SCIENCE

THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER

WHAT IS MATTER?
 Anything that has mass and volume.
MASS- measure of the amount of matter the object has.
VOLUME- measure of the space occupied by an object.
PROPERTIES- characteristics that describe a sample of matter
PROPERTIES OF MATTER:

EXTRINSIC PROPERTIES INTRISIVE PROPERTIES

1. VOLUME 1. BOILING AND MELTING POINT
2. MASS 2. COLOR
3. WIDTH 3. ODOR
4. LENGTH 4. DENSITY
5. HEIGHT 5. TASTE
6. WEIGHT 6. TEXTURE
7. DUCTIVITY AND MALLEABILTY
EXTRINSIC PROPERTIES- depends on the amount/mass of the material
INTRINSIVE PROPERTIES- Inherent/depends on the kind of material.
Leucippus and his disciple, Democritus:
CLASSIFICATION OF
PHASES -believed that nature consisted of two things,
“atoms and the void that surrounds them”
1. Solid
2. Liquid -“atoms are physically, but not geometrically,
indivisible.”
3. Gas
4. Plasma -atoms are indestructible and completely full, so
5. BEC (Bose- Einstein there is no empty space.
Condensate)

DEMOCRITUS:
ATOMOS- Indivisible “can’t be cut/divided”
JOHN DALTON:
-presented concrete evidence that all matter is made of very small particles called
atoms.
WHAT IS AN ATOM?
 smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of the element.
WHAT IS A MOLECULE?
 a particle consisting of two or more atoms combined together in a specific
arrangement.
ATOMS ARE MEASURED IN:
ANGSTROM: a unit of length equal to one ten millionth of a millimetre.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM):
-allows scientists to view and scan the surface of very small particles like atoms

SOLID PHASE
- particles are very close to one another.
ATTRACTIVE: Forces are very Strong
Two Types:
1. Amorphous Solids: Particles are randomly arranged.
2. Crystalline Solid: Particles are arranged in an orderly way.

LIQUID PHASE
- Particles are free to move.
ATTRACTIVE: Forces are Strong

GAS PHASE
- Fluids

GAS LIQUID SOLID

Particles can move past one Particles can slide past one Rigid- particles are lock into
another another space
Compressible Compressible Incompressble
Flows Easily Flows Easily Rigid/Doesn’t Flow Easily
No Definite size or shape Has definite size and no Has definite size and shape
definite shape
Particles can move around Particles can move around Particles are Packed Tightly
easily than liquid easily than Solid

THE PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

 Matter is made up of tiny particles.

 Particles of matter are moving all the time.
 These particles have spaces between them.
 The particles of matter attract each other.

KINECTIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER DIFF. PHASE CHANGES

-Useful in explaining why phases of matter differ in their
1, Melting
movements and arranges.
2. Freezing
LIQUI
D 3. Evaporation

4. Condensation

5. Sublimation

6. Deposition
SOLID GAS
DEPOSITION
WHAT IS PHASE CHANGES?
 SUBLIMATION
Change from one State of matter to another
 Energy is realesed or absorbed during phase change.
ENDOTHERMIC: (REQUIRE ENERGY)
- Absorbs energy from its surrounding; energy goes in
1. Melting
2. Vaporization
3. Sublimation
EXOTHERMIC: (RELEASE ENERGY)
- Releases energy from its surrounding; energy goes out
1. Freezing
2. Condensation
3. Deposition

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

(COMPOSITION BASED)

1. Pure Substance
-Can separated by chemical means
A. Elements B. Compounds
-A substance that can be broken down into -combination of elements
Into simpler.
-118 (IUPAC) International Union of Pure
And Applied Chemistry
-Unique because they have names and symbols.
2. Mixture Substance
-Can be separated by physical means
A. Solution
B. Colloid
C. Suspension

ATOMS: INSIDE OUT

ATOMIS NO. = No. of p+ = no. of e-

No. of Neutrons= Atomic Mass- Atomic No.
Atomic No. = atomic mass- no. of protons or no. of electrons
Atomic Mass= No. of protons + no. of neutrons
12 ATOMIC MASS Atomic Mass= 12
Atomic No. = 6
C No. of Protons= 6

6 ATOMIC NO. No. of Electrons= 6

No. of neutrons= 12 -6 = 6
-The vertical columns of the periodic table, called groups, identify the principal families of
elements.
-The horizontal rows or periods are numbered from the top to bottom.

Group 3 to Group 12 constitutes one block:

Elements in this block are called Transition Elements.
Lanthanides and actinides A.K.A Inner Transition Elements.
ELECTRON SHELLS: model of electronic structure which presents a picture where
electrons occupy regions around the nucleus.
: A.K.A Energy Levels
Electronic configuration: The way the electrons of an atom are distributed in the various
energy levels or electron shells.
Valence Shell: The highest energy level that an electron occupies.
Valence Electrons: The electrons in the valence shells.

MNEMONIC DEVICE

EXAMPLE:
10Ne- Is2 2s2 2p6

ELECTRONS:
-Lightest
-Focus of Many Chemical Changes that happens in matter

PROTONS & NEUTRON:

-Called “NUCLEONS” (No effect on the mass of Atom)
 All Atoms are electrically neutron
 An element is a neutral atom
 Neutral Atom
NEUTRAL ATOM:
- No. of protons = # of electrons
- Atomic mass – Atomic no. = Neutrons
ION: Atom that is Charge
- Cation: (POSITIVE) loses an electron
- Anion (NEGATIVE) gains an electron
ISOTOPES:
- No. of protons = no. of electrons but different # of neutrons.
CHEMIST NATIONALITY CONTRIBUTIONS YEARS
Johann Wolfgang German Dobereiner Triads 1829
Dobereiner Scientist
John Newlands British Chemist -56 elements were
discovered
- Newlands Octaves
Dmitri Mendeleev Russian Chemist -Mendeleev’s Periodic
Table
(FATHER OF MODERN -Physical and
PERIODIC TABLE) Chemical Properties
-Arranged by Atomic
Mass (Increasing no.)
LAW: The physical
and chemical
properties of
elements are a
periodic function of
their atomic masses.
Eka-Boron
Eka-Aluminum
Eka-Silicom
Henry Moseley English Chemist -Arranged the Periodic
Table by Atomic No.

The Periodic Trends: Specific Patterns that are present in the periodic
table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element
including its size and electronic properties.
1. Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius
Atomic Radius: Right- Left: Increasing
Left- Right: Decreasing
Top- Bottom: Increasing
Bottom- Top: Decreasing