3/10/2018

Chapter 1
Introduction to Chemistry

WHAT WE LEARN IN SCIENCE LOWER

SECONDARY?

SCIENCE: HELPS US UNDERSTAND THE

WORLD AROUND US IN A SYSTEMATIC
AND ORGANISED MANNER

1
 3/10/2018

IN UPPER SECONDARY
• SCIENCE IS DIVIDER INTO THREE SUBJECTS
WHICH ARE……….
 CHEMISTRY
 BIOLOGY
 PHYSICS

1.1 Chemistry and Its Importance

• Chemistry is the study of the composition,
structure, properties and interactions of matter
• In chemistry, we study:
 What chemicals are made of and what are
their properties.
 How elements interact with each other
 How to use this knowledge to produce useful
new chemicals

2
 3/10/2018

Examples of chemicals
 medicine
 fertilizers
 glass and optical fibres
 preservatives
 cement, concrete & glass
 cosmetic product
 detergent & fabric softeners

Common chemicals used in daily life

3
 3/10/2018

Biochemist

Geologist Forensic

Food People in
Nutritionist
technologist
Chemistry

Chemical Pharmacist
engineer

Doctor

Contributions of Chemical Based Industries

 PROCESSING OF CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION OF PLASTICS
AND CERAMIC
 PALM OIL PRODUCTS
 PRODUCTION OF
 RUBBER PRODUCTS
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES
 FOOD PROCESSING
 PRODUCTION OF SOAPS &
 PRODUCTION OF DETERGENTS
MEDICINE AND DRUGS
 PRODUCTION OF
 MANUFACTURE OF COSMETICS & PERFUMES
SILICON WAFERS & CHIPS

4
 3/10/2018

1.2 Scientific Method

• Scientific method: A systematic method used
to solve problems in science

• Gathering information about a phenomenon using

Making our 5 senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste & touch
observation

• Making a smart guess or a tentative explanation

Making about the phenomenon based on the observation
inference

• Asking question(s) based on the inference made

Identifying
problem

• Making a general statement about the relationship

between a manipulated variable and a responding
Making
hypothesis variable

5
 3/10/2018

• Identifying the manipulated, responding & fixed

Identifying variables
variables

• Deciding how to manipulate the chosen variable, what

to measure and how to keep the fixed variable(s)
Controlling
variables
constant

• Determining what materials and apparatus to use,

procedure of the experiment, method to collecting data
Planning an
experiment
& ways to analysis and interpret the collected data

• Making observations or measurement and the recording

Collecting the data systematically
data

• Organizing and analysing data

Interpreting
data

• Making statement about the outcome

of the experiment and whether the
Making
conclusion
hypothesis is accepted or rejected

• Format of a report:
Writing • REFER PRACTICAL BOOK PAGE 4
report

6
 3/10/2018

• Scientific attitudes and noble values must be

practiced by a chemist who wants to carry out
an investigation