A Bright Room Called Day

DRAMATURGICAL PACKET

SALLIE BIETERMAN, DRAMATURG

206.473.9730 – SALLIE_BIETERMAN@EMERSON.EDU
 Table of Contents
Section 1: General Background & Historical information

1. End of WWI – Aftermath………………………………………..…. 1

2. Weimar Republic (1918 – 1933)………………………………..…… 2
3. Weimar Government Structure & Political Parties………….….…. 3
4. German Communist Party (KPD)………………………………..… 4
5. Social Democratic Party (SPD)………………………………….…. 5
6. Communism 101……………………………………………………... 6
7. Weimar Culture……………………………………………………… 7
8. The Institute of Human Sexuality………………………………….. 8
9. Weimar Cinema……………………………………………………… 9
10. Weimar Cinema & Left-Wing Intelligentsia…………………...…... 10

Section 2: Scene-by-Scene Dramaturgical Breakdown & Timeline

 Prologue………………. 12  Scene 13 …………………. 19-20

 Scene 1………………… 12
 Scene 2…………………. 12-13
 Scene 3…………………. 13
 Scene 3A……………….. 13-14
 Scene 4…………………. 14
 Scene 5…………………. 14
 Scene 5A……………….. 15
 Scene 6…………………. 15-16
 Scene 7…………………. 16-17
 Scene 8…………………. 17
 Scene 9…………………. 17
 Scene 10………………... 18
 Scene 11………………… 18
 Scene 12………………… 18-19
o Devil monologue…. 20-23
 Scene 14…………………. 24
 Scene 15…………………. 24
 Scene 16…………………. 24-25
 Scene 17…………………. 25
 Scene 18…………………. 25-26
 Scene 19…………………. 26
 Scene 20…………………. 27
 Scene 21…………………. 27
 Scene 22…………………. 27
 Scene 23…………………. 27-28
 Scene 24…………………. 28
 Scene 25…………………. 29
 Epilogue…………………. 29

Section 3: Bibliography
End of WWI – Aftermath
World War I, or “The Great War”, fundamentally altered Europe’s borders and devastated populations
across the continent. To understand the political and social climate of Bright Room, as well as the
characters’ beliefs, it is necessary to understand what led to the Weimar years.

(image source: https://mapcollection.wordpress.com/2012/06/19/europe-pre-worls-war-i/ )

German loss in WWI:
 2 million men killed, 4.2 million wounded
o 19% of the entire male population of Germany were casualties of war
o Civilian population suffers malnutrition/starvation due to a blockade by the Allies
 The “Big Four” Western powers (Britain, America, France, Italy) imposed harsh treaties
on the defeated Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turkey,
Bulgaria) with the Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

 Forced Germany to concede Belgium, Poland, and Czechoslovakia
 All overseas German colonies were given to the League of Nations
 Demilitarized the Rhineland, an area in Western Germany on the borders with The
Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Switzerland
 Article 231, the “War Guilt clause”, forced Germany to claim full responsibility for
initiating WWI, making them responsible for all material damages
o France sought to limit Germany’s ability to rearm and rise to their pre-war
economic prominence
o Imposed crippling reparation payments on Germany
o Germany’s army was limited to 100,000 men
 Revision of the Versailles Treaty was one of the main platforms of the Nazi Party and
other radical right-wing parties enough credibility to win with mainstream voters in the
early 1930s

1
Weimar Republic (1918 – 1933)
Bright Room occurs during the final days of the first democratically-elected government in Germany’s
history, the Weimar Republic. Characterized by political turmoil and violence, economic troubles, new
social freedoms, and vibrant artistic movements, the Weimar years were frenetic and turbulent, a frenzy
of conflicting ideologies as German citizens had their first chance to govern themselves.

 August 1918: German WWI generals pass off control of Germany to a civilian government
o Result: the newly-formed Weimar Republic bore the blame for the humiliations of
WWI and the hardships of the post-war years
 November 1918: German navy orders a suicidal assault against the British navy, resulting
in a massive leftist mutiny among the sailors. Germany’s emperor, the Kaiser, abdicates
and flees the country.
 1919: Anti-war demonstrations and unrest in Bavaria (a German state) unseat the
democratically-elected Bavarian government and replace it with a Soviet republic
o Chancellor Friedrich Ebert (a Social Democrat) strikes a deal: army support for
the government in exchange for a promise not to reform the armed forces
 Right-wing Friekorps (volunteer paramilitary organizations) were
deployed against left-wing agitators; left/right wing extremist conflict rises
 March 1919: 15,000 Germans died in nine days of street fighting
while 12,000 more were wounded
 Feb-August 1919: 25 German intellectuals draft and ratify the Weimar Constitution. (See
next page for GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE.)
 Early 1920s fraught with conflict
o Right -wing paramilitaries seize power in what is called the Kapp Putsch
 When Ebert calls on the military for help, they make it clear they will not
take up arms against the Freikorps
 The left organizes a general strike, an act of defiance that

with-money-in-the-streets-news-photo/613459276#german-children-in-1923-playing-
delegitimizes the coup and saves Ebert’s government.

http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/german-children-in-1923-playing-
o Violence peaks in 1923 when Hitler’s attempted coup (the Beer Hall Putsch) is put
down by the military
 Weimar Republic faced economic crisis due to war debt, reparations, & rampant inflation
o Cost of living in Germany rose 12x
with-money-in-the-streets-under-the-picture-id613459276
between 1914 and 1922
o Nov 1923: height of inflation; the
exchange rate is 4,200,000,000,000 Marks
to 1 U.S. Dollar
 Many middle-class Germans were
destitute
 By 1929-1930, the global financial crisis caused
the US to pressure Britain and France to repay
war debts, which caused them, in turn, to press Children playing with stacks of worthless Marks.
Germany to pay reparations.
o Weimar government cuts spending and prints more money in order to pay,
plunging Germany into economic depression and socio-political turmoil

