COMBINED BENDING AND

AXIAL LOAD

FRAME ANALYSIS
 Contents

► S H E A R WA L L S
► MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
► BRACED STRUCTURES
► FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURES
► HYBRID STRUCTURES
► CONCLUSION
 Shear Walls

A SIMPLE BUILDING WITH SHEAR

WA L L S AT I T S E N D S . G R O U N D
MOTION ENTERS THE BUILDING
A N D C R E AT E S I N E R T I A L F O R C E S
WHICH MOVE THE FLOOR
DIAPHRAGMS. THIS MOVEMENT IS
R E S I S T E D B Y T H E S H E A R WA L L S ,
AND THE FORCES ARE
TRANSMITTED BACK DOWN TO
T H E F O U N D AT I O N .

Shear wall: vertical analogy

as cantilever beams
 Moment-Resisting Frames

M O M E N T- R E S I S T I N G FRAMES ARE
S T R U C T U R E S H AV I N G T H E T R A D I T I O N A L
B EAM -C OLUMN FR AM IN G . THEY C AR RY
THE G R AV I T Y LOADS T H AT ARE
IMPOSED ON THE FLOOR SYSTEM. THE
FLOORS ALSO FUNCTION AS
H O R I Z O N TA L DIAPHRAGM ELEMENTS
T H AT T R A N S F E R L AT E R A L F O R C E S T O
THE GIRDERS AND COLUMNS. IN
ADDITION, THE GIRDERS RESIST HIGH
M O M E N T S A N D S H E A R S AT T H E E N D S
OF THEIR LENGTHS, WHICH ARE, IN
TURN, TRANSFERRED TO THE COLUMN
S Y S T E M . A S A R E S U LT, C O L U M N S A N D Moment Resisting
BEAMS CAN BECOME QUITE LARGE. Frame System
 Braced Structures

B R A C I N G C A N B E U S E D T O S T O P B U I L D I N G S S W AY I N G O V E R .
I T H E L P S B U I L D I N G S S TA N D U P T O T H E S I D E W AY S F O R C E S
T H AT C A N O C C U R D U R I N G E A R T H Q U A K E S O R H I G H W I N D S .
BRACING MEMBERS C AN WORK IN TENSION OR IN
COMPRESSION.
Framed Tube Structures
THE FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURE
HAS ITS COLUMNS C L O S E LY
S PA C E D AROUND THE
PERIMETER OF THE BUILDING,
R AT H E R THAN S C AT T E R E D
T H R O U G H O U T T H E F O O T P R I N T,
W H I L E S T I F F S PA N D R E L B E A M S
C O N N E C T T H E S E C O L U M N S AT
EVERY FLOOR LEVEL. THIS
S T R U C T U R A L S Y S T E M WA S F I R S T
IMPLEMENTED IN 1964 IN THE
C O N S T R U C T I O N O F T H E D E W I T T-
CHESTNUT A PA R T M E N T S IN
CHICAGO, A 4 3 - S TO RY
REINFORCED CONCRETE TOWER
DESIGNED BY D R . FA Z L U R
REHMAN KHAN AND HIS
COLLEAGUES AT SKIDMORE, The revolutionary framed-tube
OWINGS & MERRILL (SOM). structural system was first seen
BECAUSE OF ITS G R E AT
R E L AT I V E STRENGTH AND in the construction of the
STIFFNESS, THE TUBULAR FORM DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments in
I M M E D I AT E LY BECAME A Chicago.
S TA N D A R D I N H I G H - R I S E D E S I G N .
Comparison of Moment-Resisting Frames and Braced Structures
 MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES

■ Moment-resisting frames can be constructed of steel, concrete,

or masonry.
■ Consist of beams and columns in which bending of these
members provides the resistance to lateral forces.
■ There are two primary types of moment frames, ordinary and
special.
■ Special moment-resisting frames are detailed to ensure ductile
behavior of the beam-to-column joints and are normally used in
zones of higher seismicity.
■ Steel moment-resisting frames have been under intensive study
and testing and used in zones of low to moderate seismicity.
■ Moment Resisting Frames may act either as braced or unbraced
frame depending on the additional moment caused by swaying
(i.e. Secondary Moments)
 MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES

■ The effect of swaying maybe accounted for by

several methods.
■ Second Order Analysis (P-Delta Analysis)
■ Stability Analysis
■ Moment Magnification Method
 Note 1: The third method is considered in this
presentation.
 Note 2. Since the effect of swaying is dependent on
end conditions of column, a more accurate procedure
to the determine “K” (effective length factor is
needed)
Approximate Values of K
 K-Values
ALIGNMENT CHART / NOMOGRAPH
K-Values using Equations

Note :
1. Ψm is the average value of the
relative stiffness at the joints at
the column ends
2. ΨA and ΨB are the values of
relative stiffness at the joints at
column ends
PROBLEM : Using Alignment Chart, and Code Equations, determine the effective length
factors K for columns EF, FG and KL. Assume unbraced frame (sidesway uninhibited)
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 Investigate the acceptability of a W16x67 used as a

beam-column in a braced frame under the loading
shown. The steel used is A572 Grade 60, Fy=60ksi,
Fu=75ksi.
 Properties of W16x67
 ry=2.46 in
 Ag=19.7 in^2
 X1=2350 ksi
 X2=4690x10^-6 (1/(ksi)^2)
 Z=130 in^3
 S=117 in^3
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 PDL=87.5 kips, PLL=262.5 kips,

 MDL=15 ft-kips, MLL=45 ft-kips
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 Note : The capacity obtained in the previous step is

within the assumption that there is no local buckling.
(i.e. Qa=Qs=1) otherwise check local buckling limit
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 3. Determine beam Capacity , check LTB ( Lb=15 ft)

 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 For simply supported beam with lateral support at

the ends… cb=1.67
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 Determine beam Capacity , check local buckling

(compactness)
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 3. Determine Moment Magnification factor B1.

EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
 Notes To Ponder

 For Column Buckling, KL/r is determined by the least

radius of gyration if KxLx and KyLy are equal. (i.e.
KL=equivalent unbraced Length)
 K is not always 1.0. It depends on support conditions.
Normally given from tables or in the problem.
 For Beam Lateral Torsional Buckling, Lp and Lr is
determined by the axis of bending in consideration. If X
is the axis of bending then Lp is determined by the radius
of gyration ry, i.e.
 Notes To Ponder

 Otherwise if Y is the axis of bending then Lp and Lr

is determined by rx, i.e.
 Notes To Ponder
 For two axis bending the LRFD Interaction Formula
shall be expanded in the form
 Notes To Ponder

 Note that Mux and Muy are already magnified and

factored..

 For braced frame the second term is zero, for

unbraced frame both terms are non zero.
 Notes To Ponder

 For two axis bending, Mnx and Mny shall be taken

for both axis with Cb taken accordingly using
formula. Cbx shall be computed using moment
diagram about x-axis and Cby using moment
diagram about y-axis.
 For two axis bending Pe1x and Pe1y shall be taken
for both axis with Cm taken accordingly using
formula. Cmx shall be computed using end
moments about x-axis and Cmy using end moments
about y-axis.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 Investigate the acceptability of a W14X145 columns in the

unbraced frame shown. Steel is A-36 steel with Fy=36 ksi.
Assume M1/M2 for gravity loads is 0.50 reverse curvature.
Use load combination U=1.2DL+0.50LL+1.3WL
 Service Loads
 PDL=230kips
 PLL=92 kips
 MDL=9.63 ft-kips
 MLL=28.89 ft-kips
 MWL=346.15 ft-kips
 wDL = 0.5kip/ft (including beam weight)
 wLL = 1.5kip/ft
 H=78 kips (Wind Load)
 Use Load Combination U=1.2DL+0.5LL+1.3WL
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

 Properties of W14x145  bf/2tf=7.1

 ry=3.98 in  h/tw=16.8
 rx =6.33in

 Ag=42.7 in^2

 X1=4400 ksi

 X2=348x10^-6 (1/(ksi)^2)

 Zx=260 in^3

 Zy=133 in^3

 Sx=232 in^3

 Sy=87.3 in^2
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM