Dr. O. D. Ninan's Guide to Computer Components & Input Devices

Component of Computer
System
Dr. O. D. NINAN
Computer Science and Engineering Department
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.
July, 2017.
Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

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Types of Computer
• There are three basic kinds of computers.
• based on the hardware structure and the way physical quantities are
represented .
• 1. Analog computers. 2. Digital Computers. 3. . Hybrid computers.
• Analog computers are used to process analog data.
• It measures continuous changes in some physical quantity
• Such type of data includes temperature, pressure, speed, weight, voltage, depth etc.
These quantities are continuous and having an infinite variety of values
• . Analog computers are widely used for certain specialized engineering and
scientific applications,
• for calculation and measurement of analog quantities.
• Analog computers do not require any storage capability because they measure and
compare quantities in a single operation.
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• Digital Computers
• work with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbols.
• digital computers process information which is based on the presence or the absence
of a binary digit (0, 1).
• The results of digital computers are more accurate than the results of analog
computers.
• Analog computers are faster than digital.
• Digital computers store information.
• Digital computers count and analog computers measures.
• Hybrid is a combination of digital and analog computers.

• It combines the best features of both types of computers.
• It has the speed of analog computer and the memory and accuracy of digital computer.
• are used mainly in specialized applications where both kinds of data need to be
processed.
• process both continuous and discrete data.
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• A computer system comprises of two major components –
Hardware and Software.
• The physical and tangible parts of a computer are called hardware.
• It includes the devices such as
keyboard, mouse, monitor, printers, motherboard,
memory chips, electronic circuitry, expansion cards,
cables, switches and everything you can touch and feel.

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Some common hardware that you’ll find inside a computer:
• Motherboard Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Random Access Memory (RAM) Power Supply
• Video Card Hard Drive
• Optical Drive (i.e. BD/DVD/CD drive) Sound Card
• Network Interface Card (NIC) Analog Modem
• FireWire/USB Expansion Card.
Some common hardware that you might find connected to the outside of a
computer:
• Keyboard Mouse Printer Scanner
• Speakers Monitor
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Input Devices
• A unit of computer system that brings data and instruction into the
computer. It accepts data or instruction given by user and converts into
machine readable code if required.

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• The term input is used to describe the process of capturing or collecting raw
data, at the beginning of computer based information system, in to a form
that is usable by the computer for processing.
• Keyboard and mouse are the most popular input unit devices.
• Other devices of this unit are: light pen, joystick, tracker ball, microphone,
scanners, sensors, graphic tablet, touch screen etc.
• Keyboard
• A computer key board is an electromechanical component designed to create
specialized electronic codes (scan codes) when a key is pressed.
• These codes are transmitted along the cables to computer system unit or
terminal, where it is analyzed and converted in to the appropriate computer
usable code.

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• Keyboards have five distinct groups of keys:
Standard type writer keys: resembles a typewriter
Function keys: The top row keys from F1 to F10 or F12
Cursor movement keys: Arrow keys, Home, End, PageUp, PageDown
Numeric keys: a keypad at the right to make it easy to enter numbers
Special purpose keys: Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Del, Insert.
• Types of Keyboard
1. PC/XT, 2. PC/AT, 3. Enhanced and 4. Windows

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• PC/XT (Stands for eXtended Technology) keyboards have 83 keys, function
keys (F1 to F10) are arranged on left hand side. These keyboards are not
compatible with AT keyboards (that means you can’t use them in AT
computers).
• PC/AT (Advanced Technology) contains 84 keys. SysRq (System Request) key

was introduced. Indicator LEDs for Caps, Scroll and NUM lock are used in AT
keyboards.

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• Enhanced keyboards have 101 to 106 keys based on different language
layout.
• Windows Keyboards contained 104 to 109 keys based on different language
layouts. Win key and Menu key are the addition on the Windows Keyboards.
Windows Enhanced Keyboard

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Mouse
• A mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a
display screen. A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard or flat
surface. Its name is derived from its shape, which looks like a mouse, its
connecting wire that one can imagine to be the mouse tail;
• As you move the mouse, the pointer on the display screen moves in the same
direction. Mice contain two or three buttons, which have different functions
depending on what program is running.
• Some newer mice also include a scroll wheel for scrolling through long
documents.

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• There are three types of mouse: Mechanical, Opto-Mechanical and Optical.
• Mechanical mouse has a ball on its underside and sensors detect the direction
of ball movement to move the cursor on the screen.
• Optomechanical mouse are similar to mechanical mouse but they have
optical sensors instead of balls in it.
• Optical mouse uses laser to detect the mouse movement.
• Looking at how a mouse is connected to computer, we can find three types of
mouse:
• Serial Mouse, Serial mouse connect through RS-232C serial port and it is the
simplest of connection.
• PS/2 Mouse, PS/2 mouse connect through PS/2 port and
• USB Mouse. USB Mouse connect through USB port.
• Cordless mouse (wireless mouse) connects to the computer through infrared
or radio wave to communicate with computer
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Scanner
• A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters,
magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. The
recognition technology can recognize the text and marks present on the
scanned image and convert them into editable form.
• Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in, and flatbed types and for scanning
black-and-white only, or color.
• Scanners usually come with software, such as Adobe’s Photoshop product,
that lets you resize and otherwise modify a captured image.
• Different scanner technology are OCR, OMR, BCR and MICR .

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• OMR Technology
• The OMR technology allows user to read the check boxes – that is the sign
affixed in predefined spaces. This technology useful to automate the marking
of objective exams. Specialized software along with OMR can completely
automate the checking, marking and tabulating the exam papers.
Different marks OMR can read

ICR Technology
ICR technology used to recognize manuscript data in unconstrained or

constrained mode when there is usually space among characters. It can be used
to enter the forms directly into the computer. CSC221 2016/2017.
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• BCR Technology
• The BCR technology allows the recognition of bar codes printed on retail
products, as well as, decoding their content.
• OCR Technology
• It’s the recognition technology for printed and typed texts

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• MICR Technology
• MICR technology used to identify the text written by magnetic ink.
Magnetic ink is a special type of ink that contains iron particles dissolved in
ink. MICR magnetizes the writing and scan it accurately. It used to verify the
signatures in bank checks.
• CHR Technology
• It allows user to read manuscript data in cursive written (natural writing not
in capital letters)

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Output Devices
• A unit of computer system that sends information out of the computer
• the unit of computer system that provides the result of processing to the
users is output unit.
• This unit receives information from CPU and converts into suitable human
readable form. Monitor, Plotter, Printer, Projector, Speaker etc. are output
devices.
• Monitors
• A computer monitor is also called display screen or visual display unit (VDU).
• Text and Images are displayed on monitors by individual dots called pixels
• A pixel is the smallest unit on the screen. The density of dots determines the
clarity of the images – known as resolution.
• A screen resolution 1024 x 768 means that it has 1024 dots in one line and
768 lines in one screen. Another measure of display resolution is a dot pitch.
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• There are two types of monitors – cathode-ray tubes (CRT) and flat panel display.
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors
• A cathode ray tube (CRT) is a specialized vacuum tube in which images are produced
when an electron beam strikes a phosphorescent surface.
• CRT monitors are of two types – monochrome and color.
• Monochrome Monitors
• Monochrome monitors have only two colors – one for background and other for the
foreground (text). The colors can be white, amber or green on a dark background.
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• A monochrome monitor was very common in the early days of computing, from the
1960s through the 1980s until color monitors became popular.
• They are still widely used in applications such as computerized cash
register systems.
• Color Monitors
• A color monitor is a display peripheral that displays more than two colors.
• Color monitors implement the RGB color model by using three different phosphors
that appear red, green, and blue when activated.
• By placing the phosphors directly next to each other, and activating them with
different intensities, color monitors can create an unlimited number of colors.
• Color display technology have been developed through following paths:
• CGA stands for Color Graphics Adapter. It is a circuit board introduced by IBM and
the first graphics standard for the IBM PC. With a CGA monitor, it is harder to read
than with a monochrome monitor because the CGA supports much fewer pixels. It
supports 4 colors.
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• EGA It stands for Enhanced Graphics Adapter. EGA is a video display standard
that has a resolution of 640 by 350 pixels and supports 16 colors. EGA
supports previous display modes and requires a new monitor.
• VGA:
• VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. This is a video display standard that
provides medium to high resolution. In a text mode, the resolution of this
board is 720 by 400 pixels. It supports 16 colors with a higher resolution of 640
by 480 pixels and 256 colors with 320 x 200 pixels.
• Super VGA:
• This is a very high resolution standard that displays up to 65,536 colors.
• Super VGA can support a 16.8 million colors at 800 by 600 pixels and 256
colors at 1024 by 768 pixels.
• VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) has set a standard for super
VGA. Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• Flat Panel Displays
• Portable computers such as a lap top use flat panel displays, because they
are more compact and consume less power than CRTs. A Flat panel display
LCD Monitor is shown.

