Chapter 01 Energy in Society PDF

CHAPTER 01 :
Energy in Society
4/16/2015 Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In Society 1

Understanding Energy
• Dictionary Meaning: Vigor, vigorous activity, capacity for work.
• Scientific Meaning: Ability to do work or that quantity that is used in doing work.
• Important Features
• Energy is the life blood of the ecosphere and of human industrial society.
• Responsible for shaping individual life styles and the entire economic system of the world.
• By utilizing scientific and technological knowledge to usefully harness energy we have

developed large industries devoted to agriculture , mining and power supply.
Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

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Understanding Energy: Major Sources (Natural)
• Solar Energy: Comes from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
• Tidal Energy: Due to the gravitational attraction between the moon and the earth and to a
lesser amount between the sun and the earth.
• Geothermal Energy: The temperature of the interior of the Earth is around 5000°C. Heat is
lost by conduction and convection, and the internal heat balance maintained by radioactive
decay.
• Stored Energy: Fossil Fuels (hydrocarbons: coal, oil, gas) and Nuclear Fuels (uranium &
thorium).

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Understanding Energy: Types of Energy
• Kinetic Energy: Mechanical Energy due to an objects motion.

• E.g. moving vehicle, falling water.
• Potential Energy: Mechanical Energy due to an objects position.

• E.g. compressed spring, raised hammer.
• Chemical Energy: Energy stored in chemicals/materials often released by combustion or chemical reaction.
• E.g. coal natural gas, burning of wood.
• Heat/Thermal Energy: Energy associated with random molecular motions within any medium.
• Mass/Nuclear Energy: Binding Energy of atomic nucleus. Governed by Einstein's’ Equation.
• Electric Energy: Energy due to motion of Electrons.

• E.g. lighting, electric motors.

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Natural Sources of Energy: Solar Energy
• Solar energy in one form or another is the source of

nearly all energy on the earth.
• The received solar energy varies with latitude and

with seasons due to the inclination of the earth's
axis to its plane of revolution.

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Natural Sources of Energy: Tidal Energy
• Energy resulting due to the gravitational attraction

between the Moon/Sun and the Earth .
• The Sun and Moon are not in fixed positions in the

celestial sphere, but change position with respect to
each other, their influence on the tidal range
(difference between low and high tide) is also
effected.
• Tides vary with season and with topography.

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Natural Sources of Energy: Geothermal Energy
• The temperature of the interior of the Earth is

around 5000°C.
• Heat is lost by usually heat transfer mechanisms

(conduction and convections).
• Heat flow in the earth’s crust causes volcanoes, lava

flows, hot springs, earth quakes, continental drift,
etc.
• All this results in geothermal activities which can be

rendered as energy.

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Natural Sources of Energy: Stored Energy/Fuels
• Two Major types:
• Fossil Fuels (hydrocarbons: coals, oil, gas)
• Nuclear Fuels (uranium, thorium, etc.)
• Large reservoir of these exist in the Earth’s crust.
• Resultant of decomposition of biological materials

(fossil fuels)
• Left over from the formation of the Solar System

and whole cosmic coordinates. ( nuclear fuels)

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Energy in Biosphere
 Biosphere (or ecosphere) is the narrow section of

the Earth which sustains life.
 It consists of the atmosphere, lithosphere and
hydrosphere.
 It is a dynamic series of ecosystems in which all
forms of life (plant, animal and micro organisms)
interact under the influence of sunlight to produce
energy for their own needs.
 In natural ecosystems, all materials are recycled.
There are no waste products.

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Energy in Biosphere: The Carbon Cycle
• Photosynthesis is a natural process in which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon
dioxide and water to carbohydrates.
• This is catalyzed by the green pigment in plants which absorbs strongly in the visible region of the
solar spectrum where the radiation is most intense.
• Animals and micro-organisms consume plants to produce energy and reverse this process. This is
called respiration. Thus the carbon is recycled by the interaction of sunlight and life.
CO2 + H2O + light ==> O2 + carbohydrates

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Energy in Biosphere: The Water Cycle

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Energy in Biosphere: Human and Biosphere

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Energy in Biosphere: Importance and Sensitivity
• An energy system is made up of an energy supply sector and energy end-use technologies.
• The term energy services is used to describe these benefits, which in households include
illumination, cooked food, comfortable indoor temperatures, refrigeration, and transportation.
• Energy services are also required for virtually every commercial and industrial activity.
• Excess usage has lead to degrading environment and health hazards.

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Energy in Biosphere: Remedial Action
The 8 Millennium Development Goal
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day.
• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education
• Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary
schooling.
Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
• Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no
later than 2015.

