2 m2
9. Answer (2) B (i  t )  f
2 3
s
co 3B
Fm (q )  f
N
2m
B i  12. Answer (3)

 Fm [magnetic force]
∵ Magnetic moment M = I A = qfr2
v Fm sin() + mg cos ()
 M = 1.6 × 10–19 × 6.6 × 1015 × 3.14
sin
g – 10)2
m  × (0.529 × 10
M = 9.28 × 10–24 = 10–23 A.m2

If mass of one section of wire is m = A Y
 Net mass of wire M = 3A

Initial position of wire
i
X
P
O O'
2
y
C.M 3 Z
(X–Y) Plane
F
mg ∵ M  iA (– k )

M  – i r 2 k
Position of centre of mass

1
B  Bi
2m   m
2 2
y C .M   ∵ M B
2m  m 3

  – r 2B j
Final position of wire
mr 2
P  about y axis I y 
O O' 2
y

cos  r1 C.M

y  4    (0.5)2  10
mg y = 10
 Iy= 10
 Torque due to weight 00 = r1mg
mr 2
2    10
∵ r1  y sin   sin  2
3
20
 2 sin     40  rad /s2
2
 [ g ]OO    mg mr
 3 
15. Answer (2)
Magnetic force Fm = i B
N BH
Direction of magnetic force is outward the plane.
So perpendicular distance on it is r
r  cos i r P [ Neutral point]
 Torque due to magnetic force is 

BI
[M]OO = cos i B
At equilibrium Net = 0 g =M Wire is in vertical plane
∵ Diagram is given in horizontal plane.
 2 sin  
 3   3  A  g  i cos  B
2 At neutral point net field is zero
 
BP Net 0
2Ag
 cot  B1 = BH
iB
17. Answer (3)
0 i
 0.18  10 –4 T [∵1G  10 –4T ]
2 r
I1 x (a–x)
2  10 –7  i –4
B
 0.18  10 O P
5  10 –2
A D I2
i = 4.5A
I1 a a
16. Answer (4)
If charge +q is moving with a velocity v then its I2
magnetic field B. C
v ∵ magnetic field due to section A & D is zero and

P magnetic field due to section B and C is
r
 I
BB  BC  0  but direction of both is opposite
4 q
+q
 [BNet]0 = BB – BC = 0
BB = BC
 q v sin 
[B ]  q  0
4 r 2 0 I  I
 1  0 2
4  ( x  a ) 4  (a – x )
Direction is given by B  (v  r )
I1 (a – x) = I2 (a + x)
A
–q v I –I 
x   1 2 a
rA = a  I1  I2 
v 18. Answer (1)
a = rc
P c For circular loop:
+ 2q
rB = a
B v C
+q
A D
 q v sin90º 
 BA  0
4 a2 BC = 0
∵ Direction of negative charge is towards

B C
– (v  r )
O
 qv
BB  0 sin90º D
4 a 2 A
BO = 0
 (2q )v sin90º
BC  0
4 a2 ∵ magnetic field at the centre C is zero. Because
circle is also polygon of infinite sides, therefore net
 0 qv field at the centre of square is also zero.
 Bnet = BA + BB + BC 
 a2 Note:- For such cases where regular polygon is
made of same material, the net magnetic field at
(Net field’s outwards) centre is zero.

If one wire is placed at origin Y
y B
100 A = I
B + ve A
x

 X
B<O
d p
( 3 – 1)
1
∵ B 0 I
r ∵ BP  [sin  – sin  ]...(i)
4 d
Similarly if two wires are placed.
∵ &are in same direction
from ...(i)
100
A B BP  10 –7   [sin 60º – sin30º ]
M ( 3 – 1)
10 –5  3 1 
∵ BP   – 
( 3 – 1)  2 2 
At mid point M net field is zero and between A &
M BA > BB So net field is +ve and between M & BP = 5T
B BB > BA so net field is negative.
22. Answer (1)
20. Answer (2) Y
E a C For AB
P B sin
 BB
A B A B 
P r
P B
y
BA 
 X
P x B cos
D F

For EF ∵ BA = BB BP = 0 B P  B sin  i – B cos j ...(i)
For DC
E 0 i
 C ∵ B
a BD 2r
P
y x
a sin   & cos  
BC
P
BE r r
BF F D from ...(i)
∵ BD = BC BP = 0  y i – x j 
BP  B  
∵ [BP]Net = BE + BF + 0 + 0 = 2BE  r 
 i

2 0
3  0 I  B P  0 [ y i – x j ]
2 ( 3  10 –2 ) ∵ B  2 r  2r 2
 
 i [ y i – x j ]
[BP]Net = 2 × 2 × 10–7 × 102 = 40 T.  0
2 ( x 2  y 2 )
23. Answer (2)
2 B2
Circular are
1 3 Centre  
r O = + R/2
O
O  
30º
r cos 30º = d 30º 30º d = r cos 30º
R
 i  x=0  x
B2  0 ()
2
C 4 r 0 j  0 0 j  R 
B1  B2 
0 i 2 2  2 
B1  B3   sin(90)  sin(30) 
4 r cos30º
0 i     Direction is upward
& B2  ∵  
4 r 3  3
∵ B0 = B1 + B2
1 2 0 i  i 
 BC  2B1  B2   0
2 4  3  4 r 3 0 j R
 r  B0 
 2  4
 i  i For point 0 ’ :-
BC  0  0
2 3 12r
24. Answer (4) B2
Magnetic field at the centre is zero irrespective of 
positions of entering current and leaving current. R/2 centre
= O +
O' O'
25. Answer (2) 
By Ampere’s law  x = R/2  x=0
B2 = 0
0 j  R 
 B. dl  0I in B1 
2  2 
For loop a. For loop b.

 B . dl  0 (2 – 2)  0  B . dl  0 (2  3)  0 0 j R
a b B0 = B1 + B2  [Upward direction]
4
= 5 0.
For loop c. For loop d. ∵ B0 = B0
So direction and magnitude both are same.
 B . dl  0 (3 – 2)  B . dl  0 (3  2 – 2) 27. Answer (3)
c d
= 0 = 30
a < c < d < b a
26. Answer (1)
i c x P
Inside a cyclindrical wire
Axis of loop
0
jx
2
0 ia 2
x is distance from axis of wire BP 
3
 Magnetic field at the centre of cylinder is (a 2  x 2 ) 2
[B0] centre= 0
At centre x = 0
Similarly at the centre of cavity cross-section is
[B0]center= 0 0 i
BC 
For point O:- 2a
Magnetic field due to i1 at O

BP a2  a a3
  
BC 3 3 0 i1 R 2
(a 2
x 2 )2 (a  2
x2 )2 B1  3
(leftwards)
2 2 2
2(R  R )
BP a3 1
  0 i1 R 2
BC 3 3 B1  3
 x2 2  x2 2
a3  1   1  2  2(2R 2 ) 2
 a2   a 
 
Similarly due to i2 at 0
28. Answer (2)
0 i 2 R 2
B A B2  (rightwards)
3
i r r 
2 R 2  (R  x)2 2

º i 1
60 30º 2
∵ [BNet]0 = 0
 B2 = B1
C O D
2R 0 8i1 R 2 0i1R 2
3
 5
CAD CBD 2[R 2  (R  x )2 ] 2 22 R3
BD  2R sin60 8 1

AD  (CD )sin30 BD  R 3 3 3
AD  R 2[R 2  (R  x )2 ] 2 2.2 2 R3
3 3
82 2 R3
 R 2  (R  x )2  2
Magnetic field due to AC  
Taking cube root both side
0 i
BAC  [sin 1  sin0º ] 2(2)1/2 R = [R2 + (R + x)2]1/2
4 r 
Taking square both side
 i  i 3
BAC  0 sin 60  0 (2 2 R )2 = [R2 + (R + x)2]
4 AD 4 R 2
8R2 = R2 + (R + x)2
 i
BCB  0
4 BD
[sin  2  sin0] x  7 –1 R 
0 i  i 1
BCB  sin30  0 30. Answer (2)
4 BD 4 ( 3R ) 2
A q, m R
Direction of both magnetic fields is opposite
 BNet = BAC – BCB
B
0 i  1 
BNet  3–
4 2R  3
 N FC [centripetal
Fixed force]
0 i v
BNet  B
4R 3
29. Answer (1) mg
(Magnetic force) Fm = qvB
Y
F.B.D. at B:-
N – (mg + Fm) = FC
R i1
i2 N = Fc+ mg + Fm
O X
R mv 2
N   mg  qvB ...(i)
x R
By work energy theorem from A to B 32. Answer (1)
K = Wg + WB + WN (WB : work by magnetic Resistance of galvanometer G = 100 
field. Current in galvanometer ig = 30 × 10–3 A
WN : work by normal force) Initial voltage of galvanometer Vg = ig × G
[Vg]i = 3V
mv 2
 mg  0  0 ∵ Final voltage [Vg]f = 30 V
2
Vf
mv 2  n  10
 mgR Vi
2
∵ Resistance connected in series is. R
v  2gR
R = (n – 1) G
from ...(i) R = (10 – 1) × 100
R = 900 
m( 2gR )2
N  mg  qvB 33. Answer (2)
R
[NB]max = 3 mg + qB ( 2gR )
R
31. Answer (3)
i r P
dr Axis
r
c 0 i R 2
b Baxis 
3
a
2(R 2  r 2 ) 2
If r >> R
 R2 + r2 = r2
No. of turns are N. 0 i R 2
Baxis 
In distance (b – a) number of turns = N 3
2 2
2(r )
Ndr
In distance dr no. of turns 
(b – a )  i R2
Baxis  0
 Magnetic field at the centre is dB 2r 3
0 i 1
dB  dN Baxis  3
2r r
Ndr 34. Answer (1)

 dN 
(b – a ) O
centre
 r
0 iN dr r cos v
BC   dB 
2(b – a )  r
r sin C
D
m,q
0Ni
BC  n[r ]ab b = r – r cos
2(b – a )
A B
0Ni b  m,q v a = r sin 
BC  n  
2(b – a ) a 
mv 2
∵ r F  F
qB 3
qBr 2
v ...(i) F   – F [∵ direction is opposite]
m 3
r – r cos = b & r sin= a 36. Answer (1)
a B2 B0
sin  
r i2
B1
O
r 2 – a2 2
cos  
r
i1
1
 r 2 – a2 
 r –r  b B0  B12  B22
 r 
   i
∵ B1  0 1
2r
(r – b )  r 2 – a2  i
∵ B2  0 1
Squaring both side 2r
(r – b)2 = (r2 – a2) 0 2 2
∵ B0  i1  i 2
2r
r2 + b2 – 2rb = r2 – a2
4  10 –7
b2  a2 ∵ B0  32  4 2
r 2  2  10 –2
2b
B0 = 10–5 × 5 = 5 × 10–5 T
from...(i) 37. Answer (1)
Current current sensitivity [Si]
qB  b2  a2 
v    NAB
m  2b  Si    Si  N
i K
35. Answer (3) N No. of turns
For initial condition:- A Area
F B Magnetic field
K Torsional constant
i1 i2 voltage sensitivity [Sv]
d
Let conductor length be .  NAB
Sv  
v KR Resistance
 i i
∵ F 0 12 ...(i)
2 d N
∵  costant
R
For final condition
Sv  [N]0
 Voltage sensitivity is independent of number of
F F
turns.
i1 2i2 38. Answer (2)
3d Initial full scale Voltage Vi = ig × G = 100 × 10 –
3 × 50
0 i1 (2i 2 ) Vi = 5V
F 
2 3d ∵ 1 division = 1V
 100 division = 100 V 43. Answer (1)
Final voltage Vf = 100 V In a closed loop net magnetic force is zero
because average velocity is zero.
Vt 100
 n   20 44. Answer (3)
Vi 5
∵ Resistance in series R Area vector is considered by the direction of
current.
R = (n – 1)G
45. Answer (1)
R = (20 – 1) × 50
R = 950  BH [Earth's horizontal field]
39. Answer (1)
∵ Ratio of magnetic moment (M) and angular w  v E
M q ∵ Fm – e (v × B )
momentum (L) is given as 
L 2m
∵ q  Charge 46. Answer (3)
m  mass In a closed loop in the presence of uniform
magnetic field, net magnetic force is zero.
q q
M  L [I Diameter ] Magnetic force is a vector so its magnitude follows
2m 2m law of vector addition
mR 2 47. Answer (2)
∵ I Diameter  A B
4
q  mR 2   r 
M  
2m  4  P P
Axis of solenoid
q R2
M 0 ni
8 BP  [sin   sin ]
40. Answer (3) 2
Acceleration means change in direction or in For long solenoid

magnitude of velocity.  =  = 90°
So, direction is changed by magnetic field inside BP = 0ni
the dees and magnitude is changed by electric At one end (P )  = 0 &  = 90°
field in the space between the two dees. 0 ni
BP   [sin0  1]
SECTION - B 2
Assertion-Reason Type Question 0 ni BP