Why study the Weimar Republic? A breakdown of Weimar’s relevance to today can be found here.
Weimar Government Structure
The President
 Elected by popular vote
to a 7 year term
 Controlled the military
 Could call new Reichstag
elections
 Article 48 allows the
president to “assume
emergency powers”,
suspend civil rights, and
operate without the
Reichstag’s approval (for
a limited time)
Main Political Parties
LEFT
- Communists (KPD)
- Social Democrats
(SPD)
o strongly supported
progressive taxation,
government social welfare
programs, labor unions,
equality and economic
opportunity for women
o less nationalistic,
militaristic, and anti-
Semitic than parties on the
right
o favoured gov’t control of
business and industry
o varyingly anti-religious
 Communists: Strongly
opposed the Republic and
democracy; favoured a
Russian-style communist
dictatorship
 Social Democrats: strongly
supported the Republic
and democracy
For a more complete breakdown of the other parties, please click here.
The Chancellor
 Appointed the cabinet
 Ran the day-to-day
operations of the
government
 Came from the majority
party of the Reichstag or
from a coalition
CENTER
- Democratic Party (DDP)
- Catholic Center Party (Z)
- People’s Party (DVP)
o most moderate; least
ideological
 Democratic Party were
most sympathetic of the
center parties to the SPD
leftist ideas; were strong
supporters of the Republic
 Catholic Center Party were
held together by a
commitment to
Catholicism; some were
more left leaning, others
more right leaning;
strongly supported the
Republic, but backed off in
the last years of Weimar
 People’s Party: Closer to
the parties on the right,
but supported the
Republic during most of
the Weimar Years
The Reichstag (Parliament)
 Elected by popular vote
 Seats distributed
proportionally based on the
percentage of the vote each
party won– allows the more
radical, right-wing parties to
gain power toward the end of
the republic
 System gives Germans
unprecedented representation
and political power
 Creates a plethora of political
parties, making it difficult to
form governing coalitions or
gain a majority
RIGHT
- German Nationalist Party
(DNVP)
- National Socialist Party (Nazis)
o Nationalistic and militaristic
o Opposed social welfare, labor
unions, and progressive
taxation
o Favoured an economy directed
by industrialists and
landowners with large estates
o Anti-Semitic, favoured
“traditional roles” for women
o Both parties publicly
supported the Churches and
the role of religion in society
 German Nationalistic Party: a
more traditional Conservative
party
 National Socialist Party
(Nazis): a radical party
wanting revolutionary change;
3
 German Communist Party (KPD)
 Founded December 1918 during revolutionary chaos
 Members composed of radical workers and radical intellectuals
 Fundamentally opposed to the existence of the Weimar Republic
 Particularly antagonistic to the democratic leftist SPD
 Favored Russian-style dictatorship
 During Weimar period, fell increasingly under the control of the Communist international
 The ComIntern (or KomIntern) was founded in Moscow and united Communist
groups of many countries, advocating that those parties end the governments of their
respective countries via violent revolution, modelled on the Russian Revolution and
subsequent establishment of the USSR
 Strong feminist agenda
 The only female major party leaders in Germany
 The most female candidates for office out of all the parties
o However, this did not translate to substantial female voting support
 Opposed antisemitism and had some Jewish leaders (though few German Jews voted KPD)
 During the crisis-laden final years of Weimar, their voting strength grew as they attracted
the unemployed
 They adopted the “Third Period”, a CommIntern ideological concept launched in 1928 that
saw the then-current phase of global economy as the “Third Period” during which
widespread economic collapse would trigger mass radicalization of the working class, making
the time ideal for revolution
 For the KPD, this manifested as criticism of the SPD, calling them “social fascists”.

COMMUNIST PARTY PLATFORM

“We are committed to the overthrow of the
presently existing, oppressive Republic and all of its
economic and social institutions. We favor:

The abolition of private property.

The establishment of land reform

interwar-communist-posters/
https://thecharnelhouse.org/2015/08/29/german-

programs, so that the government can take over the land

and distribute it for the common good.

Government ownership of all industrial

productive forces, so that they can be run for the benefit of
the people rather than the capitalists.

To the German people: The cause of your

misery is the fact that French, British, and American
capitalists are exploiting German workers to get rich
themselves. Germans, unite to get rid of this terrible
A KPD Poster, 1928 burden.” – 1928 Party Platform

4
 Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 Composed primarily of blue-collar trade union skilled workers
o Occasionally more progressive white-collar workers and intellectuals
 More Protestants than Catholics, but attracted Catholic workers
 In some areas, landless farm workers voted SPD
 Women from working-class families voted SPD in large numbers
 Some German Jews voted SPD
 From 1919-1932, SPD got the most votes in the national elections and they had the largest
legislative delegation
 SPD wanted to further reform Weimar Society and make Weimar institutions and economics
more egalitarian
 A major mover and shaker in Weimar politics
 Of all the parties, the most active opponent of antisemitism
 Strongly in support of the Weimar Republic and democracy
o Opposed the CommIntern

SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM

“We are committed to maintaining the
Republic and a policy that will allow Germany
to take its rightful place among the free
governments of Europe.

We will support the present German Republic

so that freedom, democracy, and justice will
live in the hearts of our German countrymen.

We will honor all of Germany’s obligations,

political and financial, in order that
Germany’s honor and respect will not be
decreased in the eyes of the world.

We plan to create more jobs by undertaking an

interwar-communist-posters/
https://thecharnelhouse.org/2015/08/29/german-

extensive program of public works.

We will cut government expenditures to lower

taxes.

We believe in the right of those who disagree

with the party to speak and write on those
issues without interference.”
– 1928 Party Platform
An SPD poster, 1925

5
Communism 101
A primary theme of Bright Room is the Communist beliefs of the play’s central characters. This section
provides a background on Communism as a political and economic theory. Communism is “the idea
that everyone in a given society receives equal shares of the benefits derived from labour.” (source)

- Communism is designed to allow the poor to rise up and attain financial and social status
equal to that of the middle-class landowners
- Wealth is redistributed so that the upper class are brought down to the same financial and
social level as the middle class
- The means of production are controlled by the state, and everything is state-owned

Karl Marx, “the Father of Communism”

- Penned the Communist Manifesto in 1848 (click link to read it in full)

- Believed a truly utopian society must be classless and stateless
- Died before his theories and plan (below) could be put to practical test
o Phase 1: revolution overthrows existing system
o Phase 2: dictator or elite leader gains control over the proletariat (the working
class), exerts absolute control over the common citizen’s personal choices;
collectivization of property and wealth occurs
o Phase 3: achievement of utopia (requires all non-Communists to be destroyed in
order for the Communist Party to achieve supreme equality)

Marx’s “10 Essential Tenets of Communism”

1. Central banking system

2. Government controlled education
3. Government controlled labour
4. Government owns transportation/ communication
5. Government owns agricultural means and factories
6. Total abolition of private property
7. Property rights confiscation
8. Heavy income tax on all
9. Elimination of rights of inheritance
10. Regional planning
- Das Kapital, published in 1867, was Marx’s assentation of the economic theory of
Communism.

Vladimir Lenin & Leon Trotsky

 Lenin served as head of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic from 1918 to 1924, and the Soviet Union from 1922-1924
 Trotsky was a Marxist revolutionary, theorist, Soviet politician, and Communist party
leader. [more on him can be found in the section on Scene 7 ]

The Russian Revolution in 1917 destroyed the Tsarist government and led to the rise of the Soviet
Union, the first fully-realized Communist state

6
Weimar Culture
Germany’s own “Roaring Twenties” occurred during the Weimar Republic. Many flocked to cities from
the countryside in search of jobs, and urban life was vibrant, creative, and liberal. Historian Peter Gay
wrote that “the republic created little; it liberated what was already there”.

Artistic Freedom “Weimar art was fiercely experimental, iconoclastic and

- Thriving nightlife of bars & cabarets
- Berlin was a centre of many artistic
movements spawned from the
turmoil of WWI
o German Expressionism,
Dadaism, New Objectivity,
Cubism, and the Bauhaus
school of architecture
o These movements would
later be called “degenerate
art” by Adolf Hitler and
destroyed by the Nazis
left-leaning, spiritually hostile to big business and
bourgeois society and at daggers drawn with Prussian
militarism and authoritarianism. Not surprisingly, the
old autocratic German establishment saw it as 'decadent
art', a view shared by Adolf Hitler who became
Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. The public
burning of 'unGerman books' by Nazi students on Unter
den Linden on 10th May 1933 was but a symbolic
confirmation of the catastrophe which befell […] the
whole tradition of enlightenment liberalism in Germany,
a tradition whose origins went back to the 18th century
city of Weimar, home to both Goethe and Schiller.” –
Kirkus Reviews