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Goal 4. Reduce child mortality
• Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
Goal 5. Improve maternal health
• Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.
• Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
• Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of
environmental resources.
• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
• By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.
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Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development
• Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system. Includes a
commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction - both nationally and internationally.
• Address the special needs of the least developed countries. Includes: tariff and quota-free access for least developed
countries' exports; enhanced program of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of
official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction.
• Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States (through the Program
of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second
special session of the General Assembly).
• Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in
order to make debt sustainable in the long term.

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Time for the Inconvenient Truth

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World Energy Scenario

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Global Pattern of Energy Production
Energy Quantity Contribution
Energy (EJ)
Source (Mtoe) (%)
Coal 2278 95.4 23.5
Oil 3398 142.3 35
Natural Gas 2013 84.3 20.8
Nuclear 662 27.7 6.8
Hydro 222 9.3 2.3
Biomass+ 1081 45.2 11.1
Others* 48 2 0.5
Total 9702 406.2 100

+ Includes biomass, wood waste, animal, agricultural
and municipal waste World Primary Energy Supply 1999
* Includes solar, wind, wave, ocean and geothermal Source: World Energy Statistics, IEA
energy
• Mtoe: Million tonnes of oil equivalent

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Changing Patterns of Primary Energy Production
Key points we can extract from these graphs?

• Primary energy production has quadrupled
overall over the last forty years while world
population has doubled
• Coal production has doubled
• Oil production has quadrupled
• Gas production has increased tenfold
Source: Ramage’s book “Energy A Guidebook”

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World Production of Oil & Gas
(Past & Future)
• How realistic is the predicted scenario?
• What changes need to take place?
• What alternatives are realistic?
• What time frame is available and realistic

to change energy resource patterns?
The rate of production increase for oil and

gas has slowed down since the oil crisis of
the 70’s

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Proven Oil Reserves (2014)
Source: http://www.bp.com

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Oil: Production Vs Consumption (2014)

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Proven Natural Gas Reserves (2014)

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Natural Gas: Production Vs Consumption (2014)

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Hydroelectricity Consumptions (2014)

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Other Renewables Consumptions (2014)

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Other Renewables Productions (2014)

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Primary Energy Production & Consumption of Various Countries
• Australia (Fossil Fuel Generation and Trader)
• Production > Consumption
• Switzerland (Highly Dependent on fossil energy import)
• Production <<< Consumption
• United States of America (High producer & high consumer of fossil fuels)
• Production << Consumption

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Production vs Consumption
Australia
Consumption 4.858 EJ,

Production 12.4 EJ, Australia 1998 - 9
Australia 1998 - 9
Australia consumes about 39% of it’s total energy production
Source: Energy A Guidebook New Edition" by Janet Ramage

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Switzerland
Consumption 0.87 EJ
Production 0.25 EJ
Switzerland 1994 Switzerland 1994
Switzerland consumes 248% more energy than it’s total energy production
Source: "Energy A Guidebook New Edition" by Janet Ramage

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United States of America
Production 63 EJ Consumption 80 EJ
USA 1994. USA 1994.
• USA consumes 27% more energy than it’s total energy production
• Produces over
• 5 times more energy than Australia
• 252 times more energy than Switzerland
Source: "Energy A Guidebook New Edition" by Janet Ramage

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World Wide Oil Discovery (Past and Projected) 1930 – 2050
• Oil discoveries have steadily dropped since the 1960s
• New major discoveries only last for a few years

White line indicates annual oil consumption
Source: (http://www.btinternet.com/~nlpwessex/Documents/energycrisis.htm)

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Summary
• Planet cannot sustain such non-renewable energy use.
• Developed countries need to become more energy efficient.
• Developing countries require assistance in developing sustainable energy technologies.
• A massive increase in use of RENEWABLE ENERGY technology is required.

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Contribution by percentage
• Total hydro potential is 63.35 %
• Total solar potential is 7.25%
• Total wind potential is 4.58%
• Total biomass potential is 21.87%
• And rest 2.95% includes other minor

renewable energy resources
Source: http://www.blubee.com/theblog/?p=84

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Global Scenario: Wood/other biomass
Source: http://www.energie-atlas.ch/bi-200.htm

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Global Scenario: Wood/other biomass Contd..
• The values are expressed in (metric) tons per capita
• The energy equivalent of one ton of wood is roughly 3.8

MWh.
North and South America
Source:http://www.energie-atlas.ch/bi-200.htm

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Global Scenario: Hydro Power
Source: http://www.energie-atlas.ch/wa-100.htm

