Course Code NSCI101

Description General Chemistry I

Laboratory 001 Title of
Exercise Activity Stoichiometry
No.
Page 1 of 7
LABORATORY EXERCISE

Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a compound whose molecular formula is NaHCO 3. It has a wide variety of
uses and is primarily used as a leavening agent in baking, hence the name, baking soda. When NaHCO 3 is
treated with acetic acid, CH3COOH, it produces sodium acetate, CH3COONa, water, and carbon dioxide, CO2.
In this exercise, we will perform this reaction and study its stoichiometry.

Objectives:
At the end of this experiment, you are expected to have been able to:
 Produce carbon dioxide from sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid
 Study the stoichiometry of the reaction

Materials Needed:
 Baking soda
 Vinegar
 A wide brimmed glass or clear plastic jar with about 1 L capacity
 A plastic bottle with screw cap – about 500mL capacity
 Measuring cup
 Measuring spoon
 A large bucket or tub
 Water
 A small clear plastic bag with about 2 inches width

NOTE: Set up your video camera. Take your video while you are doing the activity. You will submit this as
your output for the activity.

Procedure:
1. If your jar does not have volume markings yet, use the measuring cup to pour 100 mL of water at a
time and use a marker to record the height of the water at each addition.
2. Fill your big tub with water. Submerge your jar with markings and fill it with water.
3. Fill about half of the plastic bottle with vinegar.
4. Measure 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda and put it in the small clear plastic bag. Cut the plastic bag if
it is too long.
5. Drop the small plastic bag with the baking soda on the bottle with vinegar and immediate close the
bottle. Make sure that the baking soda does not react with the vinegar before the lid is tightly
closed.
6. Shake the bottle until all the baking soda is consumed. The reaction is complete when no
significant bubbling is observed.
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 Course Code NSCI101

Description General Chemistry I

Laboratory 001 Title of
Exercise Activity Stoichiometry
No.
Page 2 of 7
LABORATORY EXERCISE

7. (You may need someone to help you with this part). Lift the jar upside down with markings while
maintaining the mouth submerged in water. Make sure no air is present inside the jar. Put the
plastic bottle under water and carefully place the mouth of the bottle inside the jar. Open the bottle
carefully to release the carbon dioxide formed from the reaction into the jar. The water level inside
the jar should be decreasing as the carbon dioxide is transferred.
8. Record the volume of the gas trapped in the jar. Before recording, make sure that the water inside
and outside of the jar is at the same level. This would ensure that the pressure inside the jar is the
same as the pressure outside.

Data:
1. If you have a weighing scale you can directly determine the weight of the sample used in the
experiment. If none, you can estimate the weight of the sample. From the baking soda
container, get the net weight of baking soda and determine how many tablespoons of baking
soda are in the container from the Nutrition Facts (Serving size in teaspoons and No. of
servings). Get the weight of baking soda in 1/4 teaspoon.
Net weight of baking soda in one container (g): 250g
No of teaspoons of baking soda in one container: In the box, it says there that ½ tsp is 2.4g.
From here, I conclude that 1 tsp is 4.8g (2.4 x 2) To answer your question, The no. of teaspoons in
one container is approximately 52 teaspoons. 52.08 to be exact.
Weight of 1/4 tsp of baking soda: From what I have stated in the previous question, ½ tsp
weights 2.4g. So ¼ tsp weights 1.2g.
2. Volume of CO2 produced (mL): The water level inside the pitcher I is approximately 1.2 liters. I
noticed that the water did go down, but not too much. So I would conclude that the volume of
CO² produced in ML is 20 ML.

