Coordinates: 30.38°N 78.

48°E

Garhwal Kingdom
Garhwal Kingdom (Garhwali: गढ़वाळ रजौड़ा; Hindi:
गढ़वाल रा य; Sanskrit: गढ़वाल रा य), was an independent
Garhwal Kingdom
kingdom in the current north-western Himalayan state of गढ़वाळ रजौड़ा (Garhwali)
Uttarakhand, India, founded in 823 AD by Kanakpal, the गढ़वाल रा य (Hindi)
progenitor of the Panwar Garhwali Rajput dynasty that ruled गढ़वाल रा य (Sanskrit)
over the kingdom uninterrupted till 1803.[1][2] 823–1949

The kingdom was divided into two parts during the British Raj,
namely: the princely state of Garhwal and the Garhwal District
of British India. During this period, the princely state of
Garhwal was one of the States of the Punjab Hills which Flag

became part of the Punjab Hill States Agency although it was

not under the Punjab Province administration. The princely
state of Garhwal or Independent Garhwal consisted of the
present day Tehri Garhwal district and most of the Uttarkashi
district. This former state acceded to the Union of India in
August 1949.

Contents
History
Ancient
Medieval
Twelve-year Gorkha occupation
(Gorkhyani)
Defeat of the Gorkhas and split of Garhwal
Tehri Garhwal State in a Map of the United
Kingdom
Provinces from The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Formation of the princely state of Garhwal
India's independence
Status Absolute monarchy
Katyuri dynasty (6th-11th
Flag of Garhwal
centuries)
Rulers of Garhwal
Parmar dynasty (12th-15th
Last Maharaja of Garhwal Kingdom
centuries)
Etymology
See also Shah dynasty (14th-18th
References centuries)
Further reading Princely state
External links
Shah dynasty (1815–
1949)
Capital Devalgarh 1500-1519
History Srinagar 1519-1804
Tehri 1815-1862
Pratapnagar 1862-1890
Ancient
Traditionally the region finds mention in various Hindu Kirtinagar 1890-1925
scriptures as Kedarkhand being home to the Garhwali people. Narendranagar 1925-1949
Garhwal kingdom was dominated by Kshatriyas. The Kuninda Common languages Garhwali
Kingdom also flourished around the 2nd century BC. Later this Sanskrit
Hindi
region came under the rule of Katyuri Kings, who ruled unified
Kumaon and Garhwal regions from Katyur Valley, Baijnath, Religion Hinduism
Uttarakhand, starting 6th century AD and eventually fading by Government Monarchy
the 11th century AD, when they were replaced by Chand Kings Maharaja
in Kumaon, while Garhwal was fragmented into several small • 888 Kanakpal
principalities.[3][4] Huen Tsang, the Chinese traveller, who • 1684–1716 (peak) Fateh Shah
visited the region around 629 AD, mentions a kingdom of • 1946–1949 (last) Manabendra Shah
Brahampura in the region.[5] History
• Established 823
Based on the testimony of inscriptions (the earliest dating back
• Disestablished 1949
to the 4th century AD), literary accounts, and local traditions it
may be suggested that Far Western Nepal and Uttarakhand Preceded by Succeeded by
formed one single polity for centuries under the Katyuri Kings. Gurjara-Pratihara Union of
Therefore, both regions inherit a shared past or collective India
memory. The Bhārata/Jāgara of Maulā alias Jiyā Rānī, a
Today part of Tehri Garhwal district,
Katyūrī princess, as narrated in Doti (Now Part Of Nepal) and Uttarakhand, India
Uttarakhand (India) is an example of this common heritage.

In the book of Rahul Sanskrityayan, Garwahl (Allahabad 1953) it is written that,

"The kings of Kumaon-Garwahl were called, Kedare Khasamandale which
means Kedar region as the residence of Khasa people".

The royal dynasty of Garhwal started with Kanakpal. Garhwal Kingdom was
founded in 823 AD,[1] when Kanakpal, the prince of Malwa, on his visit to the
Badrinath Temple, met Raja Bhanu Pratap, the ruler of Chandpur Garh one of
the 52 Garhs of Garhwal. Raja Bhanu Pratap had no sons. The King married his
only daughter to the prince and subsequently handed over his kingdom, the Garhwal Himalaya
fortress town. Kanakpal and his descendants of Panwar dynasty, gradually
conquered all the independent fortresses (Garhs) belonging to its 52 small
chieftains, and ruled the whole of Garhwal Kingdom for the next 915 years, up to 1804 AD.[6][7]