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Global Scenario: Hydro Power Contd..
• The maps show the theoretical energy potential in

relation to the country area, in MWh/km²
• The countries having the highest relative potential

are: Bhutan, Nepal, Tajikistan and Switzerland
• Worldwide, the theoretical energy potential is above

40,000 TWh per year, corresponding to a mean
power of at least 4.6 TW
Source: http://www.energie-atlas.ch/wa-100.htm

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Global Scenario: Solar Energy
Source:http://www.energie-atlas.ch/so-100.htm

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Global Scenario: Solar Contd..
• The amount of radiation decreases towards the polar

regions.
• The maximum values occur slightly south or north of the

equator.
• On the land area worldwide, this results in a solar

radiation of at least 200,000,000 TWh per year.
Source: http://www.energie-atlas.ch/so-100.htm

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Global Scenario: Wind Energy
Source: http://www.energie-atlas.ch/wi-100.htm

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Global Scenario: Wind Energy Contd..
Source: http://www.energie-atlas.ch/wi-100.htm

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Global Scenario: Tidal and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• The wave power density measured in kilowatts (kW) per meter (m) of wave front for the various parts of the world.
• The most energy rich coastlines in the world are located on the coasts of territories with a western exposure to the
Southern Ocean (Chile, South Australia, south western coasts in South Island, New Zealand as well as parts of Western
Europe, notably Ireland, Scotland and Iceland as well as western Canada and South Africa) .
Source:http://www.oceanor.no/projects/wave_energy/

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Global Scenario: Tidal and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Contd..
Source:http://www.oceanor.no/projects/wave_energy/
• The highest energy waves are concentrated off the western coasts in the 40o–60o latitude range north and south.
• The power in the wave fronts varies in these areas between 30 and 70 kW/m with peaks to 100kW/m in the Atlantic SW
of Ireland, the Southern Ocean and off Cape Horn.
• If harnessed appropriately, 10% of the current level of world supply could be provided.

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National Scenario: Biomass
• Fuel wood
• Crop Residues
• Agricultural Residues
• Livestock Manure
• Animal Wastes

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Biomass—Fuel wood
Terai Hills Mountain Total
Source
Gross Accessed Gross Accessed Gross Accessed Gross Accessed
Forest 558 558 3,231 1,250 1,847 700 5,636 2,508
Shrub areas 11 11 407 268 220 103 638 384
Cultivated Land 1,256 1,256 1,462 1,462 276 276 2,994 2,994
Others 164 164 1,130 809 1,553 530 2,847 1,503

Total 1,815 1,815 6,230 3,789 3,896 1,609 12,115 7,389
Sustainable fuel wood supply scenario till 1997 in Nepal (in '000MT)
Source: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/mspokharel/Energy%20in%20Nepal.pdf
• 30% of the landmass of Nepal is covered with forest
• 11% by shrub areas
• Forest areas are being reduced each year at the rate of 1.7%

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Biomass—Crop Residues
Residue Type
Physiographic
Region
Paddy Maize Sugarcane Others Total
Mountain 200 190 Insignificant 80 470
Hills 2170 1830 10 500 4510
Terai 7080 620 460 920 9130
Total 9450 2690 470 1500 14,110
Crop Residue Supply in 1996 ('000 MT)

Source:
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/mspokharel/Energy
• Supply potential of crop residues is about 14 million metric tons %20in%20Nepal.pdf
• About 9 million metric tons can be obtained in Terai (flat lands)

alone

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Biomass Contd..
• Agricultural Residues
• Agricultural residues in 1993/94 amounted to 12.1 million tons.
• Consumption as fuel was about 3.4 million tons in the same year.
• Sugarcane, maize and paddy are the major sources of agricultural residues in Nepal.
• Livestock Manures
• About 2.7 million metric tons of dry livestock manure is estimated to be available for energy use.
• Animal Wastes
• Total dry dung produced was estimated to be about 4.4 million tons in 1994/95.
• 2.1 million tons were consumed by energy sectors.

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National Scenario: Hydro Power
• Annual discharge of out flowing rivers from

Nepal to India is about 225 billion cubic
meters from over 6,000 rivers
• Many rivers lose a height of about 4,000

meters just within a north-south distance
of 100-200 km.