Otto Dix, Gross Stadt (Metropolis), 1928

Sexual Liberation & Women’s Rights
- Changing sexual norms and modern ideas about pre-marital sex
- Between 65 and 80 gay bars and 50 lesbian bars in Berlin alone
o Late in February 1922, the Nazi Party launched a purge of gay clubs in Berlin,
outlawed sex publications, and banned gay organizations
- Women were granted the right to vote under the Weimar constitution
- Women publicly explored their sexuality and intellect through art, performance, and
writing

“A Creation Of Outsiders, Propelled Into the Inside for a Short, Dizzying, Fragile Moment” – Peter Gay
- Many artists and intellectuals from all over Europe, displaced by WWI’s border changes
and destruction, flocked to Berlin
 1920: Paul Whitman Band brings American jazz to Germany
o Jazz music represented “freedom” and “rebellion” to many
 Nazis opposed Jazz for nationalist and racist reasons

7
Click here for a 3 minute tour of Berlin in the 1920s.
The Institute of Human Sexuality - Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
 Located in central Berlin
 First scientific institute of its kind

homosexuellenbewegung-berlin-blueht-auf/11752836-2.html
 Visited by 20,000 people a year

http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/queerspiegel/fruehe-
 Founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in
1919 (who was gay and Jewish)
o Wrote/appeared in Anders al die
Andern (Different from Others),
which is cited as the first gay-
themed film [see WEIMAR
CINEMA for more]
o Personally fought a 30-year
campaign to repeal Paragraph
175
o Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code from 1871 to 1994 made
“homosexual acts between males a crime”
 Left parties tried to abolish the law but lacked majority in the Reichstag

The Institute was composed of a research library, an archive, and medical, psychological, and
ethnological divisions, as well as a marriage and sex counselling office.

 Advocated sex education, contraception, STD/STI treatment, women’s liberation, as well

as gay and transgender social acceptance and civil rights
 Influential in socialist, liberal, and social-democratic circles
 Trans people were on the staff of the institute and were also clients
o Endocrinology and surgical services were offered, including the first modern sex
change operations of the 1930s
o Hirschfeld worked with Berlin’s police to limit arrests of ‘cross-dressed’ people on
charges of “suspicion of prostitution”
 Denounced as “Jewish”, “Social-Democratic”, and “offensive to public morals” by Nazis

Shut down by the Nazis in 1933

-March 1933: the Institute’s

administrator, Kurt Hiller, is sent to a
concentration camp

- 6 May 1933: Deutsche Studentenschaft, a

Nazi student group, stormed the Institute

The library and archives were hauled out

and burned in the streets of the Opernplatz.
20,000 books and journals and 5,000
images destroyed.

8
 Click the links in
film titles to watch
them on YouTube.
Weimar Cinema
If you prefer to watch a snappy, 10-minute video by Crash Course Film History (with clips
and visuals from Weimar films) please click here. (I highly recommend it!)

 Pre-WWI German films were “Cinema of Attractions” (spectacles for entertainment)

 They soon evolved to draw from the French Film D’Art movement, telling
more complex, narrative stories- “Autorenfilm”
 1917: German military supreme command took control of all major film
studios, consolidating them into UFA (Universum Film-Aktien Gesellschaft)
o This leaves Weimar film with a huge infrastructure for film
production and distribution- the only in the world that could
compete with Hollywood
 First post-war films were Kostumfilme (beautiful costume dramas) –
aimed to compete with pre-WWI large-scale Italian historical films and
distract audiences through entertainment from the devastated economy
o Ernst Lubitsch (known for lighting, mastery of crowd scenes) –
Madame DuBarry (1919)

German Expressionism
 Developed in tradition of German romanticism
o DECLA’s producers create The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Hans
Janowitz and Carl Mayer)
 Changed the look and style of most subsequent German
film, and Hollywood films
o Revolutionised the expressionistic use of ‘mise-en-scene’
 Used an exaggerated mis-en-scene to reflect the inner
psychology of the character (a hallmark of Weimar
cinema)
 Subjective point-of-view, twist ending, and anti-
authoritarian themes
o Schauerfilme (films of fantasy and terror)
 Nosferatu (F. W. Murnau)
 Metropolis (Fritz Lang)
 Focused on lighting, staging, special effects, and make-up
to get at the character’s inner psychology
 Lang later revolutionized the “unchained camera”
– pans, tilts, dolly/crane shots

Realistic and Psychological Drama

o Developed in the vein of German intellectuals like Freud & Webe
 Different From the Others (Richard Oswald)
 Co-written Magnus Hirschfeld of the Institute of Human
Sexuality; widely considered the first gay-themed film

To watch an hour-long montage of major films of the Weimar Era, click here.
 Click the links in
film titles to watch
them on YouTube.
Weimar Cinema & Left-Wing Intelligentsia
 The Left saw commercial film as a weapon of ideological persuasion (esp. to workers)
o “It transmitted bourgeois values and conservative nationalist interpretations of
history, and frequently extolled the virtues of militarism disguised as patriotism.”
– W. I. Guttsman, Worker’s Culture in Weimar Germany
 The SPD encouraged the establishment of a workers’ cinema
o they feared this powerful tool of persuasion falling
only into the hands of other political parties, and di
dnot want to be left behind
 1929: the first Socialist step to creating “mobile cinemas”
accessible to workers
o Showed primarily party propaganda films from the
1928 election
o Limited facilities due to limited finances
 The Volksfilmverband
o Founded by left-wing radicals, social democrats, and
communists
o Wished to develop Tendenzfilm, film that would
stimulate political action
 Hoped to combat ‘bourgeois film’
 The Prometheus Film Company
o Founded by Willi Munzenberg
o Aimed to produce German proletarian films
o Mutter Krausens Fährt ins Glück (Mother Krausen’s
Journey to Happiness) (directed by Piel Jutzi, script
by Heinrich Zille); showed the struggles of the
working class
o Kuhle Wampe (Who Owns the World) (1932 – script
by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Slatan Dudow);
focuses on unemployment and left-wing politics

10
 A Bright Room Called Day
SCENE-BY-SCENE BREAKDOWN & TIMELINE

The following section includes a scene-by-scene breakdown of the play, with dramaturgical
information and reference points organized as they appear in the script. Dates for each scene,
as well as Kushner’s historical slides, are included, as well as any deeper contextual
information.

11
PROLOGUE: JAN 1, 1932 – “Evening Meal in a Windstorm”
SLIDES:
JAN- JUNE 1932:
 Political tension. Fierce fighting, sometimes in the street. Crisis/transitional
period/ change. Issues are parliamentary and revolutionary. The Weimar Coalition
is a shaky affair- uneasy marriage of left-Liberals and moderates
 the Weimar Coalition was a Center-Left alliance between the SPD and the DDP,
as well as the Christian-Democratic ‘Centre Party’ (see WEIMAR POLITICAL
PARTIES) that held a majority of delegates in the Reichstag.
APRIL:
 Presidential election. Hindenburg defeats Hitler.
 Hindenberg, an Independent, won 53% of the vote, while Hitler, a Nazi, won
37%. Ernst Thalmann of the KPD, won 10%.

