CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I

PHILIPPINE LAW SCHOOL

AY 2019-2020 (First Semester)
Atty. Ronald Ray K. San Juan

PART I – INTRODUCTION: CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES

AND STATE POLICIES

I. JUDICIAL REVIEW

Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch (5 U.S.) 137, 2 L.Ed 60 (1803)

Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936)
Avelino v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-2821, 4 March 1949

Requisites
Tiojanco, Bryan Dennis G., Stilted Standards of Standing, the
Transcendental Importance Doctrine, and the Non-Preclusion
Policy They Prop, 86 PHIL. L.J. 606 (2012)

David v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, 3 May 2006

Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services, Inc., G.R. No. 167614, 4
March 2009
Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tanon
Strait v. Sec. Reyes, G.R. No. 180771, 21 April 2015
Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, 30 July 1993
Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895, 15 June 2004

Interpretation
Tiojanco & San Juan, Importing Proportionality Through
Legislation: A Philippine Experiment, PROPORTIONALITY IN
ASIA, Cambridge University Press (pending review)

Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284

Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol ng mga
Manggagawang Pilipino, 160261, 10 November 2003

Unconstitutionality; Effect
Planters Products Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, G.R. No. 166006,
14 March 2008
Araullo v. Aquino III, G.R. No. 209287, 1 July 2014
 II. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

National Territory

Article I
Article XII, §2

Principles

Article II, §1 – Rule of Law

Tiojanco, Bryan Dennis G., The Philippine People Power Constitution:
Social Cohesion through Integrated Diversity, PLURALIST
CONSTITUTIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, Hart Publishing (2019).
Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, G.R. No. 183591, 14 October
2008
Magallona v. Ermita, G.R. No. 187167, 6 August 2011

Article II, §2 – Incorporation Clause

Kuroda v. Jalandoni, G.R. No. L-2662, 26 March 1949
Pharmaceutical & Health Care Association of the Philippines v.
Duque III, G.R. No. 173034, 9 October 2007

Article II, §3 – Civilian Supremacy Clause

Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, 15
August 2000
Gudani v. Senga, G.R No. 170165, 15 August 2006

Article II, §4 – Prime Duty of the Government

Article II, §5 – Enjoyment of Democracy

Article II, §6 – Separation of Church & State

Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-02-1651, 4 August 2003
Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-02-1651, 22 June 2006
Re: Letter of Tony Q. Valenciano, Holding of Religious Rituals at
the Hall of Justice Building in Quezon City, A.M. No. 10-4-19-SC, 7
March 2017
State Policies

Article II, §7 – Independent Foreign Policy

Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, 10 October 2000
Saguisag v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, 12 January 2016 & 26 July
2016

Article II, §8 – Freedom from Nuclear Weapons

Article II, §9 – Just and Dynamic Social Order

Article II, §10 – Social Justice, c.f. Article XIII, §§1-2

Article II, §11 – Human Dignity, c.f. Article XIII, §§17-19

Article II, §12 – Sanctity of Family Life, c.f. Article XV

Article II, §13 – Role of Youth

Article II, §14 – Role of Women, c.f. Article XIII, §14

Saudia v. Rebesencio, G.R. No. 198587, 14 January 2015

Article II, §15 – Right to Health, c.f. Article XIII, §§11-13

Article II, §16 – Balanced & Healthful Ecology

Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, 30 July 1993
MMDA v. Concerned Residents of Manila Bay, G.R. No. 171947, 18
December 2008

Article II, §17 – Priority Sectors, c.f. Article XIV, §14

Cudia v. Superintendent of PMA, G.R. No. 211362, 24 February
2015

Article II, §18 – Labor, c.f. Article II, §3

Hongkong Bank Independent Labor Union v. Hongkong and
Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, G.R. No. 218390, 28
February 2018

Article II, §19 & 20 – Self-reliant & Independent National Economy

c.f. Article XII
Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 122156, 3 February 1997
Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, 2 May 1997
Article II, §21 – Rural Development & Agrarian Reform, c.f. Article XIII,
§§4-10

Article II, §22 – Indigenous Cultural Communities

Cruz v. Secretary of Environment & Natural Resources, 347 SCRA
128
Carino v. Insular Government, 212 U.S. 449 (1909)

Article II, §23 – People’s Organizations, c.f. Article XIII, §§15-16

Article II, §24 – Communication & Information

Article II, §25 – Local Autonomy, c.f. Article X

Article II, §26 & 27– Public Service

Article II, §28 – Full Public Disclosure

Legaspi v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No. L-72119, 29 May
1987

PART II – CITIZENSHIP & SUFFRAGE

III. CITIZENSHIP

Article IV
Republic Act No. 8171 (1995)
Republic Act No. 9225 (2003)
Go v. Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 202809, 2 July 2014
Tecson v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 161434, 3 March
2004
Bengzon III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, 7 May 2001
Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, 8 March 2016
Coquilla v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 151914, 31 July 2002
Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630
Labo v. COMELEC, 176 SCRA 1 (1989)
Frivaldo v. COMELEC, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)
Sobejana-Condon v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 198742, 10 August 2012