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Printers
• A printer is an output device that produces a hard copy of data on to a paper.
The resolution of printer output is expressed as DPI (Dots per inch).
• Printers can be classified into different types in several ways. There are three
types of printers based on the way they print:
• Serial Printers
• Serial printers are also called a character printer. They print a single character at
a time. They are usually inexpensive and slow.
• Line Printers
• Line printers can print one line at a time. They are expensive and very fast
• Page Printers
• Page printers can print one whole page at a time. Page printers are also called a
laser printer because they usually use a laser to produce page images. The print
quality of these printers is Dr.the best.
O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• Similarly, there are two types of printers based on the use of a hammer.
• Impact Printers
• Impact printers use a hammer or pin to hit the carbon ribbon. This forms characters or dots to print
images on the paper. Because these printers hit the paper it produces sound and thus they are
noisy. Dot-matrix and daisy-wheel printers are the examples of Impact Printers.
• Nonimpact Printers
• Non-impact printers do not touch paper to produce printout. They do not have the hammer and do
not hit. The examples of non-impact printer are ink-jet, laser printer, thermal printers and so on.
• There are two types of printers based on how they form characters.
• Bit-Mapped Printers
• Images are formed from groups of dots and can be placed anywhere on the page. They have many
printing options and good printing quality. They use PostScript as a standard language for
instructing a microcomputer.
• Character-based Printers
• These printers print characters into the lines and columns of a page. These printers use predefined
set of characters and are restricted in position of characters.
• Microcomputers use five kinds of printers. They are daisy wheel printers, chain printers, dot-matrix
printers, ink-jet printers, and laser printers.
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• Daisy Wheel Printer
• Daisy-Wheel is a printer mechanism that uses any kind of hub (wheel)
having a set of spokes at the margin of the hub. The wheel can be removed
to use a different character set. Daisy-Wheel Printer prints typewriter-like
characters. They are slower and less reliable than dot-matrix printers.
• Chain Printer
• A chain printer uses a printing mechanism that uses character typefaces
linked together in a chain.
• This printer is not commonly found around microcomputers, because it is a
very expensive, high-speed machine designed originally for mainframes and
minicomputers.
• Chain printers are very reliable and can speed up to 3000 lines per minute.

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• Dot-Matrix Printer
• Dot-matrix printers are printers that write characters and form graphic
images using one or two columns of tiny dots on a print head. The dot
hammer moving serially across the paper strikes an inked-ribbon and creates
images on paper.
• They are used for tasks where a high-quality image is not essential.
• Several kinds of dot matrix printers are available with print heads that have
7, 9, 18, or 24 pins.

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• Ink-Jet Printer
• Ink-jet is a printer mechanism that sprays one or more color of ink at high
speed onto the paper and produces high-quality printing. This printer also
produces color printing as well as high-quality image. Ink-jet printing has two
methods: Continuous stream method and drop-on- demand method.
• Laser Printer
• A laser printer is a printer that uses the electrophotograpic method used in a
copy machine. The printer uses a laser beam light source to create images on a
photographic drum. Then the images on the drum are treated with a
magnetically charged toner and are transferred onto a paper. A heat source is
usually applied to make the images adhere.
• In 1984, Hewlett-Packard introduced the first desktop laser printer, called the
LaserJet.
• The laser printer produces high-resolution letters and graphics quality images,
so it is adopted in applications requiring high-quality output.
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• Plotters
• A plotter is a special-purpose output device that draws images with ink pens.
It is a graphics printer for making sophisticated graphs, charts, maps, and
three-dimensional graphics as well as high-quality colored documents. It can
also produce larger size of documents.
• Plotters require data in a vector graphics format that can produce images with
a series of lines. There are two main types of plotters:
• Drum Plotter:
• This is a plotter that has a drum. A paper wraps the drum that rotates to
produce plots. Pens in a drum plotter move across the paper while the drum is
turning. A drum plotter is usually used to produce smaller drawings.
• Flatbed Plotter:
• This is a plotter that has a bed. This is also called a table plotter. The plotter
draws graphics on the paper placed on the bed. There are several size of beds.
This plotter is usually used for producing large drawings.
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System Unit
• System Unit is the main part of a microcomputer consisting processing unit
and devices. A system unit includes the parts such as Motherboard,
Microprocessor, Memory Chips, System Clock, Buses, Ports, Expansion Slots
and Cards. The system unit is housed within the system cabinet known as
chassis.