Scene 1: May 30, 1932 – “Love Scene with a Lemon”

 “It’s going to be a miserable film, swan-boats and parasols. I play a wise old lady-in-
waiting for the Kaiserin. Jolly twinkles.” – Agnes (p. 10)
 This would be a “Kostumefilme” (see WEIMAR CINEMA)

 Fruit in post-war Germany

 Fresh fruit was a rare commodity in post-WWI Europe, and would be
particularly unattainable in the hyper-inflated economy of Weimar
Germany (source)
 Purchasing it for another would be akin to coming home with diamond
earrings.
 “The Pineapple Song (It Couldn’t Please Me More)” from Cabaret (video)

Scene 2: May 30, 1932 – “All Day in the Rain”

 Freudian psychoanalysis
o Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis, a method of parsing a patient’s psychological and mental
state (think patient lying on the couch, talking to an analyst). His theories
included a series of 5 psychosexual developmental stages (and the Oedipus
Complex), as well 3 parts of the human psyche (the id, ego, and superego).
To read about Freudian psychology in more detail, please click here.
 Betty Draper being analysed on Mad Men – video

 “… a skit for the Transport Workers Strike Rally.” – Agnes (p. 15)

12
  The 1932 Berlin Transport Strike was a labor dispute between the
Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft (who were responsible for public
transportation in Berlin) and the workers. Organized by the
Revolutionaire Gewerkschafts Opposition, a union founded by the
KPD, it was one of the most significant strikes of the late Weimar
Republic.
 “What if the Nazis made the best films?” – Agnes, p. 15
 Nazis primarily stuck to short films about party rallies in the late
20s, but began to produce large-scale “documentaries” in the early
30s, specifically Hitlers Kampf um Deutschland (Hitler’s Struggle for
Germany) in 1932 and Das junge Deutschland marschiert (The German
Youth Is On The March)

SCENE 3: May 30, 1932 – “Late Night Struggles on Toward Dawn”

 “I love jazz. I love the dance music of dark-skinned peoples.” – Agnes (p.19)
 Jazz came to Germany in 1920, and was the ‘it’ music of the cabaret
scene in Berlin. Hitler and the Nazi part denounced jazz music for
its American and African-American roots, considering those (and its
association with Jewish musicians and bands) reasons it was unfit
for German society. Similar to America, jazz was the music of the
moment, representing for many an theretofore unseen artistic
freedom and rebellion against the old order.
 For more, see WEIMAR CULTURE, and to listen to a compilation
of Jazz from Weimar Germany, click here.

SCENE 3A: May 30, 1932 – “Die Alte (The Old One)”
 “Summer… War was declared…”
 based on the dates corsets were in fashion, as well as the dates of Prussian
& German conflict during those times that were declared during summer,
we can triangulate the war in reference in this section to likely be (if this
level of specificity is dramatically helpful to you) one of the following wars:
 The War of Bavarian Succession (July 1778- 21 May 1778)
o Fought to prevent the Austrian Hapsburgs from
acquiring Bavaria; thousands of soldiers died from
disease and starvation
 Austro-Prussian War (1866)
o Fought for supremacy in the German lands, and
ended with Prussia defeating Austria and winning
political supremacy among the Germanic empires

13
  Franco-Prussian War (1870)
o France, under Napoleon III, fought Prussia.
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck exploits the conflict to
draw Southern Germany into an alliance with
Northern Germany
 World War I
o Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914

 “We wore corsets then; rigid with the tusks of whales…”

 corsetry in the 18th century relied on thin strips of baleen, or whalebone, for
boning in foundation garments

 “…I heard the snap of the flags crack in the wind, and the men marched past.”
 Click here to listen to the “Hohenfriedberger March”, a Prussian-German march
that was written after the Prussian victory over the Austrians (and Saxons) in the
Battle of Hohenfriedber, and a common patriotic anthem during Prussian wars of
the late 18th century.

SCENE 4: June 2, 1932 – “Cold and Brutal But Exact and True”
 “The Institute is doing a big poster campaign…” – Baz (p. 29)
o Unfortunately, very little from the Institute is extant as it was a major target of
Nazi book burnings and raids; posters are virtually impossible to find.

SLIDES
 JULY 21- NOV 6 1932
o In July, parliamentary elections. The Nazis win 37% of the popular vote “this
is the largest genuine ote they will ever receive”. They now wield a
parliamentary majority. The coalition of liberal and center parties, the
“Weimar Coalition”, has been defeated.
 IN NOVEMBER, more parliamentary elections; Communists gain 12 seats, Nazis lose 34.
Sharp reversal in fascist popularity is widely predicted but the Nazis still control a
parliamentary majority.

SCENE 5: July 21, 1932 – “Fingerspitzengefuhl (Fingertip Feeling)”

 The title is an untranslatable German word that means “to have an intuitive
instinct about any given situation, and to know how to react to it without having
to deliberate.”

SLIDES
JULY 21, 1932: Reichstag Elections

14
SCENE 5A: “It Takes Three Invitations”
 Title is in reference to the temptation of Christ depicted in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark,
and Luke
o “After Jesus is baptised, he fasts for 40 days in the desert, during which time, Satan
appears thrice to Jesus, trying to tempt him. Jesus refuses each temptation, and then,
having defeated the Devil and resisted his three temptations of hedonism, egoism, and
materialism, he returns to Galilee.” – source

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/e0/5d/74/e05d74977d35855ee5
 Faust Pt 1 – Gretchen – the black poodle
o The Lord bets The Devil (Mephistopheles)
that he cannot lead the Lord’s favourite
scholar, Dr. Faust, away from the
righteous path.
 Faust is dissatisfied with natural
means of gaining knowledge and
fails to gain further knowledge via

30eee015426ce8.jpg
magic. He wants to kill himself,
but hears the beginning of Easter
celebrations, and so does not,
instead going on an Easter walk
among the revellers.
 On the way home, Faust is Mephistopheles as the poodle, print.
followed by a black poodle, who transforms into Mephistopheles
and offers Faust a contract: Mephistopheles will do Faust’s bidding on
earth, and Faust will repay him by doing Mephistopheles’ bidding in Hell.
Faust signs the contract in blood.
o For further plot summary of Faust Pt. 1, click here, or for the full work, click here.

SCENE 6: September 12, 1932: “Demonology”

 “We’ve come to convey congratulations… for a highly successful agitprop performance…” –
Malek (p. 36)
 Agitprop is political propaganda, especially communist propaganda used in Soviet
Russia, spread through popular media like pamphlets, plays, films, and other
explicitly political art.
 Agitprop theatre (highly-politicized left-wing theatre) spread across Europe in the
1920s, especially Berlin, and Brecht’s work is a notable example of agitprop
performance. (More on agitprop theatre here.)

