Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Policing in the Philippines had passed several police systems. On the
national level was the Philippine Constabulary, the 4rth Branch of Service
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines that institutionalized law enforcement
duties and at the local government units there was police force in every City
and Municipality under the supervision and control of the Mayor where the
police chief and policemen of every municipality are appointed by him with
the approval of the municipal council.
The desire of the Philippine Government to have a country’s national
police force, the Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police
(PC/INP) was established through Presidential Decree 765 integrating the
fragmented and diverse local police units into a National Police Force with
the PC as its nucleus. The merger of the Philippine Constabulary and the
local police force pave the way to a militarized police agency of the country.
The militarization was further enhance by the enactment of Republic Act
100200
In the year 1987, the Philippine Constitution was ratified expressly
providing the creation of a police force which is national in scope and civilian
in character (Sec. 6, Art. XVI, 1987 Philippine Constitution). Consequently,
Police act of 1991 was enacted under a Reorganized Department of the
Interior and Local government giving birth to the Philippine National Police
(PNP) as the country’s national police force whose role is to protect and
served its people. Originating from the defunct Philippine Constabulary and
the Integrated National Police, the PNP inherited the police functions of the
PC/INP (RA 6975). The PNP was further strengthened into a highly efficient
and competent police through the enactment of the PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998 and amending certain provision of the Police
Act of 1991 (R.A. 8551)

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 Despite the civilian nature of the PNP under existing laws the new
police organization continues its tradition by using the military approach in
the conduct of training. This training approach is a transition from civilian
care-free life to a regimented life requiring adaptation to an intense and
continuous supervision, strict discipline and mandatory physical activities
including sleep deprivation. The discipline and structure in the training
aimed in preparing young police recruits to meet the challenges of the
present complex policing environment which does not only include common
and ordinary petty crime but also includes violent extremism. A regimented
physical training program to new police recruits shall provide challenges that
prepare officers for the demands of law enforcement.
Policemen are legal bearer of arms to suppress criminality meaning it
has legal right and even obligation to carry weapons and use force when
needed. Their roles are to suppress civilian criminal activity, maintain
public order and safety, and keep citizens safe from crime. He should make
sure that everyone within his jurisdiction is obeying the law and take action
to make sure people do not violate the same. They spend a lot of time
looking for evidence of criminal activity and using this to arrest suspects
and have them formally charged in court. In doing the same, they should
spend much of thier time interacting with civilians whom they are supposed
to protect and serve. They are considered as partner in the suppression of
crime because maintenance of peace and order is not only a duty of the
police but by the members of the community as well
As legal bearers of ammunitions, police should undergo a
regimented training to instill discipline and fitness. This is a rigorous and
trying experience to test trainee’s courage, strength, faith and devotion on
his chosen profession to serve and protect the people. It is a challenge to
face the situation that needs mental and physical effort in order to adopt
and face a difficult situation during the course of actual police operations.
During this period the police trainees are encourage to increase their skills,

2
determination, and abilities by making them do more something new during
difficult situations.
Like the military, the police must possess the characteristics of
leadership, fidelity, chain of command, and team work in the performance
of police functions. They should be attuned under the regimented life
adhering the importance of discipline, punctuality, responsibility, team
work, and decision-making skills. He should be required to be quick on his
feet and have the ability to commit his decisions, whether that decision is
to make a drone strike or an arrest.
The police basic training as a tradition is aimed of developing the
new police recruits to be physically and mentally fit to perform the duties
and responsibilities of the law enforcement profession. They are required
to undergo physical activity as a way to instill both mental and physical
discipline. They are also being taught to push through pain and discomfort
to accomplish a task and even more importantly they are trained that way
in order for them to survive a violent encounter once they get into the road
during police operation.
The physical activities that the trainees used to undergo is the
Army Dozen Exercises a military routine exercise adopted by the PNP
during the conduct of training consist of two phases: (a) Warm Up
Exercises that include stork, Bobber, Back Field Croach and (b) Army
Dozen Proper to include High Jumper, Squat Bender, Squat Thrush, Bend
and Reach, Four Count Push Up, Knee Bender, Trunck Twister, Turn and
Bounch, Eight count Push Up, Side Bender, Mountain Climbing and
Buttoms up. This routine military exercises will help build muscle and
stamina to prepare the new police recruits to learn close combat fight
techniques which range from old martial arts techniques to newly
developed techniques used by elite combat units and offer knowledge on
how to disable or restrain multiple attackers as well as disarm them when
they hold knives, blunt force weapons or other dangerous material used by
criminals.