[BP  ] end  
41. Answer (3) 2 2
Because time period is independent of velocity of 48. Answer (4)
ions. So frequency is also independent of velocity. 1. Time dependent field only can change the
velocity of charge because it is the source of
2m induced electric field.
T 
qB 2. Reason is not true because time dependent
magnetic field can also change the velocity
42. Answer (4)
49. Answer (1)
mv 2mk If loop is rotated about an axis perpendicular to its
∵ Radius r  
qB qB plane area vector does not change so magnetic
k kinetic energy moment vector also does not change its direction
and angle between magnetic moment vector and
 r  k If m, q & B are constant.
magnetic field remains constant so no work is
Centripetal force is equal to magnetic forces. done.
 FC = q v B ∵ w = MB cos [i – t]
50. Answer (2) So magnetic field may be less than the field at
Magnetic field of current carrying solid wire w.r.t surface.
distance from its axis is given by the graph. 51. Answer (1)
B
2m
∵ T 
qB
BSurface = Bmax.
R T m qP
r< r>R  
TP mp q
r
r=R ∵ m= 4 mp & q= 2qP

Chapter 19
Magnetism and Matter
Hints and Solutions
BH  Horizontal magnetic field

SECTION - A
I  Moment of inertia
M  Magnetic moment
1. Answer (1)
For final condition
N i = 18 A
BH
M A B
i O
r = 0.2 m
B C
 BNet = BH – B
S
0 i
mg ∵ B= 
2 r
If OA arm remains at equilibrium so
18
Net torque is zero. B = 2 × 10–7 × = 18 × 10–6 T
0.2

net  [ ]B  [ ]g  0  BNet = 24 × 10–6 – 18 × 10–6
BNet = 6 × 10–6 T
B = g
MB sin 90° = rmg (M is magnetic moment) I I
T = 2 MB  2 ...(ii)
Net M  6  10 –6
NIAB = mg
Dividing eqn (ii) by (i)
mg
B=
NIA T 24
 2
T 6
0.3  600  10 3  10 1800 9
B= –3
  = 0.4 T T = 2T = 2 × 0.1 = 0.2 s
200  22  10 1 4400 22
3. Answer (3)
2. Answer (2)
B2 S
For initial condition d1 BNet

I I 1 S N
T  2  2 B1
MBH M  24  106
...(i) M
N 2
d2
130 Magnetism and Matter Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
0 2M 0 2M 8. Answer (4)
∵ B1 = 4 3 and B2 = 4 3
d1 d2 Paramagnetic substance is feebly attracted because
net field becomes slightly greater than initial field.
B1 2d23
∵ tan  = B  3 9. Answer (4)
2 d1
Soft iron has high permeability because they are
3 magnetised easily.
 d1 
   2 cot 
 d2  10. Answer (1)
d1 I B0
 (2 cot )1/3 ∵ Susceptibility m = and H = 
d2 H 0
4. Answer (3) I 0
 m = B
Resultant magnetic moment of two magnets is 2 M 0
along the angle bisector. As point P is on angle  0 Ni

bisectors magnetic field at P Magnetic field of toroid, B0 =
2R
0 2( 2 M ) I 0 (2R )
BP =  m =
4 d3 0 Ni
0 2 2 M 2
= · 2     I
4 d3 m = 2RI  
5. Answer (4) Ni Ni
Β 4I
∵  r ...(i) m = I  Intensity of magnetisation
B0 Ni
B  Magnetic field in the medium 4  4.8  10 –2
[m]initial = = 2.4 × 10–4
B  Magnetic field in air or vacuum 400  2
r  Relative permeability Aluminium is paramagnetic substance.
∵ B = 4B0 1
So its susceptibility m 
 From ...(i) T
4B0 [m ]final Tinitial 280

 r  
B0 [m ]initial Tfinal 320
r = 4 [m ]f 7

6. Answer (4) [m ]i 8
Liquid oxygen is paramagnetic substance so it 7
remains suspended between two poles of magnet. [m]f =  [  m ]i
8
7. Answer (2)
7
[m]f =  2.4  10 –4
By tangent law B = BH tan  ...(i) 8
B  External magnetic field [m]f = 2.1 × 10–4
BH  Horizontal field 11. Answer (2)
 = Deflection in galvanometer ∵ Intensity of magnetisation I
From ...(i) M ml m  Polestrength
I=  
0.34  10 4 V Al A  Area
B = 0.34 × 10–4 × tan 30° =
3 ∵ Net magnetic field B = 0[H + I]
B = 1.96 × 10–5 T B = 0[H + I] ...(i)
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Magnetism and Matter 131
15. Answer (2)
B0 0 ni
∵ H  [B0  magnetic field of solenoid]
0 0 In moving coil galvanometer
H = ni  NAB 
Deflection  =  i
So, From (i)  k 
B m NAB
 ni  = constant
0 A k
B m N  Number of turns.
– ni 
0 A A  Area
1.57 m B  Magnetic field
–7
– 2000  2  –4
4  10 5  10 k  Torsional constant
(  /2) × 107 m  i

– 4000 
4 5  10 –4 16. Answer (4)
107 m At geomagnetic poles horizontal magnetic field is

– 4000  zero. Because compass needle measures only
8 5  10 –4
horizontal magnetic field which is zero at poles. So
m it stays in any direction.
0.125 × 107 – 0.0004 × 107 =
5  10 –4 17. Answer (3)
0.6230 × 103 = m 1[Fixed vertical plane]
m 623 Am  BH cos 
12. Answer (3)

BH
When ferromagnetic substance is placed in external
magnetic field. The size of domain lying in direction
of external field increases but size of domain in
opposite direction of field decreases if field is weak.
Magnetic meridian
13. Answer (3)
BV
After saturation magnetisation does not change
because it becomes independent of temperature.   Angle between vertical plane and magnetic
meridian
14. Answer (3)
BH  Horizontal component
By tangent law,
BV  Vertical component
B = BH tan  ...(i) In magnetic meridian
In tangent galvanometer
BV
tan   ...(i)
0 Ni BH
B=
2r
 = true angle of dip.
0 Ni In a fixed vertical plane
 BH tan 
2r
BV
tan  = ...(ii)
 N   N  BH cos 
tan  =  0  i   = tan–1  0  i
 2rBH   2rBH   = Apparent angle of dip.
Dividing eqn (ii) by (i)

At    i = 
2 tan  1

 Correct graph is c. tan  cos 
tan  I
cos  = tan  T1 = 2
M [B cos ]
∵  = 37° and  = 60°
I
tan 37 3/4 T1 = 2
cos  =   1 
tan  3 M 0.4  
 2
3 At second place,
cos  =
4 T2 = ?
 = 64°  = 60°
18. Answer (1)
0.5
BH = B cos 60° =
2
90° M
I, M
I, M I
T2 = 2
 0.5 
M 
Mnet = 2M  2 
I I
T = 2 T2 2  0.4 2 1.414
2M    
T1 0.5  2 1.25 1.25
2I
T = 2 ...(i) T2
2M
T1 = 1.0635
I  T2 = T1 × 1.0635
T = 2 ...(ii)
M
T2 = 6.3814
Dividing eqn (ii) by (i),
1
T 1  f2 =  0.157 Hz
 T2
T [2]1/4
20. Answer (2)
T 4
T   1/4  1/4
[2] [2] I
∵ T1 = 2
MBH
4
T   3.36 s
1.189
I
19. Answer (1) 3 = 2 ...(i)
M [B1 cos 30]
BH 
I
and 4 = f2 = 2 ...(ii)
M [B2 cos 60]
B
BV
Dividing eqn (ii) by (i),
At first place,
60 4 B1 cos 30 Β1( 3 /2)

6s  
T1 =
10 3 B2 cos 60 B2 (1/2)
 = 45°
4 B1 3
I 
∵ T = 2 3 B2
MBH
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Magnetism and Matter 133
Squaring both side 25. Answer (1)
16 B1 3 B 16
  1  BH
9 B2 B2 9 3 N
21. Answer (3)

1 2
r S
H Equatorial line
There are neutral point at points 1 and 2 on the
Initially relative permeability increases but after certain
equatorial line.
value of magnetic intensity it decreases.
26. Answer (1)
22. Answer (4)
∵ W = MB[cos i – cos f]
Diamagnetic substance exhibits meissner effect
W = MB[cos 0° – cos 60°]
According to which no magnetic field line passes
from super conductor which is known as magnetic  1
shielding. W = MB 1  
 2
23. Answer (2)
MB
W= ...(i)
2
i i
l r Torque,  = MB sin = MB sin 60°
2r = 3
= MB ...(ii)
2

r= From (i) and (ii)
2
= 3W
∵ M = iA = ir2
2 27. Answer (1)
 
M = i   Frog is repelled by strong magnetic field which
 2  property belongs to property of diamagnetic
substance.
i 2
M=
4 SECTION - B
4M Assertion-Reason Type Question
=
i 28. Answer (4)
24. Answer (2) 1. Permeability depends on medium as well as net
magnetic field.
S S 
M2 2. In a medium net magnetic field may change.
 
M1 M2   60°
 29. Answer (2)
M1 60° M3   
1. MRI is a useful to produce detailed images from
N N M1 + M2 + M3
 any part of the body.
S N
M3
2. For imaging purpose the protons are used to
create the alignment of magnetic vectors.
| M1  M 2 |  M 30. Answer (4)
 At magnetic poles horizontal component of field is
zero. But compass needle measures only horizontal
Mnet = 2 M
field. So it stays in any direction.
Earth’s magnetic field is about 0.1 G so it does All magnetic field lines are attracted by iron because
not affect the working of moving coil its permeability is very high.
galvanometer. 34. Answer (3)
1. Magnetic moment of an atom is due to orbital
32. Answer (2)
and spin motion.
1. Net area of hysteresis loop of steel is greater 2. Stationary charge does not produces magnetic field.
than soft iron.
35. Answer (3)
2. Retentivity of soft iron is higher as compared to Reduction factor is a constant value it is independent
steel. of current.

Chapter 20
Electromagnetic Induction
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A o a  l dx o il
   d 
2 a x
il 
2
ln x aa l
1. Answer (2) o il  a  l 
 ln
2  a 
 B
A º 3. Answer (1)
 = 60
According to Lenz law area of loop is increasing
30º so induced current will decrease the magnitic field
of loop. So induced current will be in anti
clockwise direction.
Magnetic flux [B] 4. Answer (2)
B = BA cos According to Lenz law north pole will be induced
from the side of magnet and from the side of
B = 5 × 2 × cos 60º
observer south pole will be induced which gives
B = 5 weber. clockwise direction
Because flux passing from square loop is constant
x
dx so change in flux is zero. No emf will be induced
B
C and current will be zero.
6. Answer (2)
I l
O V
D
A dx
a x
a l
Considering small element of length dx. So emf will
be induced as
Considering a small strip of area dA = ldx.
de = B Vdx.
 Flux from this area d = BdA.
de = B(x)dx ∵ V = r
o i
∵ B b bw  2  b
2 x  e   de  B  xdx  x
a 2   a
o i
 d  ldx bw (b2  a2 )
2 x e
2
136 Electromagnetic Induction Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
7. Answer (1) Rod is moving in forward direction. So all three
parameters V, B & l are mutually perpendicular.
y So emf will be induced.
B0
∵ eind = BVl [BVl ]
V0
10. Answer (2)
B E
x=0 x dx x=L
z dl
r P
Considering small element of length dx moving
with velocity V0. So induced emf dB
∵  E.dl   ...(i)
de = B V0dx. dt
B0 E  Induced electric field.