 “It would be more appropriate to keep with official party policy…” – Malek (p. 37)
 Reflective of the CommIntern’s increasing hold on the KPD

15
  “SPD leadership must be exposed as Social Fascist and hence indistinguishable from the
Nazis”
 Reflective of the KPD’s adoption of the ‘Third Period’ – see GERMAN
COMMUNIST PARTY
 See notes for SCENE 12 – “The United Front” for explanation on the term ‘Social
Fascism’ and how CommIntern policy dictated the KPD act
 KPD salute is depicted in the party poster on GERMAN COMMUNIST PARTY page

SCENE 7: November 6, 1932: “Scenes from the Last Life (Parts I & II)”
 Gotchling’s collage
o See supplemental material on photomontage and Dadaism

SLIDES
 NOV 6, 1932: Second National Reichstag Elections
o 12 new seats for the communists, 34 Nazis lose seats

 “Interior shot, overhead pan of huge crowd milling, the Red Artists Congress in Leningrad,
1921…” (p.48)
 I have googled almost every combination of search terms I could find to identify
what gathering of artists in 1921 Leningrad Husz refers to, but have thus far come
up short. I will keep searching, and keep you updated

 “a big knot of people surrounding comrade Trotsky…” (p. 48)

 Valdimir Cherniaev (a Russian historian) summarizes Trotsky’s contributions to
the Russian Revolution:
 “Trotsky bears a great deal of responsibility both for the victory of the Red Army in
the civil war, and for the establishment of a one-party authoritarian state with its
apparatus for ruthlessly suppressing dissent... He was an ideologist and
practitioner of the Red Terror. He despised 'bourgeois democracy'; he believed that
spinelessness and soft-heartedness would destroy the revolution, and that the
suppression of the propertied classes and political opponents would clear the
historical arena for socialism. He was the initiator of concentration camps,
compulsory 'labour camps,' and the militarization of labour, and the state takeover
of trade unions. Trotsky was implicated in many practices which would become
standard in the Stalin era, including summary executions.”
 Trotsky was an ideological purist who was reportedly bad at teamwork,
particularly because he was journalist who had worked mostly alone, not a
professional revolutionary like many others in the Communist party.
 During 1921, Trotsky, a Communist party leader (see COMMUNISM 101), led a
special commission on the Soviet transportation system, during a series of debates
over the role of trade unions in the Soviet Union. Trotsky unyieldingly believed
that in a worker’s state, workers had nothing to fear from the state, and therefore
the state should fully control unions. The Central Committee of the party split

16
 between Lenin and Trotsky’s factions and Lenin’s faction won a factory at the
Tenth Party Congress in March 1921 in Moscow. It is unclear how often or when
Trotsky was in Leningrad during that year.

 “…the great Dziga-Vertov” (p. 48)

 Dziga-Vertov was a pioneer documentary film and newsreel director and cinema
theorist. The quote comes from his 1923 manifesto “WE” (read here).

 “His name is Husz, he lost [his eye] in the revolution in Budapest…” (p. 48)
 Hungarian People’s Republic (or, First Hungarian Republic)
o A short-lived people’s republic existing from late 1918 to mid-1919
o Established in the wake of WWI’s dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
 Hungarian Soviet Republic
o A successor to the First Hungarian Republic, it was a communist state that
lasted from 21 March to 1 August 1919.
o It was involved in many military conflicts, and ended when Hungarians
surrendered to Romanian forces.
 There was a conflict in Budapest on August 3rd, when the Romanians
reached the city. An estimated 11,000 soldiers died in battle (total)
during various conflicts in this period. Hungarian-Romanian fighting
was primarily along the Tisza River in July.
o An in-depth exploration of the politics and social aspects of the Hungarian
Soviet Republic in which Husz would have been involved can be found here.

 Gotchling sings The Internationale, the Communist anthem (click here to listen)
 “Map of Europe drawn in black, heavy lines…” –Husz (p. 48)
o See END OF WWI – AFTERMATH for map comparison

SLIDES
 NOV 6- JAN 1 1932-33:
o Stagnation and sinking. The left’s early victories are not expanded upon. The
Catholic center shifts alliances toward the Fascist Right. Big money support for a
Hitler chancellorship. A dim and oppressive awareness among the people that the
battle has turned away from the streets and the ballot box to secret deals between
powerful people in private rooms.

SCENE 8: November 6, 1932 – “Ich Habe Eine Neue Giftsupper Gekocht

(I Made A New Poison Soup)”
SCENE 9: December 4, 2932 – “Love Scene Without Lemon”
o Das Kapital – see COMMUNISM 101

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SCENE 10: Jan 1, 1933 – “The Rent”
SLIDES
 JAN 30 1933: President Hindenberg appoints Adolf Hitler the chancellor of the German
Reich

SCENE 11: January 30, 1933 – “Oranges”

SCENE 12: January 30, 1933 – “Furght un Elend (Fear and Misery)”
 Scene title comes from Bertolt Brecht’s Fear and Misery of the Third Reich, his first openly
anti-Nazi work

 “… I once said to Rollo Jaspers…” – Paulinka (p. 64)

o In research, this does not appear to have been a real Weimar director.

 “Opium is the perfect drug for people who want to remain articulate while being completely
trivial” – Gotchling (p. 64)
o click here for an AddictionResource explanation of the experience of opium high.

 “… A broadsheet we’re putting out. The United Front.” –Gotchling (p. 67)
o United Front strategy was played out in phases (1921-1923)
o 1921: KPD conference in Jena, where the “United Front” is developed
 Basic Principles of the United Front (1921)
 The KPD must seek “struggles that link together the entire
workforce” by implementing demands “so plausible that no
worker could listen who would not agree to these demands and be
ready to carry them out.” –Ernst Meyer (party chair)
 In 1921, only a small minority of workers supported the KPD; a majority
supported the SPD
 The United Front was intended to pull supporters from the SPD
by showing that they were the party to carry out the “practice” of
the SPD’s “philosophy”. Whatever the SPD advocated for, the
KPD would urge them to unite with them to achieve that goal,
and then, if the SPD refused, they would be alienating their own
supporters. The workers would then, in theory, see the KPD as the
true leaders of the revolution.
o 1923: the KPD unconditionally supports any workers’ struggles, radically
advocating for the workers, often to the chagrin and frustration of the SPD, who
began to lean more toward capitalist reformers than communist overthrow of the
system
o 1922-1923, “they year of the United Front”, perceived as the most successful year
in terms of party membership

18
 o The greatest challenge of the United Front was “the art of being neither too close
to the SPD, nor too isolated”; KPD could not sustain the delicate balance in the
long run
o 1926: the KPD rolls out a referendum in support of the “expropriation of royals”,
which was developed in conversation with the SPD and DDP, that advocated for
the redistribution of royal wealth to benefit the working class
 The referendum was the KPD’s “last great United Front project”
o 1928 onward: the KPD is Stalinized, the CommIntern abandons the United Front
o The KPD Central Committee had, since 1930, labelled all parliamentary parties as
fascist
 “The fight against fascism is the fight against the SPD, just as it is the
fight against Hitler and the Bruning parties.” – Klaus-Michael Mallmann,
Kommunisten in der Weimar Republik
o KPD position on Nazis dictated by Moscow, and based in the thesis of Social
Fascism (which states the SPD were the main enemy, as they “held the working
class back from the struggle against capitalism”- source)
 Trotsky pens FASCISM: What It Is and How To Fight It
 Critiques the Stalinist doctrine that automatically labels capitalist
parties fascist, and opposes Stalin’s stance that “rather than being
opposites, fascism and social democracy are twins”
 Urges united fronts to defeat capitalism, advocates against in-
fighting; criticises the KPD’s adherence to CommIntern doctrines
and subsequent condemnation of the SPD in the face of the Nazis,
whom he views as a greater, more worrying threat
 “The upsurge of fascism can only be stopped by an unremitting
and systematic general assault by the working class” – argues the
politics of the United Front are essential
o KPD’s refusal to ignore the CommIntern policy of Social Fascism makes their
alliance with the SPD impossible
o The main take-away: the periods the KPD followed the United Front were its most
successful periods in national politics (1921-1923; 1926) but their adherence to the
CommIntern’s Social Fascism policy caused them to reject the opportunity to work
with the SPD (whom they labelled “Social Fascists”) to resist the Nazis’ rise.