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 The researcher performs tasks that support the police organization
in the fulfillment of its goals, vision, mission and objectives specifically in
the area of education and training among police Non-Commissioned
Officers who are viewed as first responders in law enforcement. As a public
safety educator who spearhead the academic instruction in the Philippine
National Police Training Institute, the researcher is greatly concerned about
the effectiveness of regimented approached of police training with
strenuous physical exercises and sleep deprivation whether this traditional
activities is a means to determine physical and mental fitness as well as the
development of self discipline and self respect. To uncover remedial and
preventive measures appropriate to the maintenance of the traditional
police basic training, the researcher is highly motivated to conduct this
study, titled “Strenuous Physical Activities and Sleep Deprivation During
Police Basic Training: Bases for Policy Reformulation”.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effects of strenuous physical
activities and sleep deprivation during police basic training as basis in
reformulating training policies.
Specifically, it intends to answer the following questions:
1. What are the assessments of the three (3) groups of
respondents on the strenuous physical activity and sleep deprivation during
police basic training, in terms of:
1.1 Expectancy;
1.2 Instrumentality;
1.3 Valence; and
1.4 Motivation.

2. What are the problems encountered by the three (3) groups

of respondents on the strenuous physical activities and sleep deprivation

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during their police basic training in terms of the afore-cited variables?
3. What are the recommendations of the three (3) groups of
respondents to address the problems encountered on the strenuous
physical activity and sleep deprivation during their police basic training in
terms of the afore-cited variables?
4. Is there a significant difference in the:
4.1 assessment of the three (3) groups of respondents on
the strenuous physical activity and sleep deprivation during police
basic training
4.2 problems encountered during the police basic training
in terms of Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence and Motivation?

5. From the findings of the study, what are the police training
policy/ies that can be proposed?

Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the assessment and problems
encountered of the three (3) groups of respondents on the strenuous
physical activities and sleep deprivation during the police basic course in
terms of Expectancy, Instrumentalities, Valence and Motivation?.

Significance of the Study

Any improvement to be introduced as a result of this study may
benefit the PNP Organization specifically the PNP Training Center who may
be able to make some improvement of the training strategy in attaining the
goal of education and training for the new members of the police service.

The findings of this research may help the PNPTI administrators

and Policy Makers assess how effective are the training policies they are
implementing. This could help them critically analyze some gray area in the
training guide specifically the required sleep that is needed by every trainee

5
in order to able to get the required knowledge for basic police education and
training. The result of this study may serve as a reference in making good
decision relative to proper physical exercise and effective sleep during the
basic training

The Community may gain from this study because the education
and training that will be acquired by a new member of the PNP from the
PNP training Institute will redound to the benefit of every member of the
community. The proper inculcation of the basic knowledge of law
enforcement especially the appreciation of applicable law and adherence
to human rights during arrest and other police operations is indispensable
to a professional policeman.
The Trainers and Training Staff maybe provided with the proper
information as the result of the study needs some adjustment in the training
policy. The outcome of the study will show that fatigue and sleepless nights
affect learning. Effective Learning could only be acquired on a relax body
and mind.
Police Trainees may realize that strenuous physical activities and
sleep deprivation are not the only factor to instill physical fitness, mental
fitness, self-discipline and self-respect and as effective policeman.
Researcher may also benefit the research considering that any
improvement of the training policy that will be introduced through this study
will be an achievement to his being a part of the PNP training institute policy
maker. This is professional satisfaction that will bolster self-esteem that no
amount of self- fulfillment can ever be bought.
Future Researcher and members of the public safety academe
may also benefit from this study who may conduct future research similar to
this study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is limited to strenuous physical activities and sleep

