LINE FOLLOWER WITH QUADAMP

RANDALL JOSEPH RAZEEN AHMED THARUN JAGADEESH

CB.EN.U4EEE17046 CB.EN.U4EEE17046 CB.EN.U4EEE17056
AMRITA UNIVERSITY AMRITA UNIVERSITY AMRITA UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE,INDIA COIMBATORE,INDIA COIMBATORE, INDIA

ABSTRACT:
The Project as the name suggests is a “LINE FOLLOWER WITH QUAD AMP” It consists of a integrator circuit, comparator circuit,
bridge circuit. It works on all the principles of these circuits. The duty cycle due to the value of the variable resistor (LDR) is the
major factor in this project.

COMPONENTS USED:
1. Resistors: 220 (2), 1K (2), 15K (1), 33K (1), 47K (2), and 100K (1)
2. Trimpots: 100K (2)
3. Two Light Dependent Resistor (dark above 100KOhm and below 5KOhm on bright light intensity)
4. Capacitors: 47uF/16v (1) and 0.1uF (5)
5. Diodes: 1N4148 (2)
6. High Intensity 3 mm blue Light Emitting Diode (2)
7. Optional 5 mm auto flash RGB LED with 330 Ohm resistor for the power indicator
8. Transistors: BC639 (2)
9. IC: National Semiconductor LM324 Quad Operational Amplifier (1)
10. DC Motor: Solarbotics GM2 Geared DC motor with Wheel (2)
11. Prototype Board: 52 x 38 mm for main board and 50 x 15 mm for sensors
12. 3xAA Battery holder
13. CD/DVD ROM (2)
14. Plastic Beads and Paper Clip for the castor (the third wheel)
15. Bolt, Nuts, Double Tape and Standard Electrical Tape for the black line

SIMULATION:

The initial simulation was conducted with the help OF NI MULTISIM . MULTISIM is industry-standard
SPICE simulation and circuit design software for analog, digital, and power electronics in education and
research. The simulation / project can be separated into two parts. The first part consists of an integrator
circuit .The circuit of our simulation has been displayed below .

The below Screen capture consists of the output of the first stage of our project (i.e) Intergratorcircuit . the
intergrator circuit converts the square waves to triangular waves .
The Square wave is the output of the first Op amp which acts as the input for the Second Op amp (
INTERGRATOR)

The second part of the circuit consists of a two comparator , one for each motor . The output (i.e The
triangle waves) are fed in as input in the second stage . Depending on the value of the variable resistor , the
value of current that flows into the motor thereby causing a change in direction .
The next part of the simulations were done with the help of Protheus software in order to design the
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD . Below is the screen capture of the proteus pdf that was used in the process
of PCB building .

WORKING :
The process of working has already been explained to a certain extent with the help of the simulation . But
there are still certain aspects are left untouched .
LDR- The most common type of LDR has a resistance that falls with an increase in the light intensity falling
upon the device .

We use LDR in our project of a line follower because the objective is that the robot must move along the
black strip . this is made possible because of the property of spectrum which states that white reflects and
black doesn’t .therbycausinf a change in resistance which therby causes a change in speed of the motor
.Some of the outputs for different values of the resistance has been explained below
Circuit diagram

Working (Block diagram )