Medieval
In 1358, the 37th ruler, Ajay Pal, brought all the minor principalities for the Garhwal region, under his own rule, and founded the
Garhwal kingdom, with Devalgarh as its capital, which he later shifted to Srinagar.[8] Balbhadra Shah (r. 1575–1591), was the
first Raja of Garhwal to use the title Shah. The capital was shifted to Srinagar, Uttarakhand by Mahipat Shah who ascended to the
throne in 1622, and further consolidated his rule over most parts of Garhwal, though he died early in 1631, though his seven-year-
old son, Prithvi Shah ascended to the throne after him, the Kingdom was ruled by Mahipat Shah's wife, Rani Karnavati for many
years to come, during which she successfully defended the kingdom against invaders and repelled an attack of Mughal army led
by Najabat Khan in 1640, and in time received the nickname of 'Nakti Rani' as she used to chop off the noses of any invader to
the kingdom, as the Mughal invaders of the period realised.[9] Monuments erected by her still exist in Dehradun district at
Nawada.[10]
The next important ruler was Fateh Shah, remained the King of Garhwal from 1684 to 1716, and is most known for taking part in
the Battle of Bhangani on 18 September 1688, where combined forces of many Rajas of the Shivalik Hills (Pahari rajas) fought
with Gobind Singh's army. During his reign, Sikh Guru and the ex-communicated eldest son of Har Rai, Ram Rai settled here,
upon recommendations of Aurangzeb, which eventually led to the establishment of modern town of Dehradun. Fateh Shah died in
1716, and his son Upendra Shah died within a year of ascending to the throne in 1717, subsequently Pradip Shah ascended and
his ruled led to rising fortunes of the Kingdom, this in turn attracted invaders, like Najib-ud-daula Governor of Saharanpur, who
invaded in 1757 along with his Rohilla Army and captured Dehradun.[11] However, in 1770, the Garhwali forces defeated the
Rohillas and retrieved possession of the Dun region. [2] (https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC&pg=PA57&lpg=P
A57&dq=ajay+s+rawat+garhwal+himalayas+rohillas&source=bl&ots=Yc95ihbVq2&sig=Ylno1SDCHvmNqEZ6-m1tB9WhnPk
&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FxrXVN_fIda1oQSghYHIBg&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false).

Lalit Shah invaded and conquered Kumaon, expelling the ruling Chands and placing his own younger son on the throne. This
move led to the other Garhwal princes quarrelling with each other and playing into the hands of the expanding Gorkha state and
the Kingdom of Nepal, prompting them to invade Kumaon and then take control of most of the hill country, expelling or subduing
most of the rajas.[12]

The descendants had ruled over Garhwal in an uninterrupted line till 1803 at the time of attack by the Gorkha Kingdom. Garhwali
forces suffered heavy defeat, and Pradyuman Shah first escaped from Srinagar to Dehradun and then to Saharanpur to organise
forces, but was eventually killed in the Battle of Khurbura (Dehradun) in January 1804 while his brother, Pritam Shah, was taken
in captivity to Nepal by the Gorkhas. The Battle of Khadbuda took place on Magh 20, 1860 V.S. (January 1804) where the
Gorkhalis were under the command of Bada Kaji Amar Singh Thapa, while Garhwali forces had a Gujjar commander, Sardar
Ram Dayal Singh of Landhaur, who led 12,000 soldiers of Ramghads, Pundirs, Gujjars and Rajputs.[13] Pradyumna Shah was
killed by a shot fired by Kaji Ranajit Kunwar, the grandfather of later Maharaja and Prime Minister of Nepal Jung Bahadur Rana,
and his dead body was respectfully covered with a shawl by Bada Kaji Amar Singh to be sent to Haridwar.[13]

Several causes are attributed to this defeat. Garhwal was perpetually in political turmoil since the time of Raja Jai Krit Shah and
this was sapping the vitality of the kingdom. Nature also played havoc in the form of a famine before the Gorkha onslaught from
1795-1795. Garhwal had not yet recovered from the famine when a devastating earthquake struck the region.

Twelve-year Gorkha occupation (Gorkhyani)

The Garhwal kings went into exile in British territory as the Gorkhas began their twelve-year rule over Garhwal region.