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National Scenario: Hydro Power
Basin-wise Hydro Power Potential in Nepal
Theoretical Potential (GW)
Economic Potential
Basin
(GW)
Major rivers Small rivers Total
Koshi 19 4 23 11
Gandaki 18 3 21 5
Karnali and
32 3 35 25
Mahakali
Others 3 1 4 1
Total 72 11 83 42
 That provides a potential density for Nepal of around 590 kW/km2, where as that of the earth, as a whole is around 28
kW/km2.
 Around 2.2% of the earth’s potential are concentrated in Nepal.
 Thus, the theoretical annual energy generation potential of all Nepalese rivers is around 730 TWH.

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National Scenario: Hydro Power Contd..
Power Plants in Operation
Annual
Capacity
S.N. Power Plant Energy Owned by Type
(MW)
1 Trishuli 24
(GWh)
292 NEA ROR
• Of the total potential of Hydro Power in Nepal which is about
2 Sunkoshi 10 66 NEA ROR
3 Gandaki 15 53 NEA ROR 42,000 MW only 570 MW is realized.
4 Kulekhani I 60 164 NEA STO
5 Devighat 14 13 NEA ROR
6 Kulekhani II 32 96 NEA STO • That gives about 1.26 % of the total potential being utilized till
7 Marshyangdi 69 519 NEA PROR
8 Puwa 6 41 NEA ROR date.
9 Modi 15 87 NEA ROR
10 Kali Gandaki 144 791 NEA PROR
11 Andhi Khola 5 38 BPC ROR • This production doesn’t supply enough power to support for the
12 Jhimruk 12 81 BPC ROR
13 Khimti 60 353 HPL ROR total load peak demand of about 850 MW. (as of 2007)
14 Bhotekoshi 36 246 BKPC ROR
15 Indrawati 7.5 51 NHPC ROR
16 Syange 0.2 1.2 SHC ROR • This load requirement demands for the growth of about 50% for
17 Chilime 20 101 CHC PROR
18
19
Piluwa
Sunkoshi
3
2.6
18
14.5
AVHCO
SHPC
ROR
ROR
complete electrification from hydro power.
Alliance
20 Chaku Khola 1.5
Power
21 Small hydro 12.5 26 NEA ROR
22
Small hydro
6.4 NEA ROR
(Isolated)
23 Micro hydro 14.5
Total 570.2
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National Scenario: Hydro Power Contd..
Identified Potential Hydro Power Power Plants under Construction
Projects
S.N. Project Capacity (MW) Type Capacity
SN Power Plant Owned by
1 West Seti 750 Storage (MW)
2 Arun III 402 PROR
3 Budhi Gandaki 600 Storage Middle
1 70 NEA
4 Kali Gandaki II 660 Storage Marshyangdi
5 Lower Arun 308 PROR
6 Upper Arun 335 PROR 2 Gamgad 0.4 NEA
7 Karnali Chisapani 10800 Storage 3 Heldung 0.5 NEA
8 Upper Karnali 300 PROR
9 Chamelia 30 ROR
10 Pancheswor 6480 Storage
4 Rairang 0.5 Rairang HPD
11 Thulodhunga 25 ROR
12 Tamor/ Mewa 100 PROR 5 Upper Modi 14 GITEC
13 Dudh Koshi 300 Storage
14 Budhi Ganga 20 ROR 6 Khudi 3.5 KHL
15 Rahughat Khola 27 ROR 7 Mailung 5 MPC
16 Likhu 4 51 PROR
17 Kabeli A 30 ROR
18
19
Upper Marshyangdi A
Kulekhani III
121
45
PROR
Storage
• Total of about 22,000 MW capacity is identified but
20 Andhikhola (Storage) 180 Storage
21 Khimti II 27 ROR untouched.
22 Upper Modi A 42 ROR
23 Langtang Khola 218 Storage
24 Madi Ishaneswor 86 Storage • That gives around 50% of the expected economically
25 Upper Seti 122 Storage
26 Kankai 60 Storage viable potential are still to be identified.
27 Upper Tamakoshi 250 PROR
Total 22369
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National Scenario: Solar Energy
Solar insolation
Month (Horizontal)
kWh/m2 per day
January 3.0-4.5
February 3.5-5.0
March 4.5-6.0
April 5.5-7.0
May 6.0-7.0
June 5.5-6.5
Average Monthly Solar Insolation

Source: (average 1983–1993) for a Horizontal
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/DATBIN/id.pl?typeofdata
=uars_ftp Surface in Nepal (First 6 Months)

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National Scenario: Solar Energy Contd..
Solar insolation
Month (Horizontal)
kWh/m2 per day
July 4.0-5.5
August 4.0-5.0
September 4.0-5.0
October 4.5-5.0
November 4.0-4.5
December 3.0-4.0
Source: Average Monthly Solar Insolation (average

http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/DATBIN/id.pl?typeofd 1983–1993) for a Horizontal Surface in
ata=uars_ftp
Nepal (Next 6 Months)