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• Motherboard
• A Motherboard or system board is the main circuit board of a microcomputer.
It contains the circuitry printed on a flat board.
• Motherboard connects microprocessor to all other parts of computer and
devices attached.
• Microprocessors, memory modules, BIOS chip, ROM chips, main memory
cards, system clock, display adapters, build-in VGA and NIC, AGP and PCI
expansion slots and ), the buses, and all the chips used for controlling the
peripheral devices.

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• Motherboard

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• Microprocessor
• A microprocessor is the main component of a microcomputer. It is a
processor whose elements are miniaturized into one or a few integrated
circuits contained in a single silicon microchip. Microprocessor executes
instructions. In a microcomputer, it is a single microchip to hold the central
processing unit (CPU). To function as a processor, it requires a system clock,
primary storage, and power supply.
• Microprocessor Capacity
• The capacity of a microprocessor chip is represented in word sizes. A word
size is the number of bits (e.g., 8, 16, or 32 bits) that a computer (CPU) can
process at a time.
• If word has more bits, the computer (CPU) is more powerful and faster. Eg., a
16-bit-word computer can access 2 bytes (1 byte = 8 bits) at a time, while a
32-bit-word computer can access 4 bytes at a time. Therefore, the 32-bit
computer is faster than the 16-bitCSC221 computer.
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• Microprocessor
• Memory Chips
• Primary memory is built into chips that can hold programs and data either
temporarily or permanently.
• Based on whether they can store data temporarily or permanently, there are
two types of memory chipsDr. O.–D.RAMs and
Ninan Computer ScienceROMs.
& Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• RAM Chips
• RAM stands for random-access memory. Random- access memory holds the
data or instructions that the CPU is presently processing. I
• t is a volatile memory chip meaning the data stored in RAM are temporary. It
is erased automatically after some time or when the power supply is cut off.
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• Types of RAM
• SRAM: Static random access memory can hold data as long as power supply
is provided.
• DRAM: Dynamic random access memory can hold data only for few
milliseconds. So it must be refreshed periodically.
• FPM DRAM: Fast page mode dynamic random access memory was the
original form of DRAM.
• EDO DRAM: Extended data-out dynamic random access memory does not
wait for all of the processing of the first bit before continuing to the next one.
• SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random access memory takes advantage of
the burst mode concept to greatly improve performance. SDRAM is about
five percent faster than EDO RAM and is the most common form in desktops
today.
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• DDR SDRAM: Double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM is just like SDRAM
except that is has higher bandwidth, meaning greater speed.
• VRAM: is a type of RAM used specifically for video adapters or 3-D
accelerators.
• Memory Modules
• Memory modules are the circuit board containing memory chips.
• SIMM:stands for single in-line memory module. allowed for up to 256 MB of
RAM.
• DIMM: dual in-line memory module (DIMM). DIMMs range in capacity from
8 MB to 1 GB per module.
• RIMM: Rambus in-line memory module(RIMM)
• SODIMM: small outline dual in-line memory module. . Capacity ranges from 16
MB to 1 GB per module.
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• ROM Chips
• ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is a memory chip that stores
instructions and data permanently. Its contents are placed into the ROM chip
at the time of manufacture and cannot be modified by the user.
• A CPU can read and retrieve the instructions and data from the ROM chip, but
it cannot change the contents in ROM.
• ROM chips usually contain special instructions for computer operations such
as ROM BIOS. Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.
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• PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• A permanent storage device that becomes a read-only memory after it is
written once by the customer rather than by the chip manufacturer. For
example, a software producer can write instructions onto the PROM using
special equipment.
• EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• EPROM is a reusable PROM-chip that can be erased by a special ultraviolet
light. EPROM holds its content until erased and new instructions can be
written on it.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):
• EEPROM-chip can be erased, either within a computer or externally, by
electric power.