The Gorkhas ruled Garhwal with an iron fist. Their excessive taxation policy, iniquitous judicial system, slavery, torture and lack
of civilised administrative set up made the Gorkha rulers extremely unpopular amongst their subjects. Cultivation declined
rapidly and villages were deserted. During the Gorkha rule, a revenue settlement for Garhwal was undertaken in 1811. The rates
were so high that the land-owners found it difficult to honour, and the Gorkhas sold hundreds of their family members into
slavery in satisfaction of the arrears.[14] If a person or his family members were not purchased as slaves in auction, such people
were sent to Bhimgoda near Har Ki Paidi, Haridwar for selling. The Gorkhas are said to have established a slave market at Das
Bazar in Haridwar. Harak Deb Joshi, a prominent minister from the Kumaon court wrote letters to Fraser, the resident at Delhi
describing the atrocities committed by the Gurkhas on the Garhwali people. British writer and explorer Captain F.V. Raper (of the
10th Bengal) has written an eye-witness account of it in the Asiatic Researches (vol. xi.):[15]

At the foot of the pass leading from Harkapairi is a Gurkhali 'chauki' or post, to which slaves are brought down
from the hills and exposed for sale. Many hundreds of these poor wretches, of both sexes, from three to thirty
years of age, are annually disposed of in the way of traffic. These slaves are brought down from all parts of the
interior of the hills, and sold at Hardwar at from 10 to 150 rupees.

— British writer Captain F.V. Raper

Scottish travel writer and artist, J.B. Fraser wrote:

The Gurkhalis ruled Garhwal with a rod of iron and the country fell into a lamentable decay. Its villages became
deserted, its agriculture ruined and its population decreased beyond computation. It is said that two lakhs,
(200,000) of people were sold as slaves, while few families of consequence remained in the country ; but, to avoid
the severity of the tyranny, they either went into banishment or were cut off or forcibly driven away by their
tyrant.

— Frazer, British Garhwal - A Gazetteer - Volume XXXVI

It is said that the Gorkha Governor of Kumaon, Bam Shah stopped sale of slaves in Kumaon. However, Hasti Dal Chautariya the
Gorkha Governor of Garhwal did not stop slave trading in Garhwal.

The Mukhtiyar (prime minister) of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa imposed a general restriction on human trafficking in Garhwal, Sirmur
and other areas in 1812 A.D.[16] Anti-bribery regulations were issued against regional governors and declared it illegal to give or
take any form of bribes or gifts from people.[17] He established Hulak (postal) system through a relay of porters up to Yamuna
river in Garhwal. Regulations issued in July 1809 states:

In areas west of Bheri river and east of Jamuna river, make an estimate of the amount required for payment to
Hulaki porters employed for the transport of mail on the basis of sum sanctioned in the previous order and the
sum required according to arrangements made this year for different areas and submit a report accordingly.[18]

The royal court sent the following orders regarding abolition of slave trading:

Let not there be injustice in any matter. We had sent orders previously also banning the sale of the children of the
subjects, but it seems that the practice has not been abandoned. You are, therefore, ordered to maintain checkposts
and do whatever is necessary to put an end to the practice. Any person who is caught while trafficking in human
beings shall be punished according to the previous order.

— Royal orders to Sardar Bhakti Thapa, Sardar Chandrabir Kunwar and Subba
Shrestha Thapa on Baisakh Sudi 3, 1866 V.S.[19]

Defeat of the Gorkhas and split of Garhwal Kingdom

The occupation of the kingdom by the Gorkhas went unopposed from 1803 to 1814 until a series of encroachments by the
Gorkhas on British territory led to the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814. Sudarshan Shah, son and heir of the defeated ruler of the
Kingdom of Garhwal who was in exile in British territory, saw his chance and entered into an alliance with the British in 1812.
When the expected war erupted, he joined forces with them in the conquest of the hill territories. At the war's end on 21 April
1815, as a result of the Treaty of Sugauli, the British annexed half of the Kingdom of Garhwal (Pauri Garhwal) and converted the
other half (Tehri Garhwal) into a subsidiary princely state.[20]

Formation of the princely state of Garhwal

Sudarshan Shah, the heir to the Kingdom of Garhwal received approximately half his ancestral territories, limited to western
Garhwal region and received recognition as Raja of a new princely state of Garhwal.[12] The British established their rule over
the eastern half of the Garhwal region, which lies east of Alaknanda and Mandakini river, which was later on known as British
Garhwal and Dun of Dehradun, along with Kumaon, which was merged with British India as a result of the Treaty of Sugauli.
The former Kumaon Kingdom was joined with the eastern half of the Garhwal
region and was governed as a chief-commissionership, also known as the
Kumaon Province, on the non-regulation system.[21]

Since the capital Srinagar was now part of the British Garhwal, a new capital
was established at Tehri, giving the name of Tehri state[22] (popularly known as
Teri Garhwal).[23]

Sudarshan Shah died in 1859, and was succeeded by Bhawani Shah, who in turn
was succeeded by Pratap Shah in 1872.[7] The kingdom had an area of 4,180 Royal Palace at Narendra Nagar
square miles (10,800 km2), and a population of 268,885 in 1901. The ruler was
given the title of Raja, but after 1913, he was honoured with the title of
Maharaja. The King was entitled to an 11 gun salute and had a privy purse of 300.000 Rupees. In 1919, Maharaja Narendra Shah
shifted the capital from Tehri to a new town, which was named after him, Narendra Nagar.[24]

India's independence
During the Quit India Movement people from this region actively worked for the independence of India. Ultimately, when the
country was declared independent in 1947, the inhabitants of Tehri Riyasat (Garhwal State) started their movement to free
themselves from the clutches of the Maharaja Narendra Shah (Panwar).