6
deprivation during the police basic training in terms of expectancy,
instrumentality, valence and motivation as a basis for reformulating training
policies for its improvement. This covers the eighteen (18) Police Training
Centers under the auspices of the Philippine National Police Training
Institute (PNTI) mandated by Republic Act 6975 as amended by RA 11279
to conduct education and training. The Police Regional Training Center is
strategically located in all regions of the country to cater the training needs
of the all uniform personnel with the rank of Patrolman to Senior Executive
Master Sergeant.
This study will focus on the new police recruits of the Philippine
National Police (PNP) presently undergoing Public Basic Recruit Course,
the Trainers, and Training Executives at the Eighteen (18) Police Training
Centers nationwide.
The respondents will be selected at random among trainees which
will be based on the PNPTI Master Education Program Training Program
for Academic Year 2019. The basic training of the new police recruit was
selected as setting the study because this is where the regimented training
approach is applied and the rigor, the acid test, test of courage and trying
experience are encountered by the trainee under the supervision of the
Tactical Officers and Training Executives of the Police Training Centers.
Nonetheless, this could be utilized as the basis for redesigning and policy
reformulation the PNP training program of the country.

The assessment is limited to the physical activities and sleep

deprivation in relation to expectancy- the hope that the strenuous physical
activity and being used to lack of sleep will develop new policemen to be
effective law enforces; Instrumentality- the regimented approach to include
excessive physical activities and lack of sleep is effective tool to improve
physical fitness and mental fitness, valence- excessive physical activities
and lack of sleep as part of the training, will develop self-discipline and self-
respect among policemen resulting to the adherence of respect of human

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dignity and honor of arrested criminals, and motivation- difficulty the
trainees encountered during training will encourage the policemen to be
good servant and protector of the people

Definition of Terms
The following are terms defined contextually and operationally to
guide the understanding of this research:
Army Dozen Exercises refers to the army routine exercises
adopted by the PNP during the conduct of training consist of two phases:
(a) Warm Up Exercises ( stork, Bobber, Back Field Croach) and Army
Dozen Proper (High Jumper, Squat Bender, Squat Thrush, Bend and
Reach, Four Count Push Up, Knee Bender, Trunck Twister, Turn and
Bounch, Eight count Push Up, Side Bender, Mountain Climbing and
Buttoms up)
Expectancy refers to the belief and optimism of any new member
of the PNP that the basic training and its practices by introducing necessary
skills, knowledge of the law & operational police procedures and actual
case-based operation scenarios will develop theme to be an effective
policemen. (feeling or hope that something exciting, interesting, or ood is
about to happen).
Instrumentality refers to the regimented practices to include
excessive physical activities and lack of sleep is effective means to improve
physical fitness, mental fitness and alertness.
Motivation. It refers to the difficulty the trainees encountered during
training will encourage the policemen to be good servant and protector of
the people. (factors that stimulate desire committed to a job, role)
Physical Activities refers to the regular physical exercises aimed
to develop muscular strength, endurance and vascular respiratory fitness of
policemen.
Police Commissioned Officers are members of the police service
who have the rank of Police lieutenant to Police General.

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 Police Non-Commissioned Officers are members of the police
service who holds the ranks of Patrolman to Police Executive Master
Sergeant.
Regimented Training Approach is the strategy of educating and
training of new members of the police service where the police trainees will
pass through an intense, closely supervised, disciplined, ordered, controlled
and in a military organized manner of training.

Sleep Deprivation refers to the limited number of hours below eight

(8) hours of sleep accorded to the police trainees during the conduct of
police basic training.
Trainers are the police commissioned and non-commissioned
officers who are in-charge of the conduct of trainees discipline, physical
exrcises, tactics and drills & ceremonies.