∵ B x ∵ E & dl are in same direction so  = 0º.
L
 From (i)
BV L
e   de  0 0  xdx d
L 0 E dl  (BA)
dt
B0V0 L2 dB
e E (2r )   A
2L dt
B0V0 L  dB 
e E (2r )  r 2  
2  dt 
8. Answer (2) r dB
| E |
2 dt
V 11. Answer (1)
A B
I B 
dx A
x 60º
Considering small element of length dx.

 de = BVdx.
 = BA cos 60º.
 i
∵ B o BA
2 x  , B  B0 sint .
2
o dx
 de V i B0 A
2 x  sint
2
o a  l dx
e   de  Vi 
2 a x d B A d
eind    0 sint
dt 2 dt
o al 
e Vi ln  
2  a  B0 Aw
eind   cos t
2
9. Answer (1)
N B0 A
BH Vind max . 
2
A B
W E
0.2  5  104  300
eind max.  = 150 × 10–4
2
S
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Electromagnetic Induction 137
[Vind]max. = 0.015 V.
L E 3
12. Answer (2) Time constant 1  & io  i1  
R R 2
B = B0 + t at t = 1S.
dB
O i 2  i1 1  e t / 1 
dt  
d  dB   1 
∵   A    r 2 [] 
dt  dt  i 2  i1 1  e L / R 
 
13. Answer (3)
N  R
 
Self inductance L = ...(i) i 2  i1 1  e L 
i
 

  B.A
 10 

0 Ni 2 i 2  i1 1  e 5 
A r  
2r
 From (i)
i 2  i1 1  e  2 
N  o Ni r 2 
L  
i  2r   1
i 2  i1 1  2 
 e 
o N 2 r
L
2
 e 2  1
14. Answer (2) i 2  i1  2 
 e 
I I i=0
R1 R3 i1 e2
E R2  2
L i2 e  1
t=0
I
16. Answer (4)
At t = 0 inductor behavior as an open circuit. So
no current will pass from L. E e
In electric motor current is given as I  ...(i)
R
E 10
 i  i1    2A E  Applied emf.
R1  R2 2  3
e  Back emf.
15. Answer (2)
R Armature resistance.
t=t L=5H R=10
∵  [Angular speed]
For initial condition.
From (i)
E
At t =  (Steady state) induced for behaves like a 24  e
2
shore circuit. 2
e = 20V
E 15 3
 Current i1    For final condition
R 10 2
At t = t current is time dependent. w = 90% w.
w = 0.9 w.
i  i0 1  e t / 1 
  e1 = 0.9e = 0.9 × 20 = 18
138 Electromagnetic Induction Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
from ...(i) NS = 1800, es 
24  e1 24  18 ∵ Voltage es
I 
2 2 es NS
∵ 
6 e p NP
I  3A
2 NS
17. Answer (1) es  ep
NP
S1 1800
es   3  90V
S2 60
r 1, n1 20. Answer (2)
r 2 , n2
Pout
l ∵ Efficiency   Pin
Flux of S2
Pout = 100W
2 = B1 A2
Pin = VP IP = 220 × 0.5
2 = (on i1) (r22)
Pin = 110.0 W
Net flux of S2
N22 = N2n1 or22 i1 100
 %   100  90%
110
N2
∵ n2   N2  n2l
l
SECTION - B
N22 = n1n2 or2 li1
N 
Mutual inductance M  2 2 21. Answer (1)
i1
Induced emf in motor is known as back emf which
 M n1n2o r22 l opposes the change in flux according to lenz law.
Flux in coil B is given as. (i) Transformer is based on mutual instance so due
to change in current in primary coil emf is
 B = 9 × 10–5 = 0.9 × 10–4 Wb.
induced in secondary coil.
B
∵ Mutual inductance M  (ii) But in primary coil flux changes due to transient
iA current in it.
23. Answer (1)
0.9  104
M iA  Current in coil A.
3 (i) Eddy current is induced due to time dependent
magnate field which is produced by the motion
M = 0.3 × 10–4
of conducting plate in the magnate field.
M = 3 × 10–5 H
(ii) During motion of plate magnetic flux also
19. Answer (2) changes with respect to time.
For primary coil
24. Answer (4)
NP = 60 P = O + 3t.
(i) Emf is induced for only time dependent magnetic
d flux.
| eP |   3V
dt (ii) Direction of induced current is in such a way
For secondary coil that it opposes the cause of its induction.
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Electromagnetic Induction 139
25. Answer (4) Bwl 2
(i) ∵ eo A 
(i) Total magnetic flux of the loop ramains constant. 2
(ii) When electrons shifts from one end to other
(ii) Position dependent magnetic flux does not potential difference is developed across the ends
produce emf. of conductor.
(i) Induced electric field is induced due to time
w XB
dependent magnetic field.
(ii) Induced electric field is unlikely to electro static
O l A
field so it is non conservative in nature.

Chapter 21
Alternating Current
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A 12 XC2  3R 2
XC 1
Objective Type Questions 
R 2
V ∵ Current is leading the voltage. So element in box
∵ I
Z may be capacitor and resistor or series combination
R C of capacitor resistor and inductor.
3. Answer (2)
°
s30 V = 10 V
i co
30°
i = 2A
I V
V i sin30°
I The component of current perpendicular to voltage
…(i)
R 2  XC2
gives zero power.
1   = 90°
XC  Reactance of capacitor
C ∵ Power factor cos = 0
  Power = 0

4 i
 i1  i sin30  1A
 1 2
 XC  4 XC ∵ XC  
  4. Answer (4)
I V 1. Instantaneous voltage are time dependent.
 I
2 R   4 XC 
2 2 …(ii) 2. Net instantaneous voltage is sum of individual
voltage.
From (i) and (ii)
5. Answer (2)
1 V V L C
 R
2 2
R  XC2 R 2
 16 XC2 A B
VL VC VR
Squaring both side
1 1 i

4  R 2  XC2  R  16 XC2
2
D C
R 2  16 XC2  4R 2  4 XC2 E0 sin (t)
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Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Alternating Current 141
Ldi 3T
∵ VL 
dt ∵ Average current Im   Idt 
 Area02
3T
q  dt 2
 VC  and VR  iR
c  dt
0
By K.V.L. in loop
A1  A2  A3
Ldi q Im 
VA    iR  E0 sin (t ) VA 3T
dt c t  2
0
di q T
L   iR  E0 sin  t   2
dt c 1 T 4 1  3T 
 2   T   2
di Im  2 2 2 2  2 
CL  q  iRC  CE0 sin  t  3T
dt
2
di
 idt  iRC  CE0 sin  t 
dt 
CL 4T  T 1  4   
Im   
4
3T 2  3 
6. Answer (2)
2
XL = 20  R = 10  8. Answer (4)
 
XC = 10  I 1  I0 sin  t    6I0
 3
 
I2 = 3I0 cos  2t  
 9
E = 300 sin (t) O

A C
Emax I1
i sin  t   
z
I2
Here, z  R 2   X L  X C 
2
B
z  10   10 
2 2
IOC = I1 + I2
z  10 2 
 
and IOC  6IO  IO sin  t   + 3IO cos  2t   
 3  9
X L  XC 20  10    
tan   
R 10  Average current Im = 6IO + IO sin  t   
  3 m
Then,
   
300   3IO cos  2t   
i sin  t     9 m
10 2  4
Im = 6IO + O + O
  ∵ Average value of sin (t + ) or cos (t + ) is
i  15 2 sin  t  
 4 zero.
I
I1 O IOC
2 A C
I2
A1 A2 A3
B
t(s)
O T T 3T By junction law at O
2 2 IOC = I1 – I2
142 Alternating Current Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
IOC = (6t2 – 2t + 5) – (6t + 1) 11. Answer (4)
IOC = 6t2 – 8t + 4 ∵ IDC = 5 A IAC = 4 sin (2t)
 Average current IOC m   Idt After superposition.
 dt INet = IDC + IAC

3
INet =5 + 4 sin (2t)
  6t  8t  4  dt
2
INet
2
  25  16 sin2  2t   40 sin  2t 
IOC m  1
3
 dt
1
INet
2
 m  25  16  sin2  2t m  40  sin  2t m …(i)
3 3 ∵ Average value [sin(2t)]m = 0 and
t3  t2 
6    8    4 t 1
3
 3 1  2 1 1
IO C m  Average value  sin  2t m 
2
3  1 2
2  27  1  4 9  1  4 3  1  From (i)
IO C m 
2  1
INet  m  25  16    0
2
2  26  4  8  4  2 2
IO C m 
2 16
 Irms  INet
2
 m  25 
52  32  8 2
IO C m 
2 Irms = Ivirtual = 33 A
28
IO C m   14 A 12. Answer (3)
2
For A1 For A2
10. Answer (4)
E0 20 E0 20
I I1 0   I2 0  
R 2 R 2
[I1]0 = 10 A [I2]0 = 10 A
I0
I1 0 10
I1 rms  
O t 2 2
T T
2 I1 rms 
10

1

Equation of pulsating voltage is I = I0 sin (t) I2 0 10 2 2
T 13. Answer (2)

 Average value for t = 0 to t 
2 1 1
 I dt  (2t  3t
2 2 2
T ) dt
2 I m 
2 0
 0
 Idt  sin  t  dt 1
1
Im   I0 0 2I
 0  dt
T 
 dt
0
2 1
  4t dt  9t dt  12t 3dt 
2 4
T I 2 m 
RMS value for t = 0 to t  0
2 1
T 1 1 1
I 2 m   4t    9t   12t 
3 5 4
2
I  sin  t  dt 2 2
 3 0  5 0  4 0

2
I dt I
0 2
I  
2
m   0 0
T
 dt 2
I 2 m  20  27  45  92
2 15 15
 Irms  I 2 m  I0 I m  6.133
2
2
 Irms  I 2 m  6.133
Im 2I / 2 2
  0  Ieffective = Irms  2.5 A
Irms I0 / 2 
14. Answer (1) At resonance XL = XC
I1 1
L 
C
I0 1
2f   
LC
O t 1
3T f 
T T 2 LC
2 2
1
T f 
2 T 2 4  10  10  106
3
 I0 sin t dt   O
2 2
0 T 5
I 2 m  2 f   103 Hz
T 2
 dt0
V
∵ Irms  rms 
220
[∵ At resonance Zmin. = R]
Zmin. 22
T 
I02   Irms = 10 A
I m
2
 4 16. Answer (1)
T
2
V
I 2 m  I0
4
R = 20 
I
 Irms   I m 2
 0
2
XL = 10  XC = 10 
I2
A
200 V
∵ XL = XC
O t
T T VL = V C
2  VL – VC = 0
T
2 X=V=0
I 0 sin (t ) dt
 XY = 0
∵ I 2 m  0
T
2
17. Answer (4)
 dt
0
In series LCR circuit.
2
V 2 = (VL – VC)2 + VR
2I0
I2 m 
2
(50)2 = (40 – 10)2 + VR
 2
(50)2 – (30)2 = VR
I0
I1 rms
 2 
 40 V = VR

I2 m
2I2 4  VR
I 
40
 0.4 A
 R 100
By the phasor diagram:
L = 4 mH When L is removed
I VR
220 V C = 10 F 
22 
VC V
VC If  = 
tan   tan 45 
VR I0 0

VC X C 2   1 
2
…(ii)
1   L   R
2
VR R …(i)  C 
When C is removed From (i) and (ii)
VL 0 0
V 
2R   1 
2
 L   R
2
 C 
 = 45°
VR Squaring both side.
VL X L 1 1
tan 45  1    2
VR R …(ii) 4R 2  1 
  L   R
2
 C 
From (i) and (ii) equation.
2
X L XC  1 
 L    R  4R
2 2
  C 
R R
2
XL = XC  1 
 L    3R
2
So current and voltage are in same phase.  C 

  = 0°  1 
2
 L    3R
Power factor = cos = 1  C 
VL If  = 0  XC =  and XL = 0
V
VR I 0
    0 2  R 2
V If  =   XC = 0 and XL = 
(VC – VL )
VC V
I 0
V  VL X C  X L    0 2  R 2
∵ tan   C 
VR R 23. Answer (3)
50  42 8 ∵ Z = XL – XC
tan    1
8 8 At resonance XL = XC
 = 45° Z=0
1
 Power factor cos   24. Answer (1)
2
R C
20. Answer (4)
If VL = VC then VNet = VR = V3
3A= I
 V1 = VL and V2 = VC
 V3 = 200 V and
300 V, 50 Hz
200 200
I 4A ∵ Power P = Vrms Irms cos
R 50
∵ Vrms = Irms Z
21. Answer (4)
1 P  Irms
2
Z cos 
If L 
C
R
0 ∵ cos  
I0  …(i) Z
R
P= I 2rms R
E  iZ  5  9.09    30 
2 2
50 = 9R
E = 5 × 31.3
50
 R  E 155 V
9
In an ideal choke, resistance R = 0 Z  R 2  X L2  R 2   2fL 

