Materials Characterization 99 (2015) 248–253

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Materials Characterization
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matchar

The relationships between residual stress relaxation and texture

development in AZ31 Mg alloys via the vibratory stress relief technique
Jia-Siang Wang a, Chih-Chun Hsieh a, Hsuan-Han Lai a, Che-Wei Kuo a, Paxon Ti-Yuan Wu b, Weite Wu a,⁎
a
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A systematic study of residual stress relaxation and the texture evolution of cold-rolled AZ31 Mg alloys using the
Received 5 June 2014 vibratory stress relief technique with a simple cantilever beam vibration system was performed using a high-
Received in revised form 15 August 2014 resolution X-ray diffractometer and a portable X-ray residual stress analyzer. The effects of vibrational stress ex-
Accepted 11 September 2014
citation on the surface residual stress distribution and on the texture of pole figures (0002) occurring during the
Available online 20 November 2014
vibratory stress relief were examined. Compared with the effects corresponding to the same alloy under non-
Keywords:
vibration condition, it can be observed that the uniform surface residual stress distribution and relaxation of
Residual stress relaxation the compressive residual stress in the stress concentration zone were observed rather than all of the residual
Texture stresses being eliminated. Furthermore, with an increase in the vibrational aging time, the compressive residual
Vibratory stress relief technique stress, texture density, and (0002) preferred orientation increased first and then decreased. It should be
Debye–Scherrer ring underlined that the vibratory stress relief process for the vibrational aging time of more than 10 min is able to
AZ31 magnesium alloys weaken the strong basal textures of AZ31 Mg alloys, which is valuable for enhancement of their formability
and is responsible for an almost perfect 3D-Debye–Scherrer ring.
© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
AZ31 magnesium alloys have recently received great attention espe-
cially in the automobile, cycling, and 3C industries. In addition, the ma-
jority of AZ31 alloys exhibit low ductility at room temperature because
of the formation of a strong basal texture during rolling or extrusion
procedures [1,2]. However, the residual stresses in AZ31 produced by
various processes (friction stir welding, rolling, extrusion, etc.) result
in distortional failure, deformation, stress-corrosion cracking, or fatigue
of the workpiece [3–6]. An emerging method can be used for residual
stress relaxation (RSR), also known as the vibratory stress relief (VSR)
process [6–10]. Compared with heat treatment, the VSR method ex-
hibits advantageous characteristics, such as low cost, a short process
time, small-volume equipment requirements, and slight energy con-
sumption [9,10]. However, this method is confined to large pieces. In
this study, a newly developed VSR method based on a simple cantilever
beam vibration system (SCBVS) that is suitable for small or thin work-
pieces will be introduced. Thus far, VSR methods have been used for im-
proving the quality of metal, especially in the amelioration of material
properties and RSR [8–12]. The VSR process may affect not only the
values of residual stresses but also the texture of the material, crystal
orientation [7], grain morphology [13], grain size [14], and dislocation
density [15]. However, the scientific and technical literature has not
yet investigated the effects of the VSR method used in magnesium al-
loys. Thus, this paper aims to characterize the texture development of
AZ31 Mg alloys and investigate the relationships between RSR and the
texture evolution.
A common non-destructive technique used to determine the residu-
al stresses is X-ray diffraction (XRD). Recently, a two-dimensional (2D)
X-ray detector has been readily available to allow the collection of a
large part of the Debye–Scherrer ring (DSR) for the stress calculation
[16,17]. Moreover, this method has benefits for example time savings,
the distortion of the diffraction cone possibly used for the stress calcula-
tion, and efficient use of the diffraction data. Unlike the well-known
sin2ψ method, the latest technology used in industry, called the cosα
method [17–20], can accurately and effectively determine the residual
stress. Based on the cosα method, the residual stress σx in the direction
of the x-axis in Fig. 1 is

1

εa ¼ ε α −ε π þ α þ ðε −α −ε π−α Þ ð1Þ
⁎ Corresponding author.
2
E-mail addresses: andy304312003@yahoo.com.tw (J.-S. Wang),
jeromehsieh@gmail.com (C.-C. Hsieh), g099066020@mail.nchu.edu.tw (H.-H. Lai),    
E 1 1 ∂εa
teancumxwei@facebook.com (C.-W. Kuo), paxon1992911@gmail.com (P.T.-Y. Wu), σx ¼ − ð2Þ
wwu@dragon.nchu.edu.tw (W. Wu). 1 þ ϑ sin2β sin2φ ∂cosα