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• EAPROM (Electrically Alterable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
• EAPROM is another type of PROM stands for electrically alterable
programmable read-only memory. This type of memory can be changed by the
computer using special high-current operations.
• System Clock
• The clock is a device that generates periodic, accurately spaced signals.
The system clock controls the speed of all the operations within a computer.
• The clock speed is the internal speed of a computer. The clock speed is
expressed in megahertzes (MHz). 33 MHz means 33 million cycles per second.
A computer processor’s speed is faster if it has higher clock speed.
• Expansion Slots
• Expansion slots are receptacles inside a system unit that printed circuit boards
(expansion boards) are plugged into
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• Expansion Slots
• Expansion Boards
• Expansion boards are also called expansion cards, controller cards, plug-in boards, adapter
cards, or interface cards. They are plugged into expansion slots.
• Expansion boards are connected to peripherals through ports located on the edge of
expansion boards.
• Expansion boards include memory expansion cards /O controller, video display card, sound
cards, communications cards, etc.
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• Ports

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• Ports
• A port is an external connecting socket on the outer side of the system unit.
This is a pathway into and out of the computer. A port lets users plug in
outside peripherals, such as monitors, scanners and printers.
• Serial Ports
• Serial ports are external I/O connectors used to attach modems, scanners or
other serial interface devices to the computer.
• Parallel Ports
• Parallel ports are external I/O connectors on a computer used to hook up
printers or other parallel interface devices.

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Storage Devices
• Storage Unit Devices
• Computers have two different types of storage – primary (temporary) storage
and secondary (permanent) storage. Secondary storage means external
storage. Storage device includes a magnetic disk, optical disk, magnetic tape
and others.
• Floppy Disks
• Floppy disks are removable, direct access storage media that are inserted into
floppy disk drive to read and write.
• Floppy disks are flat, circular pieces of Mylar plastic that rotate within a jacket
(protective cover). These are also called floppies, Diskettes or simply disks.
• The first floppies were of 8” in diameter. The two most common disks are
5 1/4-inch (5.25″) and 3 1/2-inch (3.5″).
• DS/DD (2S/2D) Disk: DS/DD means Double Sided Double Density. This is a
floppy disk recordedonboth of its sides (DS) and has twice the capacity of the
prior format (DD).
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• DS/HD Disk: DS/HD means Double Sided High Density. An HD disk has
increased storage capacity.
• Floppy Drives
• A floppy drive is a device used to read data from floppy disks and store data
inside it. Floppy drive grabs a disk at its center and spins it inside its plastic
jacket. A microcomputer usually has internal floppy drives inside the
computer cabinet, but it sometimes has external floppy drive, a separate
component outside the cabinet.
• Hard Disks (Hard Drives)
• A hard disk is a magnetic disk made of metal plates and covered with a
magnetic recording surface. Hard disks come in removable and fixed varieties
that hold from several hundreds of megabytes to several gigabytes. They
are tightly sealed to prevent any foreign matter (dust, moist) from getting
inside which causes head crash.
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• Internal Hard Disk
• Internal hard disk is made up of several metallic platters, a motor, an access
arm and read-write heads sealed inside a container.
• An internal hard disk is looked like a part of a system unit inside a computer
cabinet.
• External Hard-Disk Drives: This is a drive that is not built into the system
cabinet of microcomputers. External hard disk drives are treated as
peripherals.
• Optical Disks
• Optical disk is a disk written and read by laser beam. Optical disk does not
spin, or move access arms and read/write heads, because a laser beam can be
moved electronically. The capacity of the storage is considerably greater than
the magnetic disk.
• There are three forms of optical
Dr. O. D. Ninandisks . & Engineering Dept. OAU.
Computer Science
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• CD-ROM: CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) is an optical disk storage
that contains text, graphics and hi-fi stereo sound.
• A CD- ROM drive can read music CD, but a CD player cannot read CD-ROM.
CD-ROM is a read-only disk that cannot be written on or erased by the user.
• WORM: A WORM (write once, read many) disk is an optical disk that is
written on just once by the user and then cannot be overwritten.
• A WORM disk is ideal for use as archive because it can be read many times,
but the data cannot be erased.
• Magnetic Tape
• A magnetic tape is a tape coated with a magnetic material on which data can
be stored, usually used for a backup purpose.
• A magnetic tape is slower than direct access storage such as disk, because it is
a sequential access storage.
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Component of Computer

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

• Hybrid is a combination of digital and analog computers.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

• PC/AT (Advanced Technology) contains 84 keys. SysRq (System Request) key

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Windows Enhanced Keyboard

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

• Different scanner technology are OCR, OMR, BCR and MICR .

Different marks OMR can read

ICR technology used to recognize manuscript data in unconstrained or

• It’s the recognition technology for printed and typed texts

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

Dr. O. D. Ninan Computer Science & Engineering Dept. OAU.

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