2
∵
V 200
 XL    40 
I 5 Z  R 2  42f 2L2
In pure resistor 28. Answer (4)
V 200 ∵ V 2 = VR2 + VC2
R   25 
I 8 102 = 22 + VC2
X L R 100 – 4 = VC2
i 96 Volt
29. Answer (2)
For DC voltage.
V = 250 V V
I
∵ XL  R
X L  V 20
 R   20 
XL  I 1
For AC voltage
  
X L    X L
 V V
I 
2  80 Z X  R2
2
L
X L   XL
2  50
20
0.5 
X L  64  X   20 
2 2
L
V V 40
I  1
Z X L2  R 2 X  400
2
L
250
I X L2  400  40
 64    25 
2 2
Squaring both side

I = 3.6 A
X 2L + 400 = 1600
26. Answer (3)
X 2L = 1200
R C
X L  10 12  10  2 3  20 3
i
2fL  20 3
E 20 3
2f   10
2 3
1 1
∵ XC     9.09 
C 2  50  350  10 6 10 5
R = 30  f    1.59 Hz
2 3.14
∵ Z  X C2  R 2 ∵ 2.5  1.59 Hz
30. Answer (1)
Vrms R
For R – C circuit:  P  Vrms ·
Z Z
Z  R 2  XC2 2
Vrms R 2
Vrms R
P 2

Z  X L  R 2 
2
1
∵ XC 
C V 2R
P
(L )  R 
2 2
2
 1 
Z1  R 2    …(i) 32. Answer (3)
 C 
E = E0 cos (t)
If frequency is 2f
∵ Power P = VrmsIrms cos
So,  = 2
V0I0
2
P cos  …(i)
 1  2
Z2  R 2    …(ii)
 2C 
R R
 cos   
If  =  then from (i) and (ii) Z X  R2
2
L
Z1 = R and Z2 = R
R 1
Z1 R cos    and
 1 2R 2
2
Z2 R
E0 E0 E
From (i) and (ii) I0    0
Z R R
2 2
2R
 CR 2  1  2CR 2  1  From (i)
Z1  and Z2 
C 2C
V0 V0 1 V 2 E2
P   0  0
2 2R 2 4R 4R
Z1 2  CR   1
2
 
Z2  2CR 2  1 33. Answer (4)
In ideal choke coil resistance is zero. So power factor
If  = 0 cos
Z1 R
2 cos   0
Z2 Z
 P = VrmsIrms cos = 0
Z
 1 1  2 34. Answer (1)
Z2
V = 10 sin(t), I  2 2 sin     t    
31. Answer (2)
2  3 
L R  
I  2 2 sin  t  
 6
V0I0
∵ Power  cos 
2
V
10  2 2 
  cos
∵ Z X R
2 2 2 6
L
∵ Power P = VrmsIrms cos 3

 10 2 
2
R V
∵ cos   and Irms  rms
Z Z Power = 6 6 W
35. Answer (4)
 1
cos   cos t
3 2
[VL ]0
VNet

t  L = 0.2 H
3

[VR ]0 2  qmax 2
t C   0.2 F
i0 = 2 A T 3 v max 10
T 2 LC
VNet 0  VL 0  VR 0 ∵T  2 LC 
2 2
∵  t 
6 6
VNet 0   20 2   20 2
t
2
 0.2 
0.2
s
6 3
VNet 0  20 2
38. Answer (2)
tan  
VL 0 1
At t = 0 capacitor is fully charged therefore
VR 0 q = q0 cost
 = 45° q02
∵ Emax 
2C
V0I0
∵ Power  cos  2
2 qinst E
Einst   max
2C 3
20 2  2
Power  cos 45
2 q02 cos2 t q02

Power  20 W 2C 3  2C
36. Answer (1) 1
then, cos t 
If maximum charge in capacitor is q0. So maximum 3
energy in capacitor is Umax.
Umax. = UC + UL  1 
then, t  cos1  
 3
q02 q 2 Li 2
 
2C 2C 2  1 
t  LC cos1  
 3
(1)2 2   2 
2
q02
 
2C 2  2 2 39. Answer (3)
q02 1 17 Li 02 Q02
 4 
22 4 4 2 2C
 UC + UL …(i)
q02 = 17
UC  Energy in capacitor
q0  17 C UC  Energy in inductor
37. Answer (2) ∵ UC = 3UL
In L – C circuit initially capacitor is fully charged. From (i)
At t = 0, qmax. = 2C
Li 02
 q = qmax. cos t  4UL
2
q = 2 cos t
∵ q = 1C at t = t Li 02
UL 
8
1 = 2 cos t
41. Answer (1)
Li 2 Li 02
 A graph is given for reactance and angular frequency.
2 8
i0 X 1
i …(ii) XC 
2 C
From (i) XL = L
Q0
i0 
LC
 From (ii) O 
0
Q0
i0  0  Resonance frequency.
2 LC
In given graph if  < 0,
40. Answer (2)
XC > XL …(i)
E From (i)
At t = 0 i = imaximum = i0 =
R Capacitive reactance dominates the inductive
reactance.
20
i0   10 A 42. Answer (2)
2
A graph between reactance and angular frequency
Li 02 q02 is given as.
∵ 
2 2C X 1
XC 
C
q0  i0 LC XL = L
q0  10  2  2  20 C
At t = 0, q=0
0 
 q = q0 sin t
0  Resonant frequency.
q = 20 sin t
If  > 0 then inductive reactance dominates the
20 capacitive reactance. So VL > VC and voltage leads
 20 sin t the current.
2
1 (VL – VC)
sin t  V
2

i [V leads i]
 VR
t 
6
43. Answer (1)
  T T
t   The resonant current is given by
6 6  2 12
V V 330
∵ T  2 LC I  
Zminimum R 30
T  2 2  2  4 I = 11 A
44. Answer (1)
4 
 t  s ∵ Quality factor at resonance is given as
12 3
0 = Resonance frequency
 VL VC
 q = 20 C and t  s Q 
3 VR VR
0 51. Answer (2)
∵ Quality factor Q 
(2  1 ) (1) Practically resistance of inductor cannot be zero.
R R
∵ 2  1  = Bondwidth
L (2) ∵ Power factor cos  =
 L  2  R 2
0L VL 120
 Q   4 If  is increased cos is decrease.
R VR 30
45. Answer (1) Power description is reduced..
52. Answer (3)
0
Quality factor Q 
 2  1  (1) At resonance, impedance is minimum so current
R is maximum.
∵ 2  1 
L VL
(2) Quality factor Q 
L V
Q 0
R
 VL = QV …(i)
If R is decreased Q is increases.
V  applied voltage.
SECTION - B
 From (i) voltage across inductor is Q times
Assertion-Reason Type Question applied voltage, so reason is incorrect.
In direct current magnitude and direction must be (1) DC ammeter and voltmeter measure average
constant. value of total current and voltage respectively.
47. Answer (4)
(2) DC ammeter and voltmeter has uniform division.
(1) Voltage is a scalar but can be used as a phasor.
54. Answer (2)
(2) Phasor is not a vector.
48. Answer (2) AC can be changed in high or low voltage by trans
forms. So for long distance transmission voltage is
(1) In series at resonance current becomes increased and current is decreased. So by Joule’s
maximum.
law of heating effect heat loss can be reduced.
(2) ∵ Q  1 R  Resistance 55. Answer (1)
R
AC has tendency to flow in the surface of any
49. Answer (1) conductor. This tendency is increased after the
(i) In hot wire ammeter and voltmeter deflection () frequency of A.C. This is called skin effect. So for
is directly proportional to square of current. higher amount of AC requires more circumferences.
(2) Working of instruments is based on heating effect 56. Answer (4)
of current.
(1) effective value of an AC is its rsm value.
50. Answer (4)
Capacitor is high pass filter, because capacitive (2) DC produces equal heat in a resistor as that
reactance decreases at light frequency. So it passes of AC.
 1 57. Answer (4)
high frequency signals.  X C  
  When capacitor is connected with inductor. There
Inductor is low pass filter because it passes low is an oscillation of charge from capacitor to inductor
frequency signals. [XL ] and inductor to capacitor.

Chapter 22
Electromagnetic Waves
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions 3. Answer (2)
For light beam
1. Answer (1)
Intensity of electromagnetic wave is given as E0 E 300
 c  B0  0  8
 106 T
B0 c 3  10
0 E02 c
I
2 Magnetic force Fm  qvB sin 
c speed of light For maximum force B = B0 and  = 90°
E0 Amplitude of electric field Fm = 1.6 × 10–19 × 2 × 107 × 10–6
2I 2  8.85 Fm = 3.2 × 10–18 N
 E02  
0 c 8.85  10 12  3  108 4. Answer (4)
Average energy density of EMW is given as
2  104 104
E02  
3 1.5 0 E02
um  ...(i)
102 2
E0 
1.5
E0  2 Erms
100
Eo  V/m E0  720 2 V/m
1.5
2. Answer (1) From .........(i)
0
 
Considering cylindrical volume 2
um   720 2
2
A A = 20 × 10–4 m2
I=1m 8.85  1012  720  720  2
um 
0 E02 2
Energy density u  um = 4.58 × 10–6 J/m3
2
5. Answer (3)
E0  Maximum value of electric field in EMW. In
given cyclinder Magnitude of conduction current and displacement
current is same.
U = u (Volume)
dq
0 E02 Displacement current Id 
U
2
 AI  dt
d
8.85  10 12  100  20  10 4  1
2
Id  q0 sin 2nt 
U dt 
2
U = 8.85 × 10–11 J Id  q0 2 n cos 2 nt
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Electromagnetic Waves 151
6. Answer (3) By dividing (i) by (ii)
d E
Displacement current Id is given as Id  0 c  
dt   r r
v  0 0
E  electric flux
r Relative permeability
V
E = EA & E  r Relative permittivity
d
 A dV dV c2
Id  0 C   r r
d dt dt v2
dV c2 9  1016
Id  C r  
(C Capacitance) v  r 4  1016  1
2
dt
r = 2.25
dV
1=1× 10–6 × 10. Answer (1)
dt
dV A 0  dV 
 106 V/s Displacement current Id 
dt d  dt 
7. Answer (1)  Id A
A
E0  If A 
∵  c  [Speed of EMW] 4
B0 k
Id i
 IdI  
k  Wave constant 4 4
  Angular frequency 11. Answer (2)
By = 2 × 10–7sin [0.5 ×103 x + 1.5 × 1011 t]
 Eok = Bo
8. Answer (1) ∵By  A sin  kx  t 
Intensity of EMW is given as 2
k  0.5  103

0 E02 c
I ...(i) 2
2   4   10 3 m
0.5  103
For a point source intensity is given as
12. Answer (1)
P Power  P Power 
I Intensity I 
Area of spherical wave front A
P P  IA  40  20  800 W
I 2 ..........(ii)
4 r
U
From (i) & (ii) is Power P  U  Net energy of EMW
t
P U =Pt
E0 
2r 2 0 c
U
∵ Momentum P0 
9. Answer (1) c
In air Pt
P0 
c
1
∵c 
0 0 ..........(i) and Pt
 Ft  ∵P0  Ft 
c
1 P 800
In Medium v  ..........(ii) F   0.27  10 5 N
 c 3  108
152 Electromagnetic Waves Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
13. Answer (1) Id  CV0  cos  t 

dV
Displacement current Id  C  Id   Also sum of conduction current and
dt
displacement current cannot be zero because both
C  Capacitance have same direction.
V  Voltage across the capacitor 17. Answer (2)

V = Ed E electric field
E
First statement : ∵  c E  B ∵c  1
d dE B
Id  C  Ed   Cd
dt dt
Second statement : Energy density of magnetic
A 0 dE dE
Id  d  A 0 B2  E2
d dt dt field B  and of electric field E  0
20 2
Id = 2 × 10–4 × 8.85 × 10–12 × 6 × 106 ×103
Id = 1.06 × 10–8 A 1
E
∵  c and  0 0  2
14. Answer (1) B c
Momentum of EMW is given as
U E 2 / c2 E / c2
P  B  
c 2 0 1
2
U Energy of EMW 0 c 2
 U = Pc
15. Answer (3) 0 E 2
B   E
Direction of propagation EMW is given by poynting 2

vector ( S ) 18. Answer (4)

E B First statement : Cooking in microwaves is due to
S
0 induction

Direction S  E  B Second statement: Energy is transferred to the
food by microwave radiation.
SECTION - B
So both assertion and reason are incorrect.
Assertion-Reason Type Question
19. Answer (2)
16. Answer (3)
First statement : The average value of poynting
Displacement current is given as
vector represents intensity of EMW.
dV
Id  C .............(i)
dt
Second statement: Direction is given by E  B .
If V  V0 sin  t 
Both are different correct statement.