Questions:
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the chemical reaction.
Answer: NaHCO3 + CH3COOH ----> CO2 + H2O + CH3COONa
2. In this experiment, which reactant is limiting?
Answer: Baking soda.
3. Which reactant is in excess?
Answer: Vinegar.
4. What is the molar mass of NaHCO³?
Answer: 84.007 g/mol
5. How many moles of NaHCO3 are there in 1/4 tsp of sample?
Answer: 0.0134
6. How many moles of CO2 should be produced from the sample?
Answer: 0.0134 moles CO²

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 Course Code NSCI101

Description General Chemistry I

Laboratory 001 Title of
Exercise Activity Stoichiometry
No.
Page 3 of 7
LABORATORY EXERCISE

7. How many moles of CO2 are actually formed? We can predict for the volume by using the ideal gas
equation PV=nRT, where P=pressure, V=volume, n=number of moles, R=Ideal gas constant, 0.0821
L-atm/mol-K, T=temperature. This equation can be rearranged to get the number of moles in a
specific volume of gas: n=PV/RT; where P= 1 atm, V=volume of carbon dioxide produced
converted to Liters ; R=0.0821 L-atm/mol-K; T=298 K (room temperature)
n= 1 atm (0.02L) / 0.0821 (298K)
Answer: Approximately 1.192 Moles of CO² Is actually formed.

8. Calculate for the percentage error of the experiment.

Answer:
Formula: Experimental value – accepted value / accepted value x 100
= 1.192 Moles of CO² – 0.134 Moles of CO² / 0.134 Moles of CO² x 100
= 789.55% Error.

Laboratory Quiz:
1. True or False: It is important to ensure that the baking soda does not come in contact with vinegar until
the bottle is tightly closed to ensure that all gaseous product is captured.
Answer: True.

2. True or False: Alternatively, we can measure the volume of the gas inside the plastic bottle and use it to
determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced by using the ideal gas equation.
Answer: True.

3. True or False: It is important to make sure that the water inside and outside of the jar is of the same
level before taking note of the volume of carbon dioxide. This ensures that the pressure inside and
outside of the jar is the same.
Answer: True.

4. True or False: In the performed experiment, the limiting reagent is NaHCO 3.

Answer: True.

5. True or False: Aside from carbon dioxide, other products of the reaction are water and sodium acetate,
CH3COONa.
Answer: True.

6. True or False: The balanced chemical equation to represent the reaction is:
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 Course Code NSCI101

Description General Chemistry I

Laboratory 001 Title of
Exercise Activity Stoichiometry
No.
Page 4 of 7
LABORATORY EXERCISE

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

Answer: False.

7. True or False: We can use the volume of the vinegar used to calculate for the theoretical yield of the
reaction.
Answer: True.

For items 8 to 12, refer to the following lab data. Show your complete solution for all the questions.

Mass of NaHCO3 sample (g): 1.20 g

Volume of carbon dioxide produced (mL): 250 mL

8. What is the molecular mass of NaHCO3?

Answer: 84.007g/mol

9. How many moles of NaHCO3 are in the sample?

Answer: 0.014284524 moles

10. Theoretically, how many moles should be produced from 1.2 grams of baking soda?
Answer: 0.014284524 moles

11. How many moles of carbon dioxide is produced in the reaction? (Use the ideal gas equation, PV=nRT, for
the calculation assuming P= 1 atm; T=298 K and R=0.0821 L-atm/mol-K)
Answer:
From the formula, we can derive n= pV/RT
Substitute:
n = 1 atm (P) x 0.25 L (V) / 0.0821 (R) 298K (T)
= 0.25 / 24.4658
= 0.0102183456089725 Moles of carbon dioxide (CO²) is produced.

12. What is the percentage error for the experiment?

Answer:
Experimental value – Accepted value / Accepted value x100
1.20g of NaHCO³ - 84.007g/mol of NaHCO³ / 84.007g/mol of NaHCO³ * 100
= -82.807 / 84.007 * 100
= -0.9857154760912781 * 100

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 Course Code NSCI101

Description General Chemistry I

Laboratory 001 Title of
Exercise Activity Stoichiometry
No.
Page 5 of 7
LABORATORY EXERCISE

= -98.57154760912781 or -98%

For items 13 to 20, refer to the following laboratory experiment and results. Show your complete
solution for all the questions.