SCENE 13: January 30, 1933 – “Welcome”

 “My family comes from High Carpathians… goatherds…” – Husz (p. 73)
 “In the14th century, nearly everyone in the village was butchered for engaging in intimate
congress with the Devil. Since then, every Magyar born on the mountain…”
o The Magyar are a people from the Ural mountains who migrated to settle in
Hungary in the 9th century AD
 “First you both have to cover your left eye with your hand…” – Husz (p. 73)
o Right eye/ left eye:
 Biblical meanings: “Jesus said, If thy right eye hath caused thee to stumble,
pluck it out, and cast it from thee. And if thy right hand hath caused thee to

19
 stumble, cut it off, and cast it from thee; it is better for thee that one of thy
members should perish, and not thy whole body be cast into Gehenna.” (Matt.
5:29, 30)

DEVIL MONOLOGUE
 Club foot
o Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels was born a club foot. He limped all his life,
as his right leg was shorter than his left. other, and he was not admitted in the
ranks of the German Army during the First World War.
 “Nomads, seeming to them a desert tyrant… fond of the flesh of children…” – Swetts (p. 78)
o Moloch is the name of a Canaanite god associated with human sacrifice,
specifically of children
 Milton’s Paradise Lost lists Moloch (in Book I) as being among the chief of
Satan’s angels [he argues for immediate warfare against God]
 Moloch is also the name of the machine in Weimar filmmaker Fritz Lang’s
1927 masterpiece, Metropolis, that consumes the workers in the city in
order to power it
o Israelites had a custom of sacrificing a goat to Azazel, “the demon of the desert”
 The Book of Enoch describes Azazel as a chief Fallen Angel (Sec. I VII.I)
 Leviticus xvi.: "And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one for the
Lord, and the other for Azazel. And Aaron shall bring the goat upon
which the Lord's lot fell, and offer him for a sin-offering. But the goat on
which the lot fell for Azazel, shall be presented alive before the Lord, to
make atonement with him and to let him go to Azazel in the desert."

 “Agrarian Phase, I am rougher, reptilian… dung-heap dweller… fly-merchant, cattle-killer,

friend… of lunatics … the Shit King…” – Swetts (p. 78)
o Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent is where agriculture in the Ancient Old
World originated, and the surplus of food developed there allowed for
specialization of labour and eventually led to ancient Mesopotamian civilizations,
specifically Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia
o Nergal was an Mesopotamian deity mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the deity of
the city of Cuth (2 Kings, 17:30) – according to rabbis, his emblem was “a cock”
(as in a rooster) and his name, Nergal, means “dunghill cock”
 He was the king of the underworld and presides over the netherworld
 He is a god of war and pestilence, described by epithets such as “raging
king” and “the furious one”
 “rougher, reptilian” – possible reference to the serpent in Genesis who
tempts Eve; could also refer to various half-human gods from the Fertile
Crescent
 “Refinement, Scholasticism, increasingly metaphysical inclinations shape me as a negativity, a
void, the pain of loss, of irreconcilable separation from Joy, from God! … not an Is so much as
an Isn’t…” – Swetts (p. 79)

20
 o Scholasticism is a system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval
European universities (which were governed by Christianity) that derived from
Church writing and Aristotelian logic, emphasizing tradition and dogma
 Plotinus and Augustine both argue that metaphysical evil is
inherent in any cosmos
 Saint Anselm founded scholasticism
o His Fall of the Devil was primarily a “philosophical treatise
on the meaning of ‘nothing’ as applied to evil”
o He argues that the concept of ‘evil’ (not good) is identical
to the concept of ‘nothing’ (not anything)
 Negative concepts have meaning only when
referred to as a good and a something; the word
nothing refers necessarily to what it negates, and
thus, the word evil only refers to the good that it
negates
 “Total and complete evil is the same as
total and complete nonbeing, the void.”
o Anselm further explores the meaning of evil in the cosmos
if the cosmos are created by God
 Intellectual abstractions are popular in 10th century sermons
 Also popular at the Cathars, a heretical sect of the 1140s, the most
intense of whom were “absolute dualists” who believed that the
Devil was a principle completely independent of and separate from
God

 “The last century, my heart was a piston pump, my veins copper tubing, hot black oil coursed
through them, steam turbines roared. Very strong! Very hungry! Flesh of children and much,
much more…” – Swetts (p. 79)
o Working conditions in the Industrial Revolution were abysmal and hellish- no
laws regulated industries, and many workers lived in abject poverty, working
every day
o Workers inhaled coal dust in mines, cotton dust in thread and textile mills (which
was also highly combustible), and various fumes and toxins. They frequently lost
limbs, were permanently disfigured, or were killed by machinery.
o Children as young as six worked in factories and coal mines, sometimes up to 17
hours a day. Many were employed because they were small, to crawl under
machines or into dangerous mine shafts, and up to 40% of child workers died
before the age of 20. They were essentially disposable.
o The age was powered by steam, the steam engine and piston or turbine machinery
having come into popular use by the advent of the 19th century
o By 1828, oil drilling companies had shifted from twine-wrapped tubing over tin
tubes to copper, and oil would later power the next wave of industrialization

21
 “…my new form seems to be no form at all... displaced, stateless, a refugee” -Swetts (79-80)
o The period prior to WWI was characterized by a number of what historian Joshua
Sanborn describes as “violent migrations”. As can be seen in the main packet, the
map of Europe was drastically altered during WWI and the Bolshevik Revolution
 Poland had been without a state for decades, partitioned between the
Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire, and the Prussian Empire
(the predecessor of Germany), thousands of peasants fled famine and war
destroying their countryside, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
during the war also displaced thousands in Armenia, the Balkans, and
across the Eastern Front.
o In short, the upheaval of Europe and displacement of peoples truly characterized
the first half of the 20th century on the continent.

 “I become increasingly diffuse, like powdered gas taking to air, not less potent, but more,
spreading myself around” – Swetts (p. 80)
o WWI was the first modern war in the sense that it saw the first use of machine
guns, airplanes, and most of all, chemical gasses in combat.
 These gasses ranged from tear gas to lethal gases (phosgene, chlorine, and
mustard gas) that killed slowly and agonizingly, sometimes over multiple
days before the victim succumbed to death.
 Phosgene gas, in particular, was typically only felt only 48 hours
after inhalation, at which point the particles had embedded in the
respiratory organs and was ineradicable, a death sentence.
 There were approximately 1.2 million gas casualties during WWI.

 “I gave birth to myself” –Swetts (p. 80)

o Likely a reference to the Biblical description of God creating angels and
archangels, including Lucifer, to be good
 Lucifer rebels against God and is cast out of heaven, later becoming
Satan; thus it is his choice (not God’s creation of him) that makes him The
Devil

 “I sense great possibilities in the Modern World. The depths… have not been plumbed. Yet” –
Swetts (p. 81)
o As previously mentioned, WWI was the first industrialized war, with modern
weapons like the machine gun and weaponized chemical gas. The totality of
destruction experienced and wrought by humanity in the 20th century is
unprecedented, from the gas chambers and atomic bombs of WWII to the global
AIDS crisis and world famine, and beyond.
 As Christopher R. Leahey notes in Whitewashing War: Historical Myth,
Corporate Textbooks, and Possibilities For Democratic Education (p.113),
“with the exception of infectious disease, modern industrial warfare has
been the deadliest force of the 20th century. Niall Ferguson explains that
‘between 167 million and 188 million people died because of organized
violence in the 20th century – as many as one in every 22 deaths in that

22
 period.’ […] By 2020, it has been predicted that more people will be killed
from armed conflict than infectious disease.”

