MOTIVATION

Basics of Psychology

Motivation Motivation systems

Primary and secondary motivation systems (Murray)
• It represents the reasons for people's
primary: biologocal basic, unconscious, physiological
actions, desires, and needs. processes
• Motivation can also be defined as one's 1. Homeostatic systems: secure to personal survive
direction to behavior. • hunger
• thirst
• temperature control
2. Non-homeostatic systems: secure to species’ survive
• sexuality
• parental care
secondary: psychological basic
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Homeostatic motivations Non-homeostatic motivations

Hull’s Drive-reduction theory – Sexuality
The strength of the drive increases if it is not satisfied • Hormonal regularity among animals
Upon satisfying a drive the drive's strength is reduced.
• Cognitive process among people
– Ideal statment, value
– Real statment, value – Parental care
– Comparing these values • Hormonal regularity with learned
– Difference between ideal and real value cause stress, behavioral
drive • Imre Hermann’s clinging instinct
– Drive is the basic of the motivation to do something • Harlow’s Cloth/Wire Mother Experiment
– If you decrease this difference by your behavior, you
will be satified 5 6

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 Attechment theories
1. Bowlby: Nature of the Child's Tie to his
Mother
The universal tendency for humans to
attach, to seek closeness to another
person and to feel secure when that
person is present.
2. Hermann’s Clinging instinct
3. Harlow’s Cloth/Wire Mother Experiment
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Harlow’s Cloth/Wire Mother
Experiment
9 behavior
Non-homeostatic, non-
humanspecific motivations
– Prosocial behavior = altruistic behavior
(Why wictimizes itself the animal for the
survive of an other animal? Closer-more
frequent)
– Curiosity
• A strong desire to know or learn something
• Non-humanspecific
• Exploring environment
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Bowlby: Nature of the Child's Tie
to his Mother
• Mother follows the child or inversely
• Incraises the chance of survive
• English rich, wealthy vs African poor
parents
• Psychological development, self-esteem,
self-confidence vs. anxiety
• Nurse vs. child is tied to mother’body
Harlow’s Cloth/Wire Mother Experiment
Attachement among Resus monkeys
• At the time of eating, the monkey clinging to wire
mother, but at all other times the monkey clinging to
cloth mother.
• The effect of danger the monkey runs to cloth mother
Other results:
• These monkeys can’t learne the normal social behavior,
became aggressive member of tribe, and wrong
(neglectful or aggressive) parent
Conclusions:
• Attachment is an inborn motivation
• The basic of the attachment isn’t the hunger
• Attachment is an independent motivation
• Parental care is a partially learned motivation and
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Humanspecific motivations
The goals direct me and not the cause, the
disequilirium, the deficit
Types:
– Competency (White) – I have effect to the
envinronment
– Self-determination (Rotter) – I control my life
– Achievement
– Self-actualization
– Aesthetic needs
– Creative motivations
– Self-trancendence 12
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 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
(1954, 1970) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
• The needs are organized in a hierarchy.
• A higher need isn’t important for the person until
a lower need isn’t satisfied.
Self-trancendence
self-actualization • If everyone is a unique miracle and basically
esteem good, why we see wars and human
love/belonging aggression?
safety
• Because the fact is, that human is basically
phisiological
good, but isn’t relation with his inside goodness,
has got stuck and fixed in a level.
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Examples
• In a war you are not interested in esteem
and self-actualization. If you have to eat
and drink, this is the most important
needs.
• A paranoid person doesn’t feel himself in
safety.
Paradox.
• Ghandi ate, drunk only goat milk. He didn’t
have any desire for esteem.
• If a level is satisfied basically once, you
pass this level, this isn’t important for you
anymore.

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Questions
• List homeostatic motivations!
• List humanspecific motivations!
• List non-homeostatic and non-
humanspecific motivations!
• Which are the main conclusions of
Harlow’s Cloth/Wire Mother Experiment?
• Show Maslow’s hiearchy of needs!

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