A student weighed 1.25 grams of NaHCO3 pre-weighed 50 mL beaker. In the fume hood, he slowly added
concentrated HCl to the beaker containing the NaHCO3. He added a total of 4.6 mL of concentrated HCl.
During the reaction, effervescence was observed due to carbon dioxide formation. The water by-
product was removed by heating the beaker and a white crystalline salt, NaCl, is left. Lastly, he took the
weight of the residue and the beaker after cooling to room temperature.

Mass of beaker (g): 28.27 g

Mass of NaHCO3 sample (g): 1.25 g
Mass of beaker and residue (g): 29.06 g
Volume of concentrated HCl (12moles/L) (mL): 4.6 mL

13. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

Answer:
NaHCO3+HCl=CO2+H2O+NaCl

14. How many moles of NaHCO3 are in the sample?

Answer:
0.014879712 Mole(s)

15. How many moles of HCl are there in the sample?

Answer: 0.03428415 Mole(s)
16. How many moles of HCl are required to react completely with NaHCO 3? x

17. Which reagent is in excess and which reagent is limiting?

Answer: The reagent that is excess is the Hydrochloric Acid or HCl. And the reagent that is limiting is
the NaHCO³.

18. What is the theoretical yield of NaCl in grams? x

19. What is the actual yield of NaCl in grams? x
20. What is the percent yield of NaCl in grams? x

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 Course Code NSCI101

Description General Chemistry I

Laboratory 001 Title of
Exercise Activity Stoichiometry
No.
Page 6 of 7
LABORATORY EXERCISE

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS:

 Save your video file in “.mp4” or “.avi” format only.
 The filename of your video should be:
“<Last Name>, <First Name> - Laboratory Exercise 0<XX>”
 Upload your video to any video sharing website such as YouTube and Vimeo.
 Paste the link of your uploaded file on the space provided for it in the LMS.

Rubric for Checking

Criteria (%) 4 3 2 1

Participation Used time well in Used time pretty Did the lab but Participation was
(30%) lab and focused well. Stayed did not appear minimal or
attention on the focused on the very interested. student was
experiment experiment most Focus was lost on hostile about
of the time several participating
occasions.

Safety (10%) Lab is carried out Lab is generally Lab is carried out Safety
with full attention carried out with with some procedures were
to relevant safety attention to attention to ignored and/or
procedures. The relevant safety relevant safety some aspect of
set-up, procedures. The procedures. The the experiment
experiment, and set-up, set-up, posed a threat to
tear-down posed experiment, and experiment, and the safety of the
no safety threat to tear-down posed tear-down posed student or
any individual. no safety threat no safety threat others.
to any individual, to any individual,
but one safety but several safety
procedure needs procedures need
to be reviewed. to be reviewed.

Data collection Measurements Measurements Measurements Measurements

(10%) are both accurate are accurate with are somewhat are incomplete,

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 Course Code NSCI101

Description General Chemistry I

Laboratory 001 Title of
Exercise Activity Stoichiometry
No.
Page 7 of 7
LABORATORY EXERCISE

and precise. reasonable inaccurate and inaccurate and

Observations are precision. very imprecise. imprecise.
very thorough and Observations are Observations are Observations are
may recognize thorough. Work incomplete or incomplete or not
possible errors in is generally neat recorded in a included.
data collection. and organized. confusing way. Symbols, units
Work is neat and Includes There are 3 or and significant
organized. symbols, units more minor figures are not
Includes and significant errors using included.
appropriate digits. symbols, units
symbols, units and significant
and significant digits or 2 major
digits. errors.
Calculations All calculations Some Some No calculations
(40%) are shown and the calculations are calculations are are shown OR
results are correct shown and the shown and the results are
and labeled results are results labeled inaccurate or
appropriately. correct and appropriately. mislabeled.
labeled
appropriately.

Conclusion (10%) Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion No conclusion

includes whether includes whether includes what was included in
the findings the findings was learned from the report OR
supported the supported the the experiment. shows little effort
hypothesis, hypothesis and and reflection.
possible sources what was learned
of error, and what from the
was learned from experiment.
the experiment.