Chapter 23
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Hints and Solutions
∵ AMO & AMI are similar triangles.

SECTION - A
OMA = IMA & MO = MI
 AO = AI = 2
1. Answer (2)
 Coordinates of I is (2, 0)

∵ Angular velocity  =    t 2. Answer (1)
t
As r  i  2(i . n ) n
Y
At t = 0
(object) (0, 2)
O i  2i  3 j  4k
29

X
3i  6 j  2k
n 
49
2i  3 j  4k  (2i  3 j  4k ) (3i  6 j  2k )

t = 2s  r   2 .
29  29 7
 = 2rad/s
 3i  6 j  2k ) 
  2 7 
8 
 2i  3 j  4k  6  18  8 
 r   2 (3i  6 j  2k )
4  7 29  7 
29
2i  3 j  4k 64
O (0, 2)   (3i  6 j  2k )
At t = 29 49 29
45° M
A
X 98i  147 j  196k  192i  384 j  128k
45° I 
49 29
94i  237 j  68k

r 
49 29
154 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
The locus of all images is circle.

I1
I2' [80°] my P1
I3' [120°]
C C y = 1 cm
I1' [20°]
O [Object] P O y = 1 cm
M2 my P2
[170°] I4
C 20° I2
30° O [Object]
Figure-1 Figure-2
I4' [180°]
M1
If image is formed at the position of object. It
I 3 [130°] means object is placed at the centre of curvature
I1 [30°] so height of image is equal to height of object.
I 2 [70°]
v
∵m  1 [∵ v = u]
u
I1, I2, I3 & I4 are the images formed by mirror M1
So, in figure-2 height of Image I1, is my and I2 is
as well as measured from the mirror M1. So, four
my.
images are formed.
In figure-2 separation between I1 and I2 is
I1´´ I2´, I3´ & I4´ are the images formed by mirror M2
S = my + y + y + my
as well as measured from the mirror M2. Last
image I 4´ will not be considered because it is ∵ m = 1 & y = 1cm.
formed on M2. So, three images are formed.  S = 4cm
Therefore, total number of images are 7. 6. Answer (2)
I1 is the image of object at equal angle. By mirror formula
I2 is the image of I1´ at equal angle. 1 1 1

  ...(i)
v u f
I3 is the image of I2´ at equal angle.
v  distance of image from mirror
I4 is the image of I3´ at equal angle. u  distance of object from mirror
4. Answer (2) f  Focal length of mirror
(i) u-v method is used to find the focal length of Differentiating equation ...(i)
concave mirror and convex lens because real w.r.t. time
image is formed on the screen by these
instruments. d  1  d  1  d  1
 
dt  v  dt  u  dt  f 
(ii) For real image, distance x should be greater
than focal length f. It x = 2f then object and
1 dv 1 du
the image coincides so students can not  2 dt
 2  0 [f is constant]
observe parallax. v u dt
(iii) When eye is shifted towards left, the image 2

dv  v  du
appears to the right of the object pin. So,   
image is between the eye and object pin. dt  u  dt
Therefore, object is near to the pole in
2
comparison to its image. This is possible v 
when object is placed between f and 2f. So, f v I     VO ... (ii)
M u  M
< x < 2f.
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 155
vI 8. Answer (2)
 Velocity of image w.r.t. mirror
M
vO
 Velocity of object w.r.t. mirror
M 2H y2
3
y1 I1
H
From (i) multiplying by u. u
O
C D
u u A u X
1 B
v f
u u For shifting of mirror For shifting of object O

 1
v f Apparent distance Apparent distance
u f from interface from interface

v (u  f ) surface surface
 from . . . (ii) H 2H / 3
y1  y2 
 
2
 f 
v I    VO ...(iii)  Distance between new position of object (I1)
M u  f  M and new position of mirror CD is u.
vI R H 2H
 = 6 cm/s, u = –24cm & f = u = y1 – y2 = 
M 2  3
f = 15cm H
u=
From equation ...(iii) 3
2 Final image of I1 is I2 which has equal distance

vI  15  50 from new position of mirror (CD).
=   6  3 cm/s
M  24  15   Separation between I1 & I2 is 2u.
7. Answer (1) 2H
2u 
(i) By Snell’s law sin = constant 3
1 9. Answer (1)

sin 
If M
(ii) OAB
A
AB  B
sinr =  AB = OB sinr 
OB
r
By snell’s law between 1 & 2 O r
1sini = 2sinr
1
AB = OB  sini
2 [Spherical wave front]
 AB is independent of 3.
Area of spherical surface (AMB) is given by A.
(iii) If 1 = 3 then incident ray and emergent ray
will be parallel. A = 2r2 [1-cos] ...(i)
(iv) If 1 > 3 so ray will deviate away from normal Where  is semi vertex angle and r is radius of
in 3 which indicates anti clockwise deviation. sphere.
Intensity of point source is given by 10. Answer (1)
Length of compound microscope is given by
[Power ]
I= ...(ii) L = v + ue ...(i)
4 r 2
(i) If it final image is at infinite magnifying power
If we consider and imaginary spherical wave front is minimum and [ue]maximum = fe. So, from (i)
at water surface which is at a distance r as a length is also maximum.
radius of spherical wave front as given in the
(ii) It final image is at D (near point) u e is
diagram.
minimum and magnifying power is maximum
and length is minimum.
Spherical ∵ ue < v L v
wave front
[Air] of Area [ A] v  Distance of image
11. Answer (3)
M
Magnifying power of the telescope for distant object
fo
 is M = f
e
h 120
 r M=  60
  2
[Water]
12. Answer (1)
O
Power of spherical refracting surface is given as
[Point source]
1 1 1 
P = f  (  1)  R  R  ...(i)
By total internal reflection at point M.  1 2
Critical angle c. For (1) R1 = R & R2 = R

 From ...(i) P = 0
 1
c =  = sin   
–1 For (4) R1 = R2 =   P = 0
For (2) and (3) medium of incident ray and
emergent ray is same. So, no deviation and power
1 is zero.
sin =
 13. Answer (1)
2  1 A
 cos =

45°
from (i) and (ii)
P
P =  2r 2 [1–cos]
4 r 2
45°
B C
So remaining power which is coming out of
water surface is given as
Total internal reflection is possible at surface AC if
P i > c.
P1 = P – P = [1-cos]
2
c  critical angle
i  Angle of incidence
P 2  1  2  1 
P1 = 2 1   
 ∵ cos  
  
 In given diagram
    i = 45°
1
 Sini = sin45° = A A= 90°
2
 1   1 
i = sin–1   = sin–1   60°= i
 2  1.41
e=120°
For red colour critical 60°
e=emergent angle
60°
B C
 1   1 
angle R = sin–1   = sin–1  

 R 1.39 
 1 
For green colour G = sin–1   ∵ +A=i+e
1.44 
 + 90° = 60° + 120°
 = 90°
 1 
For blue colour B = sin–1 1.47  
 
Angle of deviation
 i > G, i > B but i < R
15. Answer (3)
So, T.I.R. is possible for green and blue colour
but not for blue colour. So green and blue  A  m 
sin 
colours are separated from red colour.  2 

 A
14. Answer (3) sin  
 2
A m  minimum deviation
90°  60  m 
sin  
 2
60° 
30° sin30
30°
i=60° 1  60  m 
2  sin  
2  2
B C
 60  m 
90° =  
2
 3 m = 120°
At AC surface i = 60° = sin–1  
 2  16. Answer (4)
i = sin–1 [0.866] A
critical angle [c]

1 = 1 2 = 3 3 = 1
 1
c = sin–1   
  I
O P1 P2
 1  R R nR
c = sin–1   = sin–1 [0.577] 3
 3
For 1  2 [from interface surface P1A]
∵ i > c. So T.I.R. will take place
 2 1  2  1
Final diagram is given as  
v u R
∵ Effective focal length is given

3 1 ( 3  1)
  [R = ]
v R  1 1 1 1
   
3 F fl fm fl
v = –R
1 2 1
For 23 [For interface surface P2A]   ...(i)
F fl fm
3  2 1   2
  fl  Focal length due to refraction by lens.
v u R
fm  Focal length due to reflection by mirror.
1 3 1 3 R2 7
  ∵ fm  
nR (R  R ) 1  R 2 2
1 3 3 1 1  1 1   3   1 1
   (  1)      1   
nR 2R R fl  R1 R2   2   5 7 
1 3 [∵ R2= –7 & R1 = 5]
  ( 3  1)
n 2
1 6

1 3 fl 35
  3 1
n 2 from ...(i)
1 3 2 3 2 1 6 2
  2  
n 2 F  35  7
2 1 22
n 
3 2 F 35
17. Answer (2)
35
In displacement method height object is given by F = cm.
22
O  I , I2 ...(i) After silvering, nature becomes opposite so, convex
I1  height of image for one position of convex lens becomes concave mirror.
lens. 19. Answer (4)
I2  height of image for other position of lens. (i) Object  Between F & P.
It breadth of object is b multiplying by ...(i) u<f
Ob  b I, I2 Image  behind mirror
v>u
A  (I1b )(I2 b ) 
dv du
A A1 A2  
dt dt
A  Area of object
vI > vO
A1  Area of I1
 
A2  Area of I2
Speed of Speed of
18. Answer (1)
image object
(ii) Object  Between F&C
R<u<f
Image  between C & 
= + v>R

v>u
R2
R1 R2 dv du
  VI  VO
dt dt
(iii) Object  Between  & C 21. Answer (4)
u>R (i) By mirror formula
Image  Between F & C v

v<R
dv du f
  VI  VO
dt dt
u
20. Answer (4) O f
1 1 1
For lens  
v u f
1 1 1
  1 1 1
v 15 10  
v u f
1 1 1 1 ∵ u > o, v > o & f > o
  
v 10 15 30 If u = f
v = 30 cm. 1 1 1
 
v f f
There will be two separation for which image
coincides object. i
=0v=
(i) v
So, graph is rectangular hyperbola
(ii)
v = 30 cm Image forms
at Pole
P x = 30 cm
O I
I [Real] O [Virtual object]
x
[Concave mirror]
(ii) Image forms at centre of curvature.
(iii) It object is virtual in convex mirror then image
is real.
O I
v = 30 cm I O [Virtual]
[Real Image]
x
 x = 30 + R
x = 30 + 10 = 40cm. (iv) It means convex mirror may form real image.
d1
C A
C
10 cm
I O
6 cm [Object]
x
d2
D
D t B
By snell’s law at interface surface.

We consider the shifting of silvered surface (CD)
1 × sini =  sinr
d re al sini
∵ Dapparent =  sinr =

t 6 sin 45 1
 d1 =  = 4cm sinr  sin r 
 1.5  2
 Distance of object from new position of silvered

surface (C’D’) is so = 4 + 6 = 10cm.
 Distance of image is Si = So
Si = 10cm
Distance of image from silvered surface is
d2 = 10 –x 2 2  1
cos r 
2
 1  1 
∵ x =  1    t =  1  1.5  × 6 = 2 cm ACB ABD
AC BD
d2 = 10 – 2 cos i  cos r 
AB AB
d2 = 8 cm
∵ AC is diameter BD is diameter in glass
23. Answer (2)
in air.
D d
cos i  cos r 
AB AB
3
1 2  Diameter in glass
2 1 4 D
cos 45 
AB
1 D 2 2  1 d
 ...(i)  ...(ii)
Lens will have as many focal lengths or will form 2 AB 2 AB
as many images as there are refractive index.
From (i) & (ii)
1
 (  1)  2 2  1 
f
d =  
D

So there will be two number of images.  
1 1 1  v [K.F.]
∵  (  1)   
f R
 1 R 2
y
For convex lens
R1 = R & R2 = –R

x
1 ( g  1) 2

fair R [Fish]
If lens is in liquid
Distance of king-fisher w.r.t. fish is given as
1 ( g   l )2
 dKF/F = y + x ...(i)
fl l
Differentiating w.r.t. time
If g > l  Nature remains same vKF/F = vKF/G  + vFIG ...(ii)
If g < l  Nature will be opposite vKF/F  speed of K.F. w.r.t. Fish.
If g = l  vKF/G  speed of K.F. w.r.t. ground
1 vF/G  speed of fish w.r.t. ground.
fl = 0  Power P = 0 From (i)
& Image will not be visible 4
Convex lens can not have negative focal length 8 = VKF/G × +5
3
in air.
26. Answer (4) 9
VKF/G = m/s
4
29. Answer (4)
The light once entered into it and will not leave it
through one face whatsoever be the value of angle
of incidence letters on page will not visible.
O
[Object]
Maximum angle of incidence should be 90°.
[Incident ray on
f1=10 cm I vertical surface]
f2=5 cm 90°
10 cm R = 20 cm c

For lens f1
1 1 1
  If c  Critical angle
v u f
1 1 1 1
  sinc =
v 10 10 
v= For T.I.R. on horizontal surface
So, separation between f1 & f2 is independent of i > c
image formation.
(90°–c) > c
27. Answer (1)
Cauchy’s formula is given as 1 1
45° > c sin45° > sinc  >  2
B C 2 
=A+ 2 + 4
   correct option is (4).
30. Answer (3)
dr   D  di
Let all distances are measured from optical centre.  
y dt   R  dt
(50, 4) BII D dr di
∵  1 
B
I R dt dt
B
2 cm I2
dr
O 2 cm C2 1 cm  rate of change of angle of refraction.
x dt
A C1
10 cm 20 cm
30 cm di
L2  Rate of change of angle of incidence.
L1 dt
For x-coordinate For Lens L2 32. Answer (3)
of B. u2 = 30 – 10 (i) If angle of incidence is less than limiting value
For Lens L1 u2 = 20cm than T.I.R. takes place.
1 1 1 1 1 1 (ii) Deviation is non-zero.

    33. Answer (3)
v1 u1 f1 v 2 u2 f2
Longitudinal chromatic aberration is given as
1 1 1 1 1 1
    f = f
v1 10 5 v 2 20 10
v1 = 10 cm v2 = 20 cm f  f [focal length of lens]
 x = 30 + 20 = 50 cm
It is removed by combination of lens.
For y-coordinate
34. Answer (1)
I1 v1 I2 v
 1  2 1 1
O u1 (I1  1) u2 By rayhigh scattering amount 
4
I1 = 2 cm I2 = (I1+1) = 3 cm.
 y = I2 + 1 = 4 cm 35. Answer (2)
SECTION - B D
Resolving Power 

31. Answer (1) D  Diameter of aperture
 wavelength
If  R.P. 
36. Answer (1)
D
Yellow colour does not belong to primary colour. It
R is produced by mixing other colours as green and
red colour.
r 37. Answer (3)
1
Resolving power 

D  Denser
38. Answer (4)
R  Rarer
The field of view depends on location of object and
By Snell’s law for small angle.
location of mirror.
Di = Rr
39. Answer (2)
D Reason is not the explanation of assertion
r=  i
R because size does not affect the twinkling.

Chapter 24
Wave Optics
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A dy
t
D
Dt
1. Answer (1) y
d
2 ∵ x1 > x2 hence central maxima shifts towards
∵ Phase difference    x

slab A, in upward direction.

Wave length of light in a medium = 3. Answer (4)

2x
   S1

2d

d3 O
2x
 S2 D

2. Answer (2)
2
If a sheet of thickness t and refractive index  is placed  2d 
S1O  D 2   
 3 
in front of a slit then additional path is x = ( – 1)t.
1
 1  2d   2
2
A S1O  D 1  2   
S1 t,2  D  3  
y By Binomial approximation.
d O
,2t
S2  1  2d  
2
B D S1O  D    
 2D  3  
Additinal path for S1O is x1 2
d 
x1 = (2 – 1)t. Similarly S2O  D   
2
3
Additional path for S2O is x2
1
x2 = ( – 1)2t.  1  d  2
2
S2O  D 1  2   
Path difference x = x1 – x2  D 3 
x = t By Binomial approximation.
dy  1 d  
2
∵ Path difference x  S2O  D 1    
D  2D
2
3 
164 Wave Optics Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
 Path difference  

2 3
d2
x = S1O – S2O = 2
6D 
3
dy
∵ x  2
D ∵ Phase difference   x

d2 d y 2 2
    x
6D D 3 

d x 
y 3
6
dy
4. Answer (4) ∵ x 
D
Intensity at any point is given by xD
 y
d

I  I0 cos2  …(1) D
2 y
3d
I0  Intensity at central maxima. 6. Answer (2)
  Phase difference. For coherent sources intensity at central point is
I1 = 4I0 …(1)
d x 0.25  10 2  4  105
Path difference x  
I0  Intensity of single slit.
D 1
x  10–7 m I1  Intensity at the central point.
For incoherent source net intensity is the sum of
2 2
Phase difference   x   10 7 individual intensities.
 6  10 7
 I2 = I0 + I0 = 2I0 …(ii)

  60 From (i) and (ii)
3
I1 4I0
 From (i) equation  2
I2 2I0
2
  60   3I 7. Answer (1)
I  I0 cos     0
  2  4 FRESNEL’S BIPRISM:
5. Answer (3) A
 
Intensity is given as I  4I0 cos2   …(i)
2
I0  Intensity of single slit
∵ I = I0

 From (i)
 B
I0 = 4I0 cos2     Angle of prism
2
1. It is an arrangement of producing interference fringes.
1 
 cos2   2. It consists of a combination of two right angled
4 2
prisms with their bases joined together so that their
 1
cos    faces are inclined to each other.
2 2
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Wave Optics 165
Experimental arrangement is given as. 9. Answer (3)
A A
S1

d 
2 Spherical wave

O R
 B front with radius
d 2
2 

S2 Plane wave front
B
10. Answer (3)
Screen
In L loys’s mirror experiment the light reflected from
D
We consider two virtual source as S1 and S2 a long mirror and light directly from the source (without
  small angle of deviation. reflection) produce interference on a screen.
  Angle of prism. If intensity of incident light is I0. So intensity of
For small angle of deviation. 81

reflected light is I0
100
d
tan     2 81
D I1 = I0 and I2 = I0
100
∵  = ( – 1)
 
2
 Maximum intensity Imax. = I1  I2
d
     1 
2D
 
2
Minimum intensity Imin. = I1  I2
d = 2D ( – 1)
D
 
2
Fringe width W  I1  I2
d Imax.
 I 
D 
 
2
W   min. I1  I2
2D    1  2    1 
  81 
2
W 
2    1  Imax.
 I0  I0 
100
  
2
8. Answer (3) Imin.  81 
 I0  I0 
Intensity I  A2  100 
A  Amplitude 2
 19 
Resultant amplitude AR2 = A12 + A22 + 2A1A2 cos  
Imax.
  10 2  19   361
2
  phase difference. Imin.  1
 
 Resultant intensity I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos   10 
 Maximum intensity 11. Answer (2)
 
2
Imax. = I1  I2 ∵ cos   1 According to Brewster’s law. Refractive index of
Minimum intensity medium to produce polarised reflected light as
 
2 [ = tanP]
Imin. = I1  I2 ∵ cos   1
∵ I1 = 4I and I2 = I. P  Angle of incidence or angle of polarisation
 4I  I   9I
2
 Imax. ∵ P = 60°
Imin.  4I  I   I
2
  = tan60° = 3
12. Answer (3) Between 3 and 4

For single slit diffraction path difference is given as I0 1 I
I4 = I3 cos260° =   0
x = asin …(i) 32 4 128
Between 4 and 5
a  width of slit
I0 1 I
  angle of diffraction. I5 = I4 cos260° =   0
128 4 512
In single slit experiment path difference for minima is I5 1
given as x = n  I  512
0
For first minima n = 1 14. Answer (2)

From (i) and (ii) Number of fringes of maximum intensity are seen on
a sin = the circumference. Which have the path difference
 a × sin30° = 6200 × 10 m –10
x = n.
–4
a = 1.24 × 10 cm. n is integer
13. Answer (4) C
I0 3
I5 I1 A B
S1 O S2
1 60°
°
60
2
5
I2
60° D
60°
I4 3 Path difference at B and A
4
60° xB S1B – S2B
I3
xB = 3 similarly
Polaroids
xA =xB = 3
I0  Intensity of unpolarised light.
Path difference at C and D is zero.
I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 are the intensities after passing from
∵ S1C = S2C and S1D = S2D
polaroids 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
Path difference between B and C will be , 2 because
In polarisation by malus law.
at B and C, path difference will be maximum and
I = IP cos2 …(i)
minimum respectively. Similarly between C and A will
I  Intensity of light after passing from polaroid.
be , 2, between A and D will be , 2 and between
IP  Intensity of incident polarised light.
D and B will be , 2. Finally positions of bright fringes
Applying law between 1 and 2. and their path differences are given as in diagram.
I2 = I1 cos2 [0]
[] []
I C 2
∵ I1  0 2 4 3 [2]
2 3 1
[3] A B [3]
I0  unpolarised light. S1 S2 8
[2] 5 6 [2]
I0 I I D 7
I2  cos2   0 cos2 60  0
2 2 8 [] [0] []
Between 2 and 3 Total no. of maximas will be N.

I0  1  I0 N=4+8
I3 = I2 cos260° =  
8  4  32 N = 12
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Wave Optics 167
15. Answer (4) OP = dsec
Angular resolution of telescope is given by limit of In OCP
CO
1.22 cos 2 
resolution which is given as   OP
d
CO == OP cos2
1.22  5000  10 10
  At P path difference between AC and BP is x
0.1
x = CO + OP = OP cos2 + OP
 = 6.1 × 10–6 rad.
x = OP [cos2 + 1]
  = 10–6 rad.
x = OP [2cos2 – 1 + 1] = OP [2cos2]
16. Answer (4)
x = 2d cos [∵ OP = d sec]
According to Malus law
∵ Path difference after reflection from rigid surface
I = IP cos2
 
IP  Intensity of polarised light. for constructive interference is x   n  
 2

 2dcos =  2n  1
I0 1 I0 /2 2
2  2n  1 
I2  cos  
60° 4d
19. Answer (2)
Polaroids
Resultant intensity is given.

as IR  I cos2  
2
I0
 I2  cos2 60  Phase difference
2
I 
 I cos2  
I0 4 2
I2 
8  1
cos   
17. Answer (4) 2 2
According to Brewster’s law for polarsation by 

 60
reflection is given as  = tanP. 2
P  Angle of incidence 2
  120 
3
P  tan–1()
18. Answer (2) 2
∵ Phase difference    x

M
O
Q rR 2 2
  x
3 
  d
C 
 x 
3
P
A If angular position is .
Path difference x = dsin
B 
 d sin  
In OMP 3
MP d   
cos      sin1  
OP OP  3d 
20. Answer (3)  2 v1 1

 
1 v 2  2
If screen is perpendicular to x-axis (line joining the
 v  e  wavelength of red colour.
sources) in (y – z) plane, the fringes will be concentric
circles with their centres on the point of intersection ∵ R > B B  wavelength of blue colour.
of screen with x-axis.
vR > vB
SECTION - B 22. Answer (3)
Assertion-Reason Type Question 1. For bright fringe phase difference is zero.
21. Answer (1) 2. In electromagnetic wave variation of electric field
By snell’s law. vector E = E0 sin (t + kx)

Chapter 25
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Hints and Solutions
Kmax. = E –  ...(i)
SECTION - A
E  Energy of photon
 Work function.
1. Answer (2) Kmax. = qVo.
Range of kinetic energy of photoelectron in Vo  Stopping potential
photoelectric effect is given as 0  K  Kmaximum.
 Minimum kinetic energy is zero. e
Vo 
2. Answer (1) 40a
Charge on singly ionised atom is q1 = e+. For qe ne2

circular motion centripetal force is provided by  Kmax.   [∵q = ne]
electrostatic force between photoelectron and 4 o a 4 o a
single ionised atom. n  number of photoelectrons
mV 2 1 e2 hc hc
  E and  
d 4 o d 2  o
e2 From ...(i)
mV 2 
4 o d
ne2 1 1 
2 2
 hc   
mV e 4 o a   o 
 Kinetic energy K = 
2 8od
By Einstein's equation 4 o a hc  1 1 
n   
e2   o 
hc
Kmax.  
 4. Answer (2)
(i) Stopping potential (V 0 ) is independent of
e2 hc
 intensity of incident light become curve 1 and 2
80d  have same frequency so stopping potential will be
same.
hc I
 2
 e  I1
   f
 8o d  I2
3. Answer (1)
According to Einstein's equation of photoelectric V
V0 O
effect.
170 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
For plate A For plate B hc

∵ Kmax.  
∵ Kmax. = E –  
hc hc 12400
K A  Kmax.    ...(i) KB   5.3 eV  eV  
A B 1824
 1.5 eV
For identical plates A = B = .
8. Answer (3)
From (i)
h
de-Broglie wavelength [d] is given by d 
hc p
KA  
2 B P  Initial momentum of electron.
h  Constant.
1  hc  By error analysis.
KA   
2  B 
P 