Training Executives are key officials of the training centers who

directly manage the education and training of policemen. They are the
Training Director, the Deputy Training Directors, the Chief of the
Administrative Division, The Chief of Academics and the Chief of Non-
Academics or the Police Tactics.
Valence refers to the training practices will build character, develop
self-discipline & self-respect and perseverance among policemen resulting
to the adherence of respect of human dignity and honor of arrested
criminals.

Acronym
NPTI - Philippine National Police Training Institute
PGEN - Police General
PLTGEN - Police Lieutenant General
PMGEN - Police Major General
PBGEN - Police Brigadier General

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 PCOL - Police Colonel
PLTCOL - Police Lieutenant Colonel
PMAJ - Police Major
PCPT - Police Captain
PLT - Police Lieutenant
PEMS - Police Executive Master Sergeant
PCMS - Police Chief Master Sergeant
PSMS - Police Senior Master Sergeant
PMSg - Police Master Sergeant
PSSg - Police Staff Sergeant
PCpl - Police Corporal
Pat - Patrolman/Patrolwoman

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents local and foreign studies and literature that are
related and provide insights into the present day. They are herein to give
light on the relevance of the investigation.

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The Policeman

The police service is a constituted body of persons empowered by

a state to enforce the law, to protect the lives, liberty and possessions of
citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. They are in-charged in the
maintenance of peace and order, pursue and apprehend individuals who
break the law, enforce traffic laws, arrest suspected criminals, resolve
community issues, respond to emergencies, and investigate crimes. They
are typically assigned to patrol specific areas of operational assignment and
become familiar with their patrol areas when investigating suspicious
circumstances.

As protector of the people policemen must posses important values

such as ethics, integrity, accountability and honesty to set as good example
of the community and the people. At all times, police officers must follow the
law and departmental regulations. In times that they may use of force it must
be reasonable and necessary. They are are expected to carry out their duties
and responsibilities equitably and justly. They must not show favoritism or
act in a discriminatory manner recognizing that all citizens deserve respectful
treatment regardless of influence, education, sexual orientation,
socioeconomic status, regional origin and religious belief. The police code of
ethics prohibits dishonesty and corruption and any police officers who
engage in serious misconduct on duty or in their personal life can face
disciplinary action and legal prosecution. When assisting crime victims,
police have a duty to be caring, compassionate and responsive by taking the
report seriously, pursuing the offender and explaining victim services
available in the community.

Police officer careers are physically and mentally demanding.

Working as a law enforcement officer requires possessing a specific skill set.
Skills critical to career success include perception and leadership skills, the
ability to multi-task, good judgment, strong communication, professionalism
and physical stamina.

11
 The job of a police officer is risky, and officers incur a higher rate of
illnesses and injury than the national average for other jobs. Officers spend
a great deal of time working with criminals and dealing with threatening
scenarios, such as intervening in a domestic assault or foiling a burglary. As
a result, the possibility of conflicts and physical injury exist when attempting
to apprehend a suspect. Many of the risks associated with a law enforcement
career can be minimized by police officers following proper procedures.

A police officer career is open to anyone who wants to serve and

help the government in maintenance of peace and order of the country. He
must be at least twenty one (21) years old, degree holder, a civil service
eligible, with a height of 5’4” and must pass the psychiatric examinations. He
must be agile, because police officers have to be fast on their feet.
Participating in physical activities will prepare the police to meet the rigorous
physical requirement of police officer. Developing strong interpersonal skills
is also a must because there is a need for him to have a have frequent
contact with the public.
The training for the non-commissioned officers and new recruits of
the Philippine National Police is a mandate of the Philippine National Police
Training Institute. As a educational institution for police non-commissioned
officers of the PNP it has the following functions (a) formulate and implement
training programs for the personnel of the non-uniformed personnel of the
PNP (b) establish and maintain adequate training facilities; (c) develop and
implement research and development to support educational training
programs; (d) conduct an assessment of the training needs of all its clientele
and perform such other related functions as may be prescribed by the DILG
Secretary (Sec 71, Rule X, Rules and Regulations Implementing the DILG
Act of 1990)
As mandated to train and educate non-commission officers of the Philippine
National Police, the PNPTI offers the following courses: (a) Public Safety
Officers Candidate Course; (b) Public Safety Senior Leadership Course; (c)
Public Safety Junior Leadership Course; and Public Safety Basic Recruit