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.09.019
1044-5803/© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
 J.-S. Wang et al. / Materials Characterization 99 (2015) 248–253
Fig. 1. A schematic representation of the measurement of the Debye–Scherrer ring and the four types of strains used for stress calculation based on cosα method.
where the angles β, φ, and α are illustrated in Fig. 1; ϑ is Poisson's ratio;
and E is the Young's modulus. We consider four strains that can be ob-
tained from diffraction beams exhibiting the central angles, α, π + α,
−α, and π − α, and denote them as εα, επ + α, ε − α, and επ − α, respec-
tively, see also Fig. 1. The new parameter εa can be defined from these
strains according to Eq. (1). The results clearly indicate that we can ob-
tain the stress σx from the slope in the relation between εa versus cosα
based on Eq. (2), which is derived from a single DSR recorded on the
image plane in Fig. 1. In this work, we adopt and discuss the DSR analy-
sis using a single 2D diffraction image for the residual stress calculations
of AZ31 Mg alloys.
To systematically explore the effects of the SCBVS technique on the
texture, preferred orientation, and two-dimensional residual stress in
AZ31 Mg alloys, these investigations utilize Cr- and Cu-target XRD anal-
yses. Additionally, the relationships between the maximum residual
stress and other XRD analyses regarding the DSR, preferred orientation,
and pole figure will be discussed.
2. Experimental procedures
2.1. Sample preparation
Commercial AZ31 Mg alloys (produced by hot extrusion) provided by
SRAM Taiwan Corporation were machined into 150 mm × 50 mm ×
3 mm specimens (BCR-AZ31) for SCBVS experiments. The composition
of the AZ31 plates was as follows: Mg, 95.7%; Al, 2.8%; Zn, 1.1%; Mn,
0.2%; Si, 0.1%; Cu, 0.05%; Ca, 0.04%; Ni, 0.005%; and Fe, 0.005% (wt.%).
The cut plates were subjected to cold-rolling reduction (approximately
20%; ACR-AZ31) with the purpose of producing a higher stress concen-
tration (a location in an object where stress is concentrated) and devel-
op a strong basal texture of AZ31 [21–23]. Because the AZ31 plates were
subjected to cold rolling only 2 times to reach 20% reduction in this
study, the middle portion was bent.
2.2. A simple cantilever beam vibration system
As illustrated in Fig. 2e, the SCBVS was intended as a stress relaxation
test. The direction of the SCBVS comprises three types of axes: the
rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD), and normal direction
(ND), which exhibit the same directions as the x-axis, y-axis, and z-
axis, respectively. The relative voltage amplitude-frequency harmonic
curve of the SCBVS was obtained by a transducer with an amplitude sen-
sor; the resonant frequency was 76 Hz in this SCBVS. Subsequently, the
specimens displayed RSR under fixed vibrational amplitudes (VA; 3.7 G
(G = 9.8 m/s2)) at the resonant frequency for the vibrational aging time
(VAT) of 0, 5, 10, or 20 min, respectively.
249
2.3. Preferred orientation and texture measurements utilizing X-ray
diffractometer
A high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (HRXRD) with Cu Kα radia-
tion at 40 kV and 40 mA was appropriate for the analysis of crystal dif-
fraction and the presence of preferred crystallographic orientation
compared with the data derived from the JCPDS database at a scanning
rate of 2°/min and 2θ from 20° to 80°. The measurement of surface tex-
ture was analyzed by HRXRD. The pole figure (0002) was measured up
to a tilt angle of 75° using the back-reflection X-ray goniometric meth-
od. It is noted that the directional axes of the pole figure (0002) are
the same as those of the specimens.
2.4. Residual stress measurement
The standard settings for the μ-X360 portable X-ray residual stress
analyzer produced by Pulstec Industrial Co., Ltd. were as follows:
30 kV X-ray tube voltage with 1 mA, Cr Kα radiation at the (1122)
plane (2θ = 156.293°; 2β = 23.707°), 20 s of X-ray irradiation time,
and 30 s of surface residual stress (SRS) measurement time for ACR-
AZ31 (E = 45 GPa; ϑ = 0.35). The incidence angle (φ) of the X-ray
beam was φ = 15°. A diffraction profile was obtained as distributions
of the diffraction intensity along the radial direction of 3D-DSRs from
the location of the incidence beam determined above. These profiles
were derived from α = 0° to α = 360° with an interval of 0.72° and
were used for residual stress analysis. All of the points of the residual
stress measurements in one figure by means of a programmable logic
controller (PLC) were approximately 3000 points (100 (in RD) × 30
(in TD)). The device configuration can be simplified (downsizing and
weight saving) because the angle of the incident X-ray (ψ0) is not re-
quired to change as required in the sin2ψ method.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Residual stress relaxation at the surface during the VSR process
The 3D SRS performance of the ACR-AZ31 specimen in the TD-RD
plane was measured before the VSR process (after 20% cold rolling) in
Fig. 2a. Furthermore, the SRS distribution maps for different VAT (5,
10, and 20 min) conditions can be observed in Fig. 2b, c, and d, respec-
tively. All of the SRS distribution maps reveal stress concentration
zones (SCZ) except for Fig. 2d as well as the highest compressive resid-
ual stress (CRS) in the intermediate zone (RD: 5 cm; TD: 2 cm), especial-
ly in Fig. 2b. These residual stress distributions are caused by warping in
the intermediate zone. Nevertheless, the tendency of all the SRSs to
increase first and then decrease with the increase of VAT, which is
250 J.-S. Wang et al. / Materials Characterization 99 (2015) 248–253

Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of 3D surface residual stress distribution in the TD-RD plane for ACR-AZ31 specimens: (a) without VSR and with VSR for (b) 5 min, (c) 10 min, and (d) 20 min.
(e) A newly developed method of residual stress relaxation based on a simple cantilever beam vibration system.

equivalent to the cycle number, is distinct from other scientific re-
searches [6,15,24–26] and can be observed in Fig. 2a to d. These findings
suggest that work hardening, which is the stress concentration of a
metal by plastic deformation (mechanical vibration), can occur during
VSR for 5 min. Therefore, it is considered that the maximum bending
in the intermediate zone could produce such local plastic deformation.
As observed from Fig. 2c and d, the SRS distribution maps (during VSR
for 10 and 20 min) show all of the lower CRSs in the simple cantilever
beam compared with the non-VSR process (Fig. 2a). In particular, the
SCZ of the highest CRSs decreased from − 190 to − 220 MPa (brown
block) in Fig. 2a to −130 to −160 MPa (red block) in Fig. 2c or −100
to − 130 MPa (yellow block) in Fig. 2d. Consequently, nearly 45%
(VAT of 20 min) or 30% (VAT of 10 min) of the CRS was relaxed using
the VSR technique, the RSR occurred after the VSR processes (Fig. 2c
and d), while the threshold value of the VA (in this SCBVS, a 3.7 G
fixed VA) is exceeded, and the elastic strain converts into micro-
plastic strain by the dislocation movement [6,14,15]. In this work, it
was discovered that one significant phenomenon of an almost uniform
stress distribution (mostly between −70 and −100 MPa (green block)
in Fig. 2d) after VSR for 20 min will occur instead of eliminating all resid-
ual stresses owing to the decreases in residual stresses in Zone A from
−100 to −220 MPa in Fig. 2a to −70 to −130 MPa in Fig. 2d as well
as the increases in the zones excluding Zone A from −10 to −70 MPa
in Fig. 2a to − 70 to − 130 MPa in Fig. 2d. It is therefore concluded
that after VSR for 20 min, regardless of whether residual stresses are lo-
cated at the color level, most will reach an equilibrium stress until −70
 J.-S. Wang et al. / Materials Characterization 99 (2015) 248–253
to −130 MPa, indicating that the VSR process can be applied to cause
the SRS distribution of the cold-rolled specimens to gradually approach
uniformity and to smoothly relax the CRSs of the SCZ.
3.2. The relationships between the stress concentration, textures, and
preferred orientation
It is a reasonable consideration that all of the highest CRSs in the SCZ
at point A (RD: 5 cm; TD: 2 cm) were used to study the texture evolu-
tion. According to Fig. 3, it should also be noted that the linear contour
scale with pole densities are given in multiples of a random distribution
(m.r.d.) for TD, RD, and ND. Regardless of the VATs, the pole figures
(0002) at point A are all analogous to each other, demonstrating that
normal rolled AZ31 Mg alloys have a (0002) basal plane texture,
which yields superior anisotropy and affects the highest CRSs in the
SCZ. As displayed in Fig. 3, primarily, after VSR for 5 min, the maximum
pole density in the vicinity of ND increases with increases in the residual
stress and then after VSR for 10 or 20 min and subsequently decreases
with decreases in these values. Both RSR and the pole density have
the same tendency and may be associated with each other. In addition,
it can be clearly observed that the specimen subjected to VSR for 20 min
is the worst (0002) texture of the specimens for these VATs (0, 5, 10,
20 min). Hence, the relaxation of the SCZ may be attributed to the weak-
ened texture using the VSR technique. In this SCBVS, the texture of the
(0002) preferred orientation along the ND is due to the VA parallel to
the ND; hence, vibrational stress excitation has a great effect on the
maximum pole density in the vicinity of the ND (the texture density
of the pole figure (0002) weakens from 19.5 m.r.d. in the specimen
without VSR to 16.4 m.r.d. in the specimen subjected to VSR for
10 min and to 13.7 m.r.d. in that subjected to VSR for 20 min.), resulting
in a more homogeneous distribution of texture intensities in the case of
the VSR process for 10 or 20 min, exclusive of VAT of 5 min (21.1 m.r.d.).
This finding occurs because cold working (mechanical vibration) will be
performed in the AZ31 Mg alloys before RSR. In conclusion, low elonga-
tion, plastic anisotropy, and poor formability are attributed to the strong
basal texture in AZ31 Mg alloys, whereas more random and weaker tex-
tures can enhance formability [27]. The VSR process for SCBVS is able to
weaken the strong basal textures of AZ31 Mg alloys and is valuable in