Due to this movement, the situation became out of his control and it was difficult for him to rule over the region. Consequently,
the 60th king of Panwar Vansh, Manvendra Shah, the last ruling Maharaja of the Garhwal Kingdom (1946–1949), accepted the
sovereignty of the Union of India. Tehri Riyasat was merged into the Garhwal District of United Provinces (later renamed to
Uttar Pradesh) and was given the status of a new district, the Tehri Garhwal district. Subsequently, on 24 February 1960, the state
government separated one of its tehsils which was given the status of a separate district named Uttarkashi. It is currently part of
the Garhwal Division of the Uttarakhand state of India which was carved out of Uttar Pradesh in 2000. Former royal palace of the
Maharaja of Tehri Garhwal at Narendranagar, now houses the Ananda–In the Himalayas spa, established 2000.[25]

Flag of Garhwal
The flag of Garhwal was known as Badrinath ji Ki Pataka or Garuda-Dhwaj. It was in use since pre-1803 as a symbol of
Garhwal State; and continued to be used from 1803-1949 as the symbol of princely state of Garhwal, (a.k.a. Tehri Garhwal /
Garhwal Raj). After 1949, this flag is the symbol of Royal family and Badrinath Jyu. The colour scheme is two equal stripes of
white (top) and green (bottom) horizontally placed and the symbol used was Garuda (the celestial vehicle of Lord Vishnu). White
stands for purity, peace, tranquillity with snow as an additional meaning for Himalayan state. Green stands for agriculture,
greenery, prosperity and progress. According to Filcher11 (1984), the colours represent the snow of the Himalaya and the forests
of the state. In the centre the crest of the coat of arms is placed - an eagle with expanded wings (Garuda) is the vehicle of Lord
Badrinath/ Vishnu with emphasis on Garhwal being God's own abode.

"As Garuda is where Lord Vishnu is, it celebrates association of Garhwal with Lord Vishnu. As Lord Himself has a role
sustaining the world, the state of Garhwal is sustained by support of God. It is in a pose with expanded wings which shows
readiness and preparation to soar high. Thus it gives a meaning of divinity, majesty and ambitious preparedness with readiness to
embark on great undertakings."

This verse was used with special fervour in Garhwal due to the Flag being Garuda-Dhwaj. The verse was used by ruler of
princely state himself while bidding farewell to state forces.[26]

Rulers of Garhwal
Mola Ram the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work Garharajavansh ka Itihas
(History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers.[26]

Rulers of Garhwal - Panwar clan of Garhwali Rajputs

No. Name Reign No. Name Reign No. Name Reign
1116 - 1426 -
1 Kanak Pal 688 - 699 21 Vikram Pal 41 Vijay Pal
1131 1437
1131 - 1437 -
2 Shyam Pal 699 - 725 22 Vichitr Pal 42 Sahaj Pal
1140 1473
1141 - 1473 -
3 Pandu Pal 725 - 756 23 Hans Pal 43 Baadar Shah
1152 1498
1152 - 1498 -
4 Abhigat Pal 756 - 780 24 Son Pal 44 Man Shah
1159 1518
1159 - 1518 -
5 Saugat Pal 781 - 800 25 Kaadil Pal 45 Shyam Shah
1164 1527
1172 - 1527 -
6 Ratan Pal 800 - 849 26 Kam Dev Pal 46 Mahipat Shah
1179 1552
Sulakshan 1179 - 1552 -
7 Saali Pal 850 - 857 27 47 Prithvi Shah
Dev 1197 1614
1197 - 1614 -
8 Vidhi Pal 858 - 877 28 Lakhan Dev 48 Medni Shah
1220 1660
1220 - 1660 -
9 Madan Pal 788 - 894 29 Anand Pal 49 Fateh Shah
1241 1708
1241 - 1708 -
10 Bhakti Pal 895 - 919 30 Purv Dev 50 Upendra Shah
1260 1709
Jay Chand 1260 - 1709 -
11 920- 948 31 Abhay Dev 51 Pradeep Shah
Pal 1267 1772
1267 - 1772 -
12 Prithvee Pal 949 - 971 32 Jayram Dev 52 Lalit Shah
1290 1780
Medni Sen 1290- 1780 -
13 973- 995 33 Aasal Dev 53 Jayakrit Shah
Pal 1299 1786
1299 - Pradyumna 1786 -
14 Agasti Pal 995- 1014 34 Jagat Pal 54
1311 Shah 1804
1015 - 1311 - Sudarshan 1815
15 Surati Pal 35 Jeet Pal 55
1036 1330 Shah -1859
1037 - 1330 - 1859 -
16 Jay Pal 36 Anant Pal 56 Bhawani Shah
1055 1358 1871
1056 - 1358 - 1871 -
17 Anant Pal 37 Ajay Pal 57 Pratap Shah
1072 1389 1886
1072 - 1389 - 1886 -
18 Anand Pal 38 Kalyan Shah 58 Keerti Shah
1083 1398 1913
1084 - 1398 - 1913 -
19 Vibhog Pal 39 Sundar Pal 59 Narendra Shah
1101 1413 1946
Suvayaanu 1102 - Hans Dev 1413 - Manavendra 1946 -
20 40 60
Pal 1115 Pal 1426 Shah 1949