12
Course (Sec 1, Rule 11, NPTI Training Guide 1986 Revised Edition)
The Public Safety Officers Candidate Course (PSOCC) is designed to the
senior police non-commissioned officers of the Philippine National Police
with the most intricate cognitive knowledge, skills proper attitudes required
in performing the duties and responsibilities of a member of the police
organization with an officer rank. Specifically, the program is intended to
improve the cognitive knowledge aptitude and effective facilities of the
potential officers to prepare them to assume officer rank and its
corresponding duties and responsibilities.
The Public Safety Senior Leadership Course (PSSLC) is designed to
equip police non-commissioned officers of the Philippine National Police
with the rank of Patrolman to Police Executive Master Sergeant with the
knowledge, attitudes, skills, habits and values needed for an effective
management and leadership to be able to (a) to demonstrate productive and
responsive supervisory and leadership qualities and skills; (b) assume
greater responsibility for mid-level position; (c) perform with competence the
responsibilities required of his/her position and assignment.
The Public Safety Junior Leadership Course (PSJLC) is designed to
equip the junior police non-commissioned officers of the Philippine National
Police with the rank of PO1-PO3 with fundamental knowledge, skills and
proper attitude required for team-leading assignments. The program intends
to instil leadership the leadership potentials of the police participants to
prepare them assume higher responsibilities within the organization. ‘
The Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC) is a six months
highly disciplined training aimed of transforming the civilian care-free lives to
a regimented life in order to be equipped and develop the new recruits of the
Philippine National Police holding the rank of a Patrolman to acquire
knowledge, skills and proper attitude and discipline required of the duties
and responsibilities as the first responders during public safety operations.
These courses offered by the Philippine National Police Training Institute
are called mandatory courses the fact that these courses are mandatory

13
requirement for the appointment and promotions in the police service. The
three (3) senior courses are considered career courses where policemen
undergoing these courses are called police students in preparation for their
promotions to higher ranks. On the other hand the new police recruits are
called police trainees who experienced under a more organized, rigid, strict
discipline and uniformed manner.
The PNPTI conducts these career and recruit courses through its
Seventeen (18) Police Training Schools comprising 17 Regional Training
Centers and one (1) national headquarters training center, the former Institute
training Group and now renamed as the National Headquarters/National Service
Unit Training Center (NHQ-NSU Training Center) to cater the needs of police
education and training recruited and assigned in every police regional offices
nationwide. These are the National Capital Region Training School,
Cordillera Administrative Region Training School, CALABARZON Training
Center, MIMAROPA Training Center, CARAGA Training Center, ARMM
Training Center and Regional Training Center 1 , 2, 3 and Regional Training
Centers 5,6,7,8,9,10,11 & 12.

The conduct of police basic training of at PNPTI through its seventeen

(18) Police Training Center nationwide starts after the turn-over of the new
police recruits to Regional Training Center by Regional Police Office. It start
with receptions as a tradition with whom the pull up pyramid method is used.
The pull-up pyramid method builds strength and endurance. It begins with
one pull-up, then, two pull-ups. Continue doing three, four, and five and so
on, until the trainee can no longer do any pull-ups before resting. Repeat the
process in reverse, doing the maximum number. Next is a five one-minute
set-ups and push-ups as many push-ups as trainee can, keeping his hands
just outside the width of his shoulders. Strengthen his abdomen by doing five
30-second sets of about 20 sit-ups in each set.

14
