LECTURE NO.

3-4
WATER TREATMENT
The Four Basic Ways
To Treat Water For
Domestic
Consumption

 Sedimentation
 Filtration
 Coagulation
 Chemical
treatment
 TYPES OF WATER SUPPLIES
• Gravity system:
• Source @ higher elevation than city

• Pumping system:
• water is directly pumped in mains.

• Dual system:
• Combined gravity & Pumping system
 GRAVITY SYSTEMS
 Rely on the water source being well above the
elevation of the distribution system
 Remember: 0.433 psi gained per foot of elevation
drop
 Least common of the three systems
GRAVITY SYSTEMS
Gravity System
 DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEMS
 All system pressure is provided by a series of pumps.
 Electric pumps are the most common; some systems
use diesel pumps.
 A combination of diesel and electric is best.
DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEMS

Direct Pumping System

 COMBINATION SYSTEMS

 Use pumps to impart primary pressure

 Use water stored in elevated tanks to supplement
the system during peak demands or pump
stoppages
 Most common of the three systems
DUAL SYSTEMS
 BASIC DESIGNS FOR WATER
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS
 Tree systems
 Grid systems
 Circular or Ring System
 Radial System
 TREE SYSTEM
• Suitable for irregular developed towns or cities.

• Main starts from SR along main Road.

• Sub-mains are connected to main along other roads

which meet main road.

• In streets & other small roads, branches are laid & are
connected to sub-mains

• Applicable for small water supplies.

 TREE SYSTEM

Primary Feeder
Distributor

Water Treatment Plant

 GRID SYSTEM
• Suitable for towns having rectangular layout of roads.

• An improvement over tree system

• All dead ends are inter connected with each other &
water circulates freely throughout the system.

• Main is laid along main road. Sub mains are taken in

minor roads & from sub mains, branches are taken out &
are interconnected.
GRID SYSTEM
 CIRCULAR OR RING SYSTEM
• Each city is divided into square or rectangular blocks.

• Water mains are laid around all 4 sides of the square or round
the circle.

• Branches, sub mains are laid along inner roads

• All sub-mains & branches are inter connected.

• Every point receives supply from 2 directions.

• The best of others systems.

• It requires many valves & more pipe length.
 RADIAL SYSTEM
• Reverse of Ring system

• Water flows towards outer periphery from one point.

• Entire city is divided into various zones.

• One reservoir is provided for one zone & is placed in

the center of the zone.

• Water lines are laid radially from it.

 PRINCIPAL FACTORS IN THE PLANNING OF
SEWERAGE SYSTEM

 Sewage Generation rate---70% to 80% Water Demand

 Selection of Design Parameters—Velocity, Slopes, etc

 Selection of Sewer---Size, Material, etc

 Selection of Sewer system Appurtenances

 DESIGN PERIODS & POPULATION FORECAST

 This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the
estimated requirements of the future . The future period for which a
provision is made in the water supply scheme is known as the design
period.

 Design period is estimated based on the following:

 Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.

 Expandability aspect.
 Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial,
commercial developments & migration-immigration.
 Available resources.
 Performance of the system during initial period.
 POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS
 The various methods adopted for estimating future
populations are given below. The particular method to
be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city
depends largely on the factors discussed in the
methods, and the selection is left to the discretion and
intelligence of the designer.
 ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD
 This method is based on the assumption that the
population increases at a constant rate
dP/dT= Constant = k
𝑡 𝑡
𝑜
𝑑𝑃 = Constant 0
𝑑𝑇
Pt-Po= Constant (t)
Pt=Po + kt
Simplifying we get,
Pn= Po+nx

This method is most applicable to large and established

cities.
 ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD
 Pn= Po+nx
where,
n- number of decades between now and future
Pn – forecasted population after n decades from the present
Po - Present Population
x- average arithmetic mean of population increase in known
decades

 This method is most applicable to large and established cities.

 GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD
 This method is based on the assumption that
percentage growth rate is constant
i.e. dP/P=k dt;
lnP= lnP0+kt.
 This method must be used with caution, for when
applied it may produce too large results for rapidly
grown cities in comparatively short time. This would
apply to cities with unlimited scope of expansion. As
cities grow large, there is a tendency to decrease in
the rate of growth.
INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
 Growth rate is assumed to be progressively
increasing or decreasing, depending upon whether
the average of the incremental increases in the past
is positive or negative. The population for a future
decade is worked out by adding the mean arithmetic
increase to the last known population as in the
arithmetic increase method, and to this is added the
average of incremental increases, once for first
decade, twice for second and so on.
INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
 Mathematically this method is given by,
Pn= Po+nx+ n(n+1)y
2
where,
Pn- Population after n decades from present (last
census)
x- Average increase of population of known decades
y- Average of the increases of the known decades
n- number of decades between now and future
 SIMPLIFIED POPULATION
FORECAST METHOD
 This method is based on the assumption that
percentage growth rate is Constant
Pn= Po (1+r/100)n
where,
r= i (product of percentage increase)
 or r = t P2/P1 -1
 SIMPLE GRAPHICAL METHOD
 In this method, a graph is plotted from the available
data, between time and population. The curve is
then smoothly extended upto the desired year. This
method gives very approximate results and should
be used along with other forecasting methods.
 COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD
 In this method, the cities having conditions and
characteristics similar to the city whose future
population is to be estimated are selected. It is then
assumed that the city under consideration will
develop, as the selected similar cities have
developed in the past.
 This method has a logical background and if
statistics of development of similar cities are
available, precise and reliable results can be
obtained
 RATIO METHOD
 In this method, the local population and the country's
population for the last four to five decades is obtained
from the census records. The ratios of the local
population to national population are then worked out
for these decades. A graph is then plotted between
time and these ratios, and extended upto the design
period to extrapolate the ratio corresponding to future
design year. This ratio is then multiplied by the
expected national population at the end of the design
period, so as to obtain the required city's future
population.
 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND
AREA DENSITY
 Capacities of water collection, purification and
transmission works and of wastewater outfall and
treatment works are a matter of areal as well as
population size .Within communities their individual
service areas, populations and occupancies are
determinants . A classification of areas by use and of
expected population densities in persons per acre are
shown .
COMMON POPULATION DENSITIES
 Residential areas Persons/acre
 Single-family dwellings, large lots 5-15
 Single-family dwellings, small lots 15-35
 Multiple-family dwellings, small lots 35-100
 Apartment or tenement houses 100-1000 or more
 Mercantile and commercial areas 15-30
 Industrial areas 5-15
 Total, exclusive of Parks, playgrounds 10-50
and cemeteries