P 
From (i)
P 0.5 1
 
1 P 100 200
K A   K B    
2 P = 200 P.
KB  9. Answer (2)
KA   
2 2 nhc
Intensity of incident light is given by I =
KB  K 
KA    KA  B
2 2 2 n  no. of photon per unit area per unit time.
6. Answer (2) n  6.6  1034  3  108

150  103 
∵ Kmax. = E –  3  10 7
n = 22.72 × 1016/m2s
hc hc  no. of photons incident on given area will be
eVo  
 o N = nA = 22.72 × 1016 × 4 × 10–4.
N = 9 × 1013/sec.
o  Threshold wavelength.
10. Answer (4)
hc hc f1  Frequency of incident light of wave length 1.
e  4.8   ...(i)
 0 f2  Frequency of incident light of wave length 2.
hc hc
e  1.6   ...(ii)
2 0
f2
Solving (i) and (ii)  2,  1, f1
(i)/(ii) V
v2 v1
1 1  If v2 > v1
  
4.8e hc   o  [   ] 
 2 o
1.6e hc  1 1  [ o  2 ] f2 > f1
  
 2 o  
30 – 6 = 2 0 – 2
 c
2 < 1 ∵ f  
0 = 4  
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 171
11. Answer (1) If photoelectron describes a circle of radius r in
de-Broglie wavelength d for electron is. magnetic field B.
h h mv
1    r   mv  qBr
mv 2mK qB
K  Kinetic energy of electron. 
mv 2 (mv )2
∵ K=E  K 
2 2m
b
 1  ...(i)
2mE mv 2 q 2B 2r 2

2 2m
hc
Energy of photon is given as E   From ....(i)
2
2  de-Broglie wavelength of photon. hc q 2B 2r 2
 
hc  2m
 2  ...(ii)
E
 12400  e
1/2    ev  B 2r 2   ev
1 hc 1 E   2475  m
  
2 2mE 
hc c  2m 
 5 ev – 0.5 eV.
E
12. Answer (4)  4.5 eV 4.3 eV .
∵ Intensity of incident light is given by 14. Answer (3)
nhc ∵ Translational kinetic energy of one mole gas is
I ...(i)

3
n  no. of electrons emitted from unit surface area given by E  RT  E  T
2
in unit time.
1 h
For small point source intensity I  ...(ii)  de-Broglie wavelength  
r 2 mv
r is distance from point source. h
 
 From (i) and (ii) 2mE
1 For gas m molar mass.
n
r2
E  Kinetic energy of one mole.
r
If r 
2 1 m2 E2
 
1 2 m1 E1
n times= 4 times
1/ 2 2 ∵ ET
13. Answer (3)
1 m2 T2
∵ Kmax. = E –    
2 m1 T1
 Work function
E  Energy of photon  H mHe THe
2
 
mV 2
 H e
mH2 TH2
Kmax. =  Kinetic energy of photoelectron.
2
 H 4 400
2
2
 
mv

hc
  H 2 300
2  e
hc mv 2  H 8
  ...(i) 2

 2  He
3
172 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
18. Answer (4)

SECTION - B
(i) Kinetic energy depends on frequency but
Assertion-Reason Type Question independent of intensity of light.
15. Answer (1) (ii) For photoelectric effect frequency should be
Energy of photoelectrons depend on collision with greater threshold frequency.
other atoms. 19. Answer (1)
16. Answer (4) E = Eo [Sint + Sin4t]
The maximum frequency is 4.
(i) Photoelectric effect is the proof of particle
nature.  2f = 4
2
(ii) Number of photoelectrons may be different at f 
constant frequency. 
∵ Kmax. = hf – o ...(i)
17. Answer (2)
 2 
Kmax.  h    o
h   
(i) Momentum of photon is given as P = . Become for maximum kinetic energy (k), frequency

should be maximum from equation.
(ii) Energy of non relativistic particle is not given 20. Answer (2)
by einstein E = mc2. (i) All particle moving with speed of light will have
E
Both are different concept so reason is not correct momentum P = .
c
explanation of assertion.
(ii) Particle may have non-relativistic speed.

Chapter 26
Atoms and Nuclei
Hints and Solutions
SECTION - A
r0 
q1 q2

 2 e 79 e
4 0 k 4 0  2.5 MeV
1. Answer (3) q1 charge of -particle
Number of scattered particles(N) depend on q2 charge of Nucleus
scattered angle () as
2  1.6  1019  79  9  109
1 r0 
N 4
2.5  106
   
sin  2   r0 = 9.1 × 10–14 m
  
3. Answer (4)
4 According to Bohr model
   
sin  2  
N1   2  nh
  mvr  ......(i)
N2   1   N1 = 106
2
 sin  2  
  
mv 2 1  ze e
 ......(ii)
  90  
4 r 4 0 r 2
sin    4
N1   2  1/ 2 
    Solving (i) and (ii)
N2   60    1/ 2 
 sin  2  
 n 2h 2 0  n2  0
rn   0.53  A
 me 2Z Z 
N1 N 1
 4  2   0.25
N2 N1 4
n2
rn  ......(iii)
N2 = 0.25, N1 = 0.25 × 106 Z
2. Answer (2) e2  Z  c Z 
v 
At minimum separation kinetic energy is converted 2 0 h  n  137  n 
into potential energy. If minimum separation is r0
then kinetic energy k is given as Z
v .......(iv)
q1 q2 n
k
4  0 r0 ∵ Angular momentum L = mvr
174 Atoms and Nuclei Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
L  vr For shortest wave length of Brackett series of

atomic numbers Z.
From (iii) and (iv)
n1 = 4 and n2 = 
2
Z  n  1  1 1  RZ
2
L      RZ 2  2   
n Z  2 4  16
L n
Z2 1
∵1   2  
From (iii) 16 4
n r Z = 2 atom is (2He4) as He+

7. Answer (2)
L  r
Longest wavelength of Balmer series of H-atom is
4. Answer (3) given as
Kinetic energy of electron
1 1 1
Ze 2 1
 R 2  2
2 3 
∵ n 1  2 and n2  3
K
8 0 r
1 5 
 R  .......(i)
Ze2 1  36 
Potential energy U  
4 0 r
Longest wavelength of Lyman series is given as
Ze2
Total energy E  K  U   1 1 1 
8 0 r
2
 R  2
1 2 
∵n 1  1 and n2  2
 U = –2 K
U = – 2 × 3.4 eV 1 3
 R  .....(ii)
2 4
U = – 6.8 eV
5. Answer (2) (i) / (ii)
1. Energy is released if two light nuclei combine to 2 5 4 5
  
form a single larger nucleus. 1 36 3 27
2. The fusion reaction in the sun is a process in
 5 5
which hydrogen is burned into helium hydrogen  2  1    6563  A
 27  27
being the fuel and helium the ashes.
2 = 1215 A°
6. Answer (3)
8. Answer (1)
Wavelength is given as
Cut off wavelength for continuous X-ray is given as
1 1 1
 R  2  2  Z2 hc
  n1 n2  c 
ev
For shortest wave length of Balmer series of c minimum wavelength
H-atom
n1 = 2 & n2 = , Z = 1 12400
c  A  0.62 A
20,000
1  1 1
 R 2   For continuous X-ray wavelength should be greater
1 2 
than cutoff wavelength but if wavelength is less than
1 R cut off wavelength x-ray cannot be produced.

1 4  = 0.2 A° will be absent.
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Atoms and Nuclei 175
For K, b = 1 Radius of nucleus is given as
1
1  1 1 R  R0  A 3
  z  1 R  2  2 
2
  n1 n2  (A  Total number of nucleons)
n1 = 1 and n2 = 2 1
 R   A 3 (R0constant)
1  1
  z  1 R 1  
2 1
1
3
1  4 RAl  27  3  3   3
     
RTe 125   5  
1  3
  z  1 R  
2
1  4 .....(i) RAl 3 6
 
RTe 5 10
For K, b = 1
12. Answer (2)
n1 = 1 and n2 = 3
Binding energy is given as
1  1 B.E. = mc2
  z  1 R 1  2 
2
2  3  m mass defect
m = M0 – {8 Mp + (17– 8) Mn}
1 8 
  z  1 R  
2
.....(ii) m = M0 – {8 Mp + 9 Mn}
2 9 
B.E = (M0– 8 Mp – 9 Mn)C2
(i) / (ii)
13. Answer (2)
 2 27 27 X220  2He4 + Y216 + Q
   2  1 
1 32 32 Initial momentum is zero
2 = 0.27 A° PY = PHe
10. Answer (2)
p2
K 
According to Moseley's law frequency of 2m
characteristic x-ray is f  a  z  b If p constant
f  Frequency 1
K
m
zAtomic number
K 216 4
 
a and b constant K 216
f  (z – b)2 4
K 216   K
c 216
  z  b
2
 K
K 216 
54
1
  z  b
2
c Constant Initial kinetic energy of X is zero. So Q value is

given as
1 Q = K + K216

 z  b 2
Q
55
K
54 
1 54
For K, b = 1     K  Q  5.4 MeV
 z  1 2 55
14. Answer (1)  From (i) & (ii)
f1 2  e  1 2  2.7  1
Density of nucleus is constant irrespective mass
number and size.
f2

e

2.7 ∵e 2.7
 m V
15. Answer (4) f1
 1.26
1. In nucleur fission considering rest mass f2
energy, There is no violation of conservation of 17. Answer (4)
energy.
t1/2 half life time
2. Nuclar reaction also follow conservation of
momentum. t1/2 = 20 minutes
16. Answer (1) 2

When of it had decayed
In radioactivity no. of remaining particles are given 3
as N1 = N0e–t
N  N0e t .......(i) 1
 e  t2 .......(i)
3
N0  Initial particles
  Decay constant 2
 e t1 .......(ii)
3
1
t  T  T Average life time (ii) / (i)

2  e 2 1 
t t 
From (i)
Taking log both side
1
 
1
In 2  loge e 2
N1  N0e   N0e t  t1  
Decayed particles In2 = (t2 – t1)
N1  N0  N0e 1 In 2
  t 2  t1 

 1
N1  N0 1   t1/2 = (t2 – t1)
 e  (t2 – t1) = 20 minutes.
N1 e  1 18. Answer (4)

f1   ......(i) Rate of activity of radio active nuclide is given as
N0 e
t
n
t  1  1  t1/ 2
 1 R  R0    R0  
∵N  N0   t1/ 2 2
  2
 2
9/3
 1
t1/2 half life time R  R0   ∵ t 1/2  3hr and t = 9 hr
2
t = t1/2 R0
R
N0 8
N 19. Answer (1)
2
N0 N0 More binding energy per nucleon will have more
N2  N0   stability.
2 2
N0 20. Answer (2)
Decayed N2 
2 
 a X b a  2 X b  4
N2 1
 f2  
N0 2 .......(ii)
a X b  a 1 X b
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Atoms and Nuclei 177
196 26. Answer (1)
88 A  78 B164

Natural population of atoms is given by Boltzmann
Change in mass number is A
distribution.
A = 196 –164 = 32
N = ce–E / KT N number of aroms in
32 the state with energy E
 No. of -particles = 8
4
27. Answer (4)
 Change in atomic number = 2 × 8 = 16
t
But in given reaction Z = 78  1  t1/ 2
 N  N0  
 Z = (88 – 16) + 6=78 2
There should be emission of 6  particle. t
N  1  t1/ 2
21. Answer (2) 25% N 0  0  N0  
4 2
Rate of decay is given by R = N
t
Which becomes constant N= constant 2
 1  1  t1/ 2
N11 = N22 2  2
   
N1  2 t 2 In 2  1
  2  t  2 t1/2   2T In 2
N 2 1 t1/2  ∵T   
 
t Shortest wavelength belongs to Lyman series
 1  t1/ 2
∵ N  N0   1  1 1
2  R  
 R  
20
 1  10  = 912 A°
N  N0  
2 29. Answer (1)
2 hc
 1  In X-ray cutoff wavelength is given as  
N  N0   eV
2
V operating voltage
N
N 0 By error analysis
4
 V
3 
N= N0 – N= N0  V
4