IV. SUFFRAGE

Article V
Republic Act No. 9189, as amended by R.A. No. 10590
 Gallego v. Vera, 73 Phil. 453 (1941)
Romualdez v. RTC, 226 SCRA 408, 415 (1993)
AKBAYAN v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318 (2001)
Ceniza v. COMELEC, 95 SCRA 703 (1980)
Gonzales v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-40117, 22 February 1975
Macalintal v. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 614 (2003)

PART III – STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT

U.S. v. Dorr, 2 Phil. 332 (1903)

Co Cham v. Valdez, 75 Phil. 113 (1945)
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 104768, 21 July 2003 –

Immunity from suit

Republic v. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424 (1987)
Meritt v. Government of the Phil. Island, 34 Phil. 311 (1916)
Arigo v. Swift, G.R. No. 206510, 16 September 2014

Inherent Powers of the State: Police Power, Taxation & Eminent Domain
Rubi v. Provincial Board, 39 Phil. 660 (1919)
Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 (1979)
People v. Siton, 600 SCRA 476
Mactan Cebu International Airport Authority v. Marcos, G.R. No.
120082, 11 September 1996
Gerochi v. Department of Energy, G.R. No. 159796, 17 July 2007
Eslaban, Jr. v. De Onorio, G.R. No. 146602, 28 June 2001
Telecommunications and Broadcast Attorneys of the Philippines
v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 132922, 21 April 1998

V. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Article VI, §1 – Legislative Power

Government of the Philippine Islands v. Springer, G.R. No. L-
26969, 1 April 1927
Springer v. Government of the Philippine Islands, 277 U.S. 189
(1928); Holmes dissenting

Article VI, §§2-9 – Membership

Aldaba v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 188078, 25 January
2010 & 15 Marhc 2010
Mariano v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 118577, 7 March
1995
 Tobias v. Abalos, G.R. No. L-114783, 8 December 1994
BANAT v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 179271, 21 April
2009
Atong Paglaum, Inc. v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No.
203766, 2 April 2013
Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No.
190582, 8 April 2010

Article VI, §§10-14 – Privileges & Immunities

Jimenez v. Cabangbang, G.R. No. L-15905, 3 August 1966
Osmena v. Pendatun, G.R. No. L-17144, 28 October 1960
Pobre v. Defensor-Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, 25 August 2009
Adaza v. Pacana, G.R. No. L-68159, 18 March 1985
Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, 15 July 2009 & 18 January 2011

Article VI, §§15-16 – Organization

Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, 18 November 1998
Avelino v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-2821, 4 March 1949
Baguilat, Jr. v. Alvarez, G.R. No. 227757, 25 July 2017
Abas Kida v. Senate, G.R. No. 196271, 18 October 2011
United States v. Pons, G.R. No. L-11530, 12 August 1916
Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, G.R. No. L-1123, 5 March 1947
Casco Philippine Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, G.R. No. L-17931, 28
February 1963
Astorga v. Villegas, G.R. No. L-23475, 30 April 1974
Arroyo v. de Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, 14 August 1997

Article VI, §§17-19 – Electoral Tribunals & Commission on

Appointments
Abbas v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 83767, 27 October
1988
Bondoc v. Pineda, G.R. No. 97110, 26 September 1991
Limkaichong v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 179120, 1 April
2009
Ongsiako-Reyes v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 207264, 22 October 2013;
Brion dissenting
Daza v. Singson, G.R. No. 86344, 21 December 1989
Coseteng v. Mitra, G.R. No. 86649, 12 July 1990
Guingona, Jr. v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 106971, 20 October 1992

Article VI, §§21-22 – Legislative Inquiries

Arnault v. Nazareno, G.R. No. L-3820, 18 July 1950
 Bengzon, Jr. v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, G.R. No. 89914,
20 November 1991
Standard Chartered Bank v. Senate Committee on Banks,
Financial Institutions and Currencies, G.R. No. 167173, 27
December 2007
Garcillano v. House of Representatives Committees, G.R. No.
179338, 23 December 2008
Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, 20 April 2006

Article VI, §§23 –Emergencies

Araneta v. Dinglasan, G.R. No. L-2044, 16 August 1949

Article VI, §§24-29 – Appropriations

Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No. 115455, 25 August
1994 & 30 October 1995
Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works, G.R. No. L-10405, 29
December 1960
Garcia v. Mata, G.R. No. L-33713, 30 July 1975
Demetria v. Alba, G.R. No. 71977, 27 February 1987
Belgica v.Ochoa, G.R. No. 208566, 19 November 2013
Araullo v. Aquino III, G.R. No. 209287, 1 July 2014 & 3 February
2015

VI. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Article VII, §1– Executive Power

Marcos v. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, 27 October 1989
Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission of 2010, G.R. No.
192935, 7 December 2010
Neri v. Senate, G.R. No. 180643, 25 March 2008
AKBAYAN v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, 16 July 2008

Article VII, §§2-7 – Qualifications and Elections: President & Vice-

President
Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, 23
November 2010
Pormento v. Estrada, G.R. No. 191099, 21 August 2010