Solar insolation
(30º towards
Month
Equator) kWh/m2
per day
January 4.0-5.5
February 4.0-6.0
March 4.5-7.0
April 5.0-7.0
Average 30º towards Equator Tilted Solar
May 5.0-7.0 Irradiation from 1983 –1993 for Nepal (First
6 Months)
June 4.5-6.0
Source:
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/DATBIN/id.pl?ty
peofdata=uars_ftp

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Solar insolation
(30º towards
Month Equator)
kWh/m2 per
day
July 3.5-5.0
August 4.0-5.0
September 4.0-5.5
October 5.0-6.0
Average 30º towards Equator Tilted Solar
November 5.0-6.0 Irradiation from 1983 –1993 for Nepal (Next
6 Months)
December 4.5-5.5
Source:
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/DATBIN/id.pl?ty
peofdata=uars_ftp

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Solar PV Systems installed through NEA
End-Use Name Capacity kWR Remarks

Installed 1989 and NEA owned.
Kodari 30
Since over 10 years dismantled
Gamgadhi 50
Since Oct 2004 broken
Lighting
Simikot 50 Since 10 years providing DC
electricity for 1-2 hrs/day only.
Pulimarang 2 A NGO – Private initiative
Civil Aviation 9 43 Stations
Repeaters
Telecommuni
162 16 Stations
cations
Kirtipur 40 Drinking Water Pumping
Water
Bhaktapur 4 Drinking Water Pumping
Supply
Others 1 Drinking Water Pumping
Total 348

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National Scenario: Solar Energy Summary
Considering Those Graphs:
• Average daily solar irradiation about 5 kWh/m2/day.
• Annual solar power potential all over Nepal around 30000 MW.
Assumptions for the use of Solar Energy Technology:
• Solar radiation is intermittent, as it’s only available during the day.
• Nepal has about 300 days a year sunshine.
• Under real condition the efficiency of commercial available solar energy conversion technologies/devices is
about 5% - 10%.
• Batteries have an average efficiency of storage/retrieval cycle of around 65% - 85%.

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National Scenario: Load Forecasting

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Chapter Objectives
1. To understand the basics of energy, the factors in life related to energy, the
major sources of energy (renewables and non renewables).
2. To get an insight with the actual gravity of energy crisis in global scenario and
in local prospects.
3. To know the potential and strength of national market along with the possible
threats to it.
4. To absorb the need of renewable energy in human life and development.

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CHAPTER 01 :

4/16/2015 Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In Society 1

• Dictionary Meaning: Vigor, vigorous activity, capacity for work.

• By utilizing scientific and technological knowledge to usefully harness energy we have

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

• Kinetic Energy: Mechanical Energy due to an objects motion.

• Potential Energy: Mechanical Energy due to an objects position.

• Mass/Nuclear Energy: Binding Energy of atomic nucleus. Governed by Einstein's’ Equation.

• Electric Energy: Energy due to motion of Electrons.

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

• Solar energy in one form or another is the source of

• The received solar energy varies with latitude and

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

• Energy resulting due to the gravitational attraction

• The Sun and Moon are not in fixed positions in the

• Tides vary with season and with topography.

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

• The temperature of the interior of the Earth is

• Heat is lost by usually heat transfer mechanisms

• Heat flow in the earth’s crust causes volcanoes, lava

• All this results in geothermal activities which can be

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

• Two Major types:

• Fossil Fuels (hydrocarbons: coals, oil, gas)

• Nuclear Fuels (uranium, thorium, etc.)

• Large reservoir of these exist in the Earth’s crust.

• Resultant of decomposition of biological materials

• Left over from the formation of the Solar System

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

 Biosphere (or ecosphere) is the narrow section of

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

CO2 + H2O + light ==> O2 + carbohydrates

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

• Excess usage has lead to degrading environment and health hazards.

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

The 8 Millennium Development Goal

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

Goal 5. Improve maternal health

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

• Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

Coal 2278 95.4 23.5

Oil 3398 142.3 35

Natural Gas 2013 84.3 20.8

Nuclear 662 27.7 6.8

Hydro 222 9.3 2.3

Biomass+ 1081 45.2 11.1

Total 9702 406.2 100

Prepared By Er. Malesh Shah: Chapter 01- Energy In

Key points we can extract from these graphs?

• Coal production has doubled

• Oil production has quadrupled

• Gas production has increased tenfold