 Herr Gottfried Swetts. Hamburg, Importer of Spanish Novelties. (p. 81)

o Regarding the name:
 Gottfried
 Gottfried Feder was one of the original members of the German
Workers’ Party, which was to become the Nazi Party.
o He was part of the Alte Kampfer, or Old Guard, the elders
of the party, and was one of Hitler’s first economic
advisors
o One of his lectures in 1919 was Hitler’s first exposure to
the party, and prompted him to become involved
 The name itself comes from Old High German and means “Good
peace” or “peace of God”
 Swetts
 A little hard to trace; most sources have it coming from
English/Dutch and meaning “the light-complexioned man”
o There’s also a high possibility it’s intended to invoke to the
heat of Hell
o Hamburg was the second largest city in Germany in the 1930s, and had the fourth-
largest German-Jewish population of any German city (about 17,000)
 Between 1933 and 1937, over 5,000 Hamburg Jews left Germany
 The Neuengamme concentration camp, which held over 100,000 prisoners
between 1938 and 1945, is located in Hamburg
 By 1943, there remained only 1,800 Jews in Hamburg; the rest had been
deported to camps. The Jewish community of Hamburg was, as the Nazis
officially described it, “officially liquidated” by June of that year.
o Although it took place from 1936-1939, the Spanish Civil War is widely viewed as
a “warm up” for the Holocaust
 Hitler sent in powerful air and armoured units to help Francisco Franco
and his nationalists
 the war allowed Hitler and the Germany military to gain combat
experience with their latest technology in the German war machine
 fighting displaced millions of Spanish people; 500,000 refugees fled to
France in 1939, where many were interned; 15,000 Spanish Republicans
were in Nazi concentration camps after 1940
 Nazi authorities conscripted Spanish Republicans for forced labour and
deported over 30,000 to Germany

23
SCENE 14: February 27, 1933: “Der Mensch ist Nicht Gut – Sondern Ein Vieh!
(Man Isn’t Good – He’s Disgusting!)”
 Title is from Leonard Frank’s anti-war novel Der Mensch ist gut (Humanity is Good)

SLIDES
FEBRUARY 27, 1933: A mysterious Fire: The Reichstag burns.

o The burning of the Reichstag is one of the most significant moments in the lead-
up to Hitler’s rise to the Chancellorship of Germany.
 Post-Reichstag fire, Hitler’s cabinet issued the Decree for the Protection
of the People and the State, which dramatically and permanently
suspended right to assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and
any restraints on all police investigations
 Exploited the fire to secure President von Hindenberg’s approval for an
emergency decree (acting without the Reichstag via Article 48- see
WEIMAR GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE)
o The origin of the fire was unclear but the Nazis and the German Nationalist Party
blamed the Communists
 The regime claims Communists are planning an uprising to overthrow the
state (the fire being evidence), and uses this to arrest and incarcerate
political opponents indefinitely, dissolve political organizations, and
suppress publications
 Domestic and even international propaganda reflected the regime’s story-
see this 1-minute newsreel from the independent company British Movietone.
 Existing fear of Communist takeover and Nazi propaganda together
convince most Germans that Hitler’s strong actions saved them from
Bolshevism

SCENE 15: February 27, 1933: “Further Demonological Explorations”

SLIDES
 FEBRUARY 27, 1933: The Reichstag is burning.
 MARCH 5 – MARCH 15 1933: Things go from bad to worse in no time at all. The German
communist party is outlawed. Daily arrests. The emigration begins.

SCENE 16: March 5, 1933 – “Keep You Keep You I Am Gone Oh Keep You In My
Memory”
 Title of the scene comes from the poem “The Owl in the Sarcophagus” by Wallace
Stevens, written after the death of his friend Henry Church, which can be read here. The
stanza, in full, reads: “And death cries quickly, in a flash of voice,/ Keep you, keep you, I am
gone, O Keep you as/ My memory, is the mother of all men”.

24
  “Germany’s not safe for Jews” – Paulinka (p. 98)
o The tide was palpably turning, and in April 1933 (a few short weeks after), the
Nazi party would organize a nation-wide boycott of Jews and Jewish businesses.
April also saw the advent of laws excluding Jews from political office and civil
service, as well as limited the number of Jewish students in any given public
school.
 “This came today… it’s a letter from the Ministry of Culture. […] The film industry is going
to be… incorporated.” –Paulinka (p.99)
o This refers to Joseph Goebbels’s Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and
Propaganda, which supervised and regulated all culture and mass media of Nazi
Germany. Focuses included the cult of personality around infallible leader Adolf
Hitler, antisemitism, and nationalism. Division V covered Films and film
censorship.

SCENE 17: March 12, 1933: “Hic Domus Dei Portae Coelis
(This Is The House Of God, And These Are The Gates Of Heaven”
 title is from Genesis 28:17

SLIDES
 MARCH 12, 1933: the Flag of the Weimar Republic is abolished

SCENE 18: March 15, 1933 – “Berliner Schnause (Berlin Lip)”

 Berliner Schnause is slang used by the inhabitants of Berlin, usually characterized as being
outspoken and using course humour. The dialect uses vocabulary specific to the city’s
geography as well as immigrants including Hugenots, Jews, Slavs, Silesians, Bohemians,
and Russians. Rough humour and gruffness is a distinctive feature, and the term in
German invokes the imagery of a snarling mutt of a dog, as schnauzer means ‘snout’.

 Baz: “I was arrested by the new police. They marched into the institute after lunch. We were
ordered into trucks. Dr Henni and Dr. Kunz got in to black cars. No one knows what happened
to Dr. Kunz. He may be dead.”
o The Institute is boarded shut, accused of “printing pornography” and “abetting
illegal medical practices- abortions” the files were taken, windows boarded up
 For more on this, see THE INSTITUTE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY

 “In the woods outside of Munich, do you know what we are building? A camp. For people like
you.” - Baz, quoting a Nazi (p. 111)
o refers to Dachau (see below)

 “It was a Dietrich film. […] Into the the theatre marches a squadron of brownshirts and guess
who else? [Adolf Hitler].” – Baz (p.113)
o Marlene Dietrich films plausibly released in Germany most recently prior to this:

25
  Dishonoured (released January 1932)
 Shanghai Express (released 11 April 1932)
o ‘Brownshirts’ were Hitler’s Stormtroopers, called the SA (SturmAbteilung- “Storm
Detachment") who disrupted the meetings of the Nazi’s political opponents (from
1921-1933) and were the paramilitary defence of halls and rallies where Adolf
Hitler and other Nazi leaders were speaking.
 At the post-WWII Nuremberg Military Tribunal, where Nazis were held
accountable for their war crimes, the SA were described as being made up
of “ruffians” and “bullies”
 Many of the original members came from the Freikorps (see WEIMAR
REPUBLIC)
 For video with footage of Brownshirts marching in the streets, click here.

SLIDES:
 MARCH 15, 1933: Opening ceremonies- Dachau Concentration Camp
o Dachau was the first concentration camp opening in Nazi Germany. Himmler
described it as “the first concentration camp for political prisoners”, and during its
first year it held 4,800 prisoners. These prisoners were initially German Communists,
Social Democrats, trade unionists, and other political opponents (hence Martin
Niemoller’s iconic poem.)

SLIDES:
 MAY 1- JUNE 22, 1933: The transition to fascism gathers incredible speed. The 150 year old
German labor movement vanishes overnight with almost no resistance. The Social-
Democratic Party is outlawed. All meaningful authority is concentrated into the hands of
the chancellor.
 The system is not in fact complete and total, the illusion of totality is enough. The Nazis
control not only the future, but the past as well. Centuries of progress seem to have never
taken place.
o This is done via Article 48 (see WEIMAR GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE)

SCENE 19: May 1, 1933 – “Derl WIldgewordene Kleinburger

(The Petit-Bourgeois Run Amok)”
 “BOLSHEVIK! FUCKING BOLSHEVIK PIGS! ALL OF YOU!” – Die Alte (p. 121)
o The Bolsheviks (which means “Ones of the Majority”) were the socialists led by
Vladimir Lenin during the Russian Revolution. They promised “immediate end to
the war, land to the peasants, and bread to the workers”. They led an armed
insurrection by workers and soldiers in Petrograd that overthrew the government
and transferred power to the Soviets during the October Revolution. (See
COMMUNISM 101 for more.)
o Die Alte refers to wearing corsets earlier in the play (scene 3A), and from this we
may infer that she would be a member of the middle or upper classes, and
therefore is directly under threat from the Communist goal of a classless society
that lowers the upper classes and raises the workers up. Hatred of “Bolshevik
pigs” is in keeping with the pre-WWI attitudes of the German upper classes.
 Bach’s Unaccompanied Violin Sonata in G minor (listen here)

26
SCENE 20: May 2, 1933 – “An Acid Morning Light”
 “Special Propaganda Chief Otto Von Something-or-Other…” –Paulinka (p.125)
 Otto Dietrich was the Press Chief of the Nazi Party
 His office overlapped with Joseph Gobbels’s Ministry of Public
Enlightenment and Propaganda

SLIDES
 MAY 2, 1933: with minimal resistance, German trade unions are abolished.

SCENE21: May 2, 1933 – “Love Scene Without…”

SCENE22: May 3, 1933: “Hands”

SLIDES
 MAY 10, 1933: Hitler declares his intention to “abolish class war”. Later that night, the
first public book burnings are held.
o The Nazi book burning on May 10th, 1933 is “perhaps the most famous book
burning in history” according to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
o For more on targets, see THE INSTITUTE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY.

SCENE23: June 22, 1933: “Revelations and Farewells”

 “When I was 16, in Leipzig, I joined a band of young people – we went off to the mountains,
read Wendekind, and Whitman the American, and Schubert and Mahler the Jew, worshipped
the sun, made a god of nature, experimented with each other in all sorts of ways.” –Baz (p.127)
o Here, Baz refers to his early days of Bohemianism, which was an idealistic, anti-
establishment movement of intellectuals and artists in late 19th – early 20th
century Europe that focused on free love, frugality, and unorthodox views. The
“experimentation” he references calls upon the sexual fluidity and defiance of
sexual norms present in the Bohemians.
o The references to the worship of the sun and nature recall transcendentalism,
which believes in the inherent goodness of people and nature, and advocates a sort
of primeval and self-reliant existence to escape the corrupting influences of
society.
o This love of nature also highly evokes the Romanticism movement, which was a
reaction against the rational, scientific era of the Enlightenment.
 Romanticism values emotion, nature, beauty, imagination, and idealizes
rural life. It rejects industrialization, organized religion, and social
convention.
o Frank Wendekind was a German playwright, particularly well known for Spring
Awakening (the basis for the Broadway musical of the same name). His works are
critical of conservative, repressive upper-class views, especially toward sex (as
demonstrated in the catastrophic ending of Spring Awakening)

27
 o Walt Whitman was an American poet and part of the transcendentalist
movement. Leaves of Grass, his best-known work, was criticized for being
“sexually explicit”.
o Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer who created more than 600 secular
vocal pieces, seven symphonies, and is considered one of the greatest composers of
the early Romantic era.
o Gustav Mahler was an Austrian late-Romantic composer whose works were often
considered revolutionary.
 “Today I saw a platoon of children, younger than we were, marching to the mountains, as
organized as ants. They wear uniforms. […] They’ll sing songs of racial purity.” –Baz
(p.127)
o The Hitler Youth were a Nazi program to indoctrinate the youth of Germany,
which was the sole youth organization in Nazi Germany. By 1936 it was
compulsory to join.
o Boys joined at 10 in the Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young People) and
transferred to the Hitler Youth at 13 until the age of 18, where they were trained
in military athletics and to be ‘strong Aryan stock’ for the glory of the Reich.
Boys were to be prepared for military service.
o Girls joined the Jungmadelbund (League of Young Girls) at 10 and transferred to
the Bund Deutrscher Madel (League of German Girls) from 14 to 18. They were
required to be highly physically fit (to create, again, ‘good Aryan stock’) and
know how to make a bed. Girls were to be prepared for motherhood.
 “These boys and girls enter our organizations [at] ten years of age, and often
for the first time get a little fresh air; after four years of the Young Folk they go
on to the Hitler Youth, where we have them for another four years . . . And
even if they are still not complete National Socialists, they go to Labor Service
and are smoothed out there for another six, seven months . . . And whatever
class consciousness or social status might still be left . . . the Wehrmacht
[German armed forces] will take care of that.” —Adolf Hitler (1938)
o The Hitler Youth, for both boys and girls, was an incredibly important
component of party indoctrination in Nazi Germany.
o “Tomorrow Belongs to Me” from Cabaret

SLIDES
 JULY 14-17, 1933: all legislative and political work necessary for the establishment
of the Third Reich has been completed. The fascist machinery created in six
months would function efficiently for the next thirteen years.

SCENE 24: “All That Was Fat and Bright Is Now Perished From You”
 Title is from Revelations 18:14

28
SCENE 25: The Green Front
SLIDES
 OCTOBER 14, 1933: Germany withdraws from disarmament talks and from the League of
Nations.
 NOVEMBER 12, 1933: Reichstag elections and a national plebiscite. A 95% popular vote of
consent.

EPILOGUE
 “When they rounded us up, and brought us to the camps, and showed us the mass graves and
said ‘You are responsible for these.’ I was thinking, ‘I wasn’t here, didn’t know, didn’t want to
know, never pulled a trigger, never pulled a switch, feel nothing for these beds of sleepers, deep
asleep, but only look at how thin they are, and when they let us return to Munich, I wonder what
I’ll find for dinner.” [Warning: link to photos of bodies from concentration camps]

LINES AT THE END OF THE PLAY:

“Clubfoot. Smell of sulphur. Yellow dog. No Shadow. Welcome to Germany.”

 Clubfoot
o Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels was born with the congenital deformity of
a club foot. Surgery did not improve his conditions, so he was forced to limp all
life.
 Smell of sulphur.
o Sulphur referred to in the Torah (Genesis) – commonly translated to “brimstone”
– Hell is supposed to smell like Sulphur
 Yellow dog.
o Yellow dog (n.)- "mongrel" is attested from c. 1770; slang sense of "contemptible
person" first recorded 1881
 No shadow.
o “A devil is usually so thin as to cast no shadow.” – Caesarius of Heisterback
(Dialogus Miraculorum, iii) – “this characteristic is a heritage of the ancient
hunger-demon who, himself a shadow, casts no shadow.

29
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32
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25. Scene 22

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26. Scene 23

35
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27. Scene 24

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28. Epilogue

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36