N 3 %   1%  1%
  100  75% 
N0 4
1
23. Answer (4)  hence V decreases.
V
1. Cadmium rods are known as control rods which 30. Answer (2)
are used to regulate the availability of neutrons
By Moseley's law
2. It controls the number of neutrons.
24. Answer (1) f Z
In nuclear reactor heavy water is used as f Z2
moderator when uranium is enriched.
31. Answer (1)
25. Answer (2)
Magnetic resonance imaging is a medical
Resultant coherent intensity = N 2 × source
application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
intensity
is used to study the structure of molecules by the
N Number of source NMR spectrometer.
32. Answer (3) 2. In – decay a neutron is converted into proton,

electron and antineutriono because of large
X A  2 He4  Y A  4 mass of nucleus compared to that of beta
By conservation of momentum particle and neutrino, the kinetic energy of
receiling nucleus can be neglected therefore
Pf = Pi
range of Q value in – decay can be from zero
Pi = 0 to maximum value (100%)
Pf = 0 35. Answer (1)
Pf = PHe + Py To find the closest distance of approach. Kinetic
Pf = 4v' – (A – 4) × v' = 0 energy is convered into potential energy (at
minimum separation). So Reason is correct
4v explanation of Assertion
v 
 A  4 36. Answer (2)
33. Answer (2) 1. The wavelength of characteristics X-ray is
 In radioactivity no. of particles is given by independent of accelerating potential. It
N = N0 e–t depends on atomic number of atom.
For 33% decay, remaining particles are 67% 2. Some part of energies is absorbed by electron
of target.
67
 e t1 ......(i)
100 37. Answer (4)
For 67% decay, remaining particles are 33% 1. Binding energy per nucleon of larger nucleides
is nearly constant only upto a certain value.
33 After that it decreases.
 e t2 ......(ii)
100
2. A particular nucleon cannot interact
(i) / (ii) simultaneously with all the other nucleons in
nucleus but only with those flow in its vicinity.
67
 e  2 1
 t t
2 So Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
33
38. Answer (3)
Taking log both side
Iron is second most stable nucleus. First is Nickel
In 2 = (t2 – t1)
because it has maximum binding energy per
In 2 nucleon. So iron is not least stable nucleus. Hence
t2  t1    reason is incorrect.
In2 39. Answer (2)
t1/2 

1. Nucleons with parallel sping have greater
 (t2 – t1) = t1/2 = 20 min. nuclear force than the ones with antiparticle
spine.
SECTION - B 2. Nuclear force is independent of charge because
Assertion-Reason Type Question it interacts between p and n and n and n.
34. Answer (1) P Proton
1. For continuous spectrum of energies there
n Neutron
must be three particles as –, recoiling nucleus
and antineutrino. Both are different concepts.

Chapter 27
Semiconductor
Hints and Solutions

For transition of electron from valence band to Threshold voltage or cut-in voltage for germanium
conduction energy should be greater than band diode is 0.3 V and for silicon diode is 0.7 V. After
gap energy. these voltage a significant current starts to flow.
Si 4.7 k
e– VB
CB VA
12 V 0.3 V
0.7 V Ge
Eg

VB  VA = 12 – 0.7 = 11.3 V and VB – 0 = 0.3 V
VB = 0.3 V.
CB  Conduction Band 5. Answer (3)
VB  Valence Band
E  Eg [Band gap energy] Iout
For common emitter amplifier current gain  
Iin
Eminimum = Eg
hc 12400 ev Vout Iout Rout

Emin   Voltage gain A   .
  [ A] Vin Iin Rin
12400 R 
Emin   2.1 ev  A    out 
5890
 Rin 
2. Answer (3)
In semiconductor the energy band gap (Eg < 3ev)  0.6 0.6 3
∵    
is small. 1   1  0.6 0.4 2
For Si  Eg = 1.1 ev
3 24
For Ge  Eg = 0.7 ev A   12 .
2 3
3. Answer (1)
6. Answer (4)
1. After increasing the temperature some
electrons from valence band can acquire For common emitter amplifier
enough energy to cross the energy gap and 2
Pout i out R
enter the conduction band. So free electrons in Power gain =  2 out
conduction band increases. Pin iin Rin
2. After increasing the temperature, relaxation 2
time decreases so drift speed decreases  i  Rout
PG   out 
∵ Vd   (relaxation time).  iin  Rin
180 Semiconductor Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
Rout 11. Answer (2)

PG  2
Rin
+
5  103 A
PG  [60]  2
2  103
R
V0
PG = 3600  2.5 = 9000.
7. Answer (2)
As the reverse bias voltage is increased, the 17 V
RL
electric field at the function becomes significant.
z
When the reverse bias voltage is equal to zener
voltage, then electric field strength is high to pull B
velence electrons from the atoms. These –
accelerated electrons tend cause to produce high
current at the breakdown. If VAB > VZ
8. Answer (2) Zener diode is in function. So current in zener
diode is non zero.
150 
A  VAB = V0 + Vz
B
D2 17 = V0 + 9
V0 = 8V
I=0 50 
12. Answer (3)
D1
C
I 100 
A 10 k
6V I
1 k E
∵ D1 diode is in reverse biasing and D2 diode is Vout
in forward biasing. 1 mV ~
∵ Resistance of diode D2 is 50 .
 Net resistance Rnet = 50 + 150 + 100 = 300 .
E 6
 Reading of ammeter I  R  300 In common-emitter amplifier voltage gain is given
Net
Vout
I = 0.02 A. as A 
Vin
9. Answer (1)
In a common base amplifier the phase difference I  R
between the input signal voltage and the output A   out  out
voltage is zero.  Iin  Rin
10. Answer (3) Iout
IB ∵   Current gain  
Iin
VCE 1 = 0 V Rout 100  10 k 

A 
VCE2 > 2 V Rin 1 k
Vout
∵ A  103 V
V BE Vin
(1) The variation of base current IB with the base- Vout = Vin  103
emitter voltage (V BE ) is called input
characteristic. Vout = 10–3  103
Vout = 1 V.
(2) If VCE2  2V transistor is in active state.
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Semiconductor 181
13. Answer (1) IC 7.9
   0.99 .
For common emitter amplifier IE 8
2
Pout i out R 16. Answer (3)
Power gain PG   2 out
Pin iin Rin Load resistance RL = 800 
Voltage across load resistor VL = 0.5 V
R   Current gain for commonemitter
PG   out
2
∵ VL = IL RL = 0.5
Rin   Current gain for commonbase
0.5 5
2 IL    10 3 A
   500  103 800 8
6.0625  106 = PG    
1   Rin ∵  = 0.96
    0.96
   24
∵   1    1   1  0.96
 
2
For common emitter
 0.98  5  105
Rin     5
 0.02  6.0625  106  10 3
IC IC 8
   IB  
49  49  5  101 IB  24
Rin 
6.0625  26 A .
Rin = 198 
17. Answer (3)
14. Answer (1)
A
By Demorgan’s Theorem A B
B NAND
A  B  AB OR Y
B
and Y= A B+ B
AB  A B (1) If A = 0, B = 1  y = 0.1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 1

 L.H.S. = A  B  A  B   (2) If A = 1, B = 0  y = 1.0 + 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
(3) If A = 1, B = 1  y = 1.1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 1
L.H.S. =  A . B    A  B 
If A = 0, B = 0 (4) If A = 0, B = 0  y = 0.0 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 1
18. Answer (3)
L.H.S. =  0 . 0   1  0 
L.H.S. = 1. 1  1  0
L.H.S. = 1 n
P
15. Answer (1)
∵ IE = IB + IC
x
 IE = IB + IC ...(i) I RL
  Current gain for common-base
  Current gain for common emitter  x  width of
depletion region.
from ...(i)
(1) Solar cell is a p-n junction which generates
IE – IC = IB
emf when solar radiation falls on the p-n
8 mA – 7.9 mA = IB junction. So there is no need of external
0.1 mA = IB biasing.
(2) Electrons reach to n-side and holes to p-side
I 7.9
∵  C   79 so that p-side become positive and n-side
IB 0.1 negative to produce voltage.
182 Semiconductor Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS
19. Answer (2) Rc = 3 k  and Rb = 400 k
VCC = VBB = 10 V
~ In the given circuit
RL P
VCC = IB Rb + VBE
10 = IB  400 × 103 + 0
Vin Input voltage
10
IB   25 A
400  103
t
22. Answer (4)

Emitter Base Collector
Vout
D1 D2 D1
t
l1 l2 l3
 fout = 2 fin.
20. Answer (2) Emitter: It has moderate size.
Base: It is very thin in size.

p-n function is non-ohmic resistance because
variation of current is non linear as given in the Collector: It is larger in size to produce large
diagram. change in output.
i-v characteristics of p-n function diode.  l3 > l1 > l 2
i 23. Answer (1)
10 
I I I1 = ID
30 V A
V VD
knee voltage I 10  10 
I2
B
If Diode is considered as ideal so it offers zero

resistance in forward biasing.
Circuit is converted in simplified form of C-E VD = 0 V
transistor.
10  10
21. Answer (2) Net resistance Rnet = 10 
10  10
VCC = 10 V
IC Rnet = 10 + 5 = 15 
IB RC = 3 k
30
 I  2A
C 15
Rb B
n-p-n
I
E
I1  ID   1A
V BE 2
 VAB = 1  10 = 10 V.
Solutions of Gateway to AIIMS Semiconductor 183
26. Answer (1)
SECTION - B
(1) LED emits spontaneous radiation under forward
Assertion-Reason Type Question biasing.
(2) During forward biasing electrons are sent from
24. Answer (4)
n-type to p-type and holes from p to n. At the
(1) To make p-type semiconductor trivalent junction excess of charge carriers are
recombined. In recombination energy is release
impurity like Antimony (Sb), Arsenic (As) are
in the form of photons.
mixed with Si.
27. Answer (3)
(2) Pentavalent impurity produces electrons not In reverse biasing p-n function ideal diode does not
holes. conduct because ideal diode offers infinite
resistance.
25. Answer (1)
28. Answer (1)
First current increases very slowly in forward biasing Basic function of amplifier is to produce large
almost negligible, till the voltage across the diode change in output due to small change in input by
crosses a certain value (knee voltage). After this applying external power to output. So reason is
voltage current increases rapidly. correct explanation of assertion.


Chapter 1 Units

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Chapter 1 Units

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Chapter 1

Units and Measurements

Hints and Solutions

v Reading = main scale reading + circular scale

Motion in a Straight Line

Hints and Solutions

2u  velocity will increase upto 8 sec

For AB section acceleration is positive and for CD

b (i) Relative acceleration in horizontal direction is

Hints and Solutions

2. Answer (2) B t=0

(4iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ ).(3iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ )

In given diagram components of velocities of

R1 v1 cos 1 sin 2 cos 1 tan 2 v C

26. Answer (2) 1 s2

 aNet  ac2  at2

Hints and Solutions

12. Answer (3)

9. Answer (3) At point P net force along y-axis is zero

18. Answer (3) FNet 2mg  mg g

23. Answer (3) For m2

u2sin – u2 cos = v2sin+ v2cos m 

[u 2  v 2 ] 35. Answer (1)

36. Answer (2) 34.3 34.3

v  60  7.7 m/s mr 42f 2

Work, Energy and Power

Hints and Solutions

∵ Displacement of Box w.r.t ground is d.

1. Answer (2) Displacement of trolley

= – 0.8J  Work = FSB = 28 × 10 = 280 J.

2. Answer (4) 3. Answer (3)

F.B.D. of box w.r.t trolley. In parabolic trajectory y = 2x 2 satisfies the

Buoyancy = 0 By work energy theorem

& Ki = 0 Fs = Keff. Xmax.

 2mg  Potential energy in C. x1 + x2 = xo ...(ii)

mv 2  dv  For perfectly inelastic collision.

dv 27. Answer (3)

33. Answer (3) V1

34. Answer (1) By conservation of momentum along X-axis.

F = (2x2 – 3x – 2) N. Pi = mu & Pf = mV1 cos30º

At equilibrium + mV2 cos30º

F=0 mV1 cos30º + mV2 cos 30º = mu ...(i)

2x2 – 3x – 2 = 0 along Y-axis.

 dF  Along line of impact AB

1. Answer (4)  m1x1 + m2x2 = 0 ...(i)

 vman = vM/B + vBoat = v + v0

By conservation of angular momentum about axis

There is correction in problem.

By conservation of angular momentum about point 1 v0

(iii) Momentum of system is not conserved along

Hints and Solutions

SECTION - A From ..... (i).

df Net  Gmdx.  d

At height [h] : If x < < D

13. Answer (3)

mv mv 1  x  23. Answer (3)

mv 1  x  24. Answer (1)

Mechanical Properties of Solids

Hints and Solutions

Tension in the wire at a distance x form the lower

Elongation of upper quarter of the wire As  is much smaller, sin 

4Mg 4 ( ALd )g (2) A has plastic region less than B.

Tdx F  xdx  t = 70°C