the enhancement of their formability.
The XRD profiles reveal that the section at point A of these speci-
mens subjected to VSR for various VATs consists of Mg, and all of the
specimens have a preference for the (0002) orientation in Fig. 4,
Fig. 3. The relationships between residual stress in the stress concentration zone at point A
and the maximum texture density for pole figure (0002) near the ND under various vibra-
tional aging time conditions. Note that the linear contour scale with pole densities is given
in multiples of a random distribution (m.r.d.) for the TD, RD, and ND.
251
which also shows the ratio of intensity (denoted as, I(0002)/I(1010),
I(0002)/I(10 1 2), I(0002)/I(10 1 3), I(0002)/I(11 2 2), and I(0002)/
I(0004)), which varies as a function of VAT. Higher intensity ratios cor-
respond to the (0002) orientation of the specimens being more pre-
ferred. It is apparent that all types of intensity ratio increase first
(excluding the I(0002)/I(0004) ratio) and then decrease with an in-
crease in VAT. This result appears to be consistent with the texture
intensity and the RSR results (Fig. 3). In Fig. 4, after VSR for 20 min,
the specimens exhibit the highest ratio of those subjected to VSR for
the other VATs (0, 5, 10 min) except for the I(0002)/I(0004) ratio,
resulting in the weakening of the (0002) preferred orientation. In par-
ticular, the I(0002)/I(0004) ratio almost remains constant (~ 19) be-
cause the (0002) and (0004) planes are parallel to each other (the
interplanar spacing d(0002) is precisely twice as long as d(0004)). These
results indicate that the VSR method was successful in eliminating the
stronger tendency for the crystallites in a texture to be oriented more
one way, or one set of ways, than all others. That is, some of (0002) pre-
ferred orientation grains were converted into other preferred orienta-
tion grains during VSR for 10 or 20 min.
3.3. Analysis of Debye–Scherrer ring
Due to the maximum variability of the I(0002)/I(1122) ratio from
Fig. 4, diffraction intensity variation in 3D-DSRs of (1122) was applied
to analyze the structural changes and residual stresses in AZ31 Mg al-
loys via the VSR process. The 3D-DSRs and the linear plot of εa versus
cosα for AZ31 Mg alloys using the VSR technique for various VATs are
presented in Fig. 5a, b, c, and d. As observed from the 3D-DSRs in
Fig. 5a and b, the intensity is unevenly distributed along the circumfer-
ence of the DSR. The obvious textures of the specimens are revealed by
the distinct intensity along these DSRs [28]. On the basis of the oscilla-
tory εa versus cosα curves (Fig. 5a and b), the gradation appearance of
the intensity appears due to the occurrence of greater differences in
the residual stress, exhibiting similar principles [29]. Accordingly, the
standard deviations of the residual stress for non-vibration and a VAT
of 5 min result in a higher range than those pertaining to VATs of 10
and 20 min, as shown in Fig. 3. Note that the residual stress should be
given as a range of values rather than a single value because the diam-
eter of spot size of the Cr Kα radiation being approximately 2 mm. As
displayed in Fig. 5c and d, after VSR for 10 or 20 min, the phenomenon
of the RSR within the grains leads to continuous and more perfect 3D-
DSRs, revealing a more randomly oriented polycrystalline material.
Moreover, Fig. 3 reveals that the relatively low standard deviations of
residual stress for VATs of 10 and 20 min are attributed to the almost
linear εa versus cosα curves (in Fig. 5c and d), meaning that the calcula-
tion of the residual stress is nearly consistent with the theoretical value.
It is plausible that vibrational stress excitation is responsible for the
nearly perfect 3D-DSR (more random orientation) as well as the low
standard deviations (minor stress range; more uniform CRSs) of the
cold-rolled AZ31 in the SCZ via the VSR technique. In addition to the de-
velopment of 3D-DSR, compressive residual stress relaxation, the weak-
ening of texture, and conversion of the (0002) preferred orientation
occurred simultaneously.
4. Conclusions
Based on the investigations into the RSR (by means of the cosα meth-
od for stress calculation) and texture evolution of the rolled AZ31 Mg
alloy specimens via the VSR process for 0, 5, 10, 20 min, the following
conclusions were drawn:
● An emerging VSR technique regarding SCBVS can be used to achieve
the uniformity of the SRS distribution and relaxation of the CRSs in
the SCZ instead of relieving all the residual stresses (a decrease in
the CRSs of the SCZ and an increase in the CRSs of the other zones,
excluding the SCZ).
252 J.-S. Wang et al. / Materials Characterization 99 (2015) 248–253