Last Maharaja of Garhwal Kingdom

Manabendra (Manavendra) Shah was the last Maharajah of Tehri Garhwal before the princely state joined the newly independent
India in 1947. He succeeded to the throne when his father Narendra Shah abdicated throne (on health grounds) on 26 May 1946.
Manavendra Shah known as 'Bolanda Badri' (living incarnation of Lord Vishnu) was the 61st guardian of the temple of Badrinath
in Garhwal. After serving on the Burma front during the Second World War, Manavendra Shah ruled the 4,800-square mile only
Tehri Garhwal kingdom from 1946 until 1949, but was proud of having been one of the first to sign the Instrument of Accession,
which he had helped to negotiate, with the Indian government.[27] After Indian independence, he was a long-serving member of
the Indian parliament, first as a Congress party MP and later as a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) MP. He represented Tehri eight
times in the Lok Sabha.[28] Manavendra Shah also served as ambassador to Ireland from 1980 to 1983.[27]

His son Manujendra Shah campaigned unsuccessfully to succeed to his father's Lok Sabha seat representing the Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP) in 2007. Manujendra Shah's wife, Mala Raj Laxmi Shah, is the current BJP MP from Tehri Garhwal. In 2017, she and
her husband, Manujendra Shah, passed on the royal baton to their daughter, Kshirya Kumari Devi in a ceremony on Vasant
Panchami at the palace in Narendranagar to anoint her as heir to the royal legacy.[29]

Etymology
The exact origin of the word 'Garhwal' is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from the title ‘Garh-wala’ (Owner of
Forts) given to the ruler Ajay Pal, who is said to have consolidated 52 principalities to form the kingdom in the 14th century.
After this conquest the domain under Ajay Pal is said to have been called ‘Garhwal’, possibly due to the numerous forts in the
region.

The name of the region and its people prior to Ajay Pal is unknown though some historians like Atkinson have alluded to ‘Khas-
des’ (Land of the Khasas) and Sircar has stated that ‘Stri-Rajya’ (Kingdom of Women) as the ancient name of Garhwal and
Kumaon. However, we have no proof to corroborate these claims. The earliest reference to places in this region are in the Skanda
Purana as 'Kedar Khand' and in the Mahabharata as 'Himvat' to describe the area that contained Gangadwar (Haridwar and
Kankhala), Badrinath, Gandhamardan, and Kailash.

See also
Garhwali language
Garhwali people
List of Rajput dynasties
Tehri Garhwal House

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Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1987), Regmi Research Series (https://books.google.com.np/books?id=_2NDAAAAYA
AJ&q=chandra+bir+kunwar&dq=chandra+bir+kunwar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZjeHRhL7bAhXTXCsKHQ1g
BMsQ6AEIJzAA), 19, Regmi Research Centre

Further reading
Tehri Garhwal State Constitution: As Enacted by H.H. Maharaja Manabendra Shah Under the Rajagyan Dated 27
May 1946, by Tehri Garhwal (Princely State). Published by Mafasilite Print. Works, 1946.
External links
Genealogy of Tehri Garhwal (princely state) (http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/t/tehrigarhwal.html)
Garhwali songs and Uttrakhand folk songs (http://www.bedupako.com/)

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This page was last edited on 18 June 2019, at 09:09 (UTC).

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