Article VII, §§8-12 – Vacancies & Disabilities

Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710, 2 March 2001

Article VII, §§13 – Conflicts of Interest

 Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, 22
February 1991
Funa v. Ermita, G.R. No. 184740, 11 February 2010
Funa v. Agra, G.R. No. 191644, 19 February 2013
Betoy v. Board of Directors, G.R. No. 156556, 4 October 2011

Article VII, §§14-15 – Temporary and Midnight Appointments

De Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. No. 191002, 17 March
2010

Article VII, §16 – Appointment Clause

Sarmiento v. Mison, G.R. No. 79974, 17 December 1987
Matibag v. Benipayo, G.R. No. 149036, 2 April 2002

Article VII, §17– Power of Control and the Take Care Clause
Villena v. Secretary of Interior, G.R. No. L-46570, 21 April 1939
Gonzales III v. Office of the President, G.R. No. 196231, 4
September 2012 & 28 January 2014
Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB v. Zamora, G.R. No. 142801, 10 July
2001

Article VII, §18– Commander in Chief Powers

David v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, 3 May 2006
Lagman v. Medialdea, G.R. No. 231658, 4 July 2017
Padilla v. Congress, G.R. No. 231671, 25 July 2017
Rodriguez v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 191805, 15
November 2011

Article VII, §19– Pardoning Power

Monsato v. Factoran, G.R. No. 78239, 9 February 1989
Risos-Vidal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 206666, 21 January 2015
Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, G.R. No. L-1278, 21 January 1949

Article VII, §20– Foreign Loans

Article VII, §21– Treaty Clause

Saguisag v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, 12 January 2016

VII. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Article VIII, §§1-2 – Judicial Power & Review

Muskrat v. United States, 219 U.S. 346 (1911)
 Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10
November 2003
Kilosbayan v. Morato, G.R. No. 118910, 16 November 1995
Garcia v. Board of Investments, G.R. No. 92024, 9 November
1990
Carpio Morales v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 217126, 10
November 2015
Municipality of Malabang v. Benito, G.R. No. L-28113, 28 March
1969

Article VIII, §§4-5 – Jurisdiction

Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No 131457, 19 August 1999
Firestone Ceramics v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 127022, 28 June
2000
De Lima v. Guerrero, G.R. No. 229781; Carpio & Caguioa,
dissenting

Article VIII, §6 – Administrative Supervision

Caoibes v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 132177, 19 July 2001

Article VIII, §7 – Qualifications

Article VIII, §§8-9 – Judicial and Bar Council (JBC)

Jardeleza v. Sereno, G.R. No. 213181, 19 August 2014
Aguinaldo v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 224302

Article VIII, §10 – Salary

Article VIII, §11 – Power to Discipline

People v. Gacott, G.R. No. 116049, 13 July 1995

Article VIII, §12 – Non-Judicial Functions

In re Manzano, A.M. No. 88-7-1861-RTC, 5 October 1998

Article VIII, §§13-15 – Decision-making

VIII. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

Article IX
Funa v. COA Chairman, G.R. No. 192791, 24 April 2012
Funa v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No. 191672, 25 November
2014
Medalla v. Sto. Tomas, 208 SCRA 351
 Francisco v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 230249, 24 April
2018
Funa v. Manila Economic and Cultural Office, G.R. No. 193462, 4
February 2014
Philippine Airlines v. COA, 245 SCRA 39
Petitioner-Organization v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 147036,
10 April 2012
Gamogamo v. PNOC Shipping and Transit Corporation, 381
SCRA 742
Lumanta v. NLRC, 170 SCRA 79

IX. LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Article X
Republic Act No. 11054 or the Bangsamoro Organic Law
Disomangcop v. DPWH Secretary, G.R. No. 149848, 25
Novermber 2004
Legaspi v. City of Cebu, G.R. No. 159110, 10 December 2013
Demaala v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 199752, 17 February
2015
Rama v. Moises, G.R. No. 197146, 6 December 2016
Cong. Mandanas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 199808, 3 July
2018

X. ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Article XI
San Juan & Tiojanco, Impeachment, Max Planck Encyclopedia of
Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford Constitutional Law (2016)

Fernando v. Honorable Commission on Audit En Banc, G.R. No.

214910, 13 February 2018
Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit na mga Manananggol ng mga
Manggagawang Pilipino, Inc., G.R. No. 160261, 10 November
2003
Gutierrez v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 193459, 15
February 2011
Sabio v. Field Investigation Office, Office of the Ombudsman, G.R.
No. 229882, 13 February 2018
Ifurung v. Carpio Morales in her capacity as Ombudsman, G.R.
No. 232131, 24 April 2018
Office of the Ombudsman v. Quimbo, G.R. No. 173277, 25
February 2015
 PART IV – AMENDMENTS AND REVISIONS

Article XVII
Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367
Imbong v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 28
Lambino v. COMELEC,
Occena v. Commission, 104 SCRA 1
Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774
Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677
Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33
Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702
Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30