Fig. 4. The intensity ratios I(0002)/I(1010), I(0002)/I(1012), I(0002)/I(1013), I(0002)/I(1122), and I(0002)/I(0004) for ACR-AZ31 specimens as a function of vibrational aging time orig-
inating from this XRD profile.

Fig. 5. 3D-Debye–Scherrer ring of (1122) diffraction and of the linear plot of εa versus cosα obtained from ACR-AZ31 specimens using the cosα method: (a) without VSR and with VSR for
(b) 5 min, (c) 10 min, and (d) 20 min.
 J.-S. Wang et al. / Materials Characterization 99 (2015) 248–253
● The VSR process for VAT of more than 10 min can make the strong
basal textures of AZ31 Mg alloys weakened and their formability im-
proved.
● The VSR process can be applied to weaken a strong (0002) preferred
orientation due to the transformation of the grain orientation during
VSR for 10 or 20 min.
● The vibrational stress excitation results in a nearly perfect 3D-DSR
(more random orientation) of the cold-rolled AZ31 in the SCZ via
the VSR process for 10 or 20 min.
● Perfection of 3D-DSR, compressive residual stress relaxation, the
weakening of texture, and transformation of (0002) preferred orien-
tation occurred simultaneously. Furthermore, the residual stress,
texture density, and (0002) preferred orientation exhibit the same
tendency (all of these parameters increase first and then decrease
with the increase in VAT).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the National Science Council Taiwan,
R.O.C. for financial support under project number NSC 102-2221-E-005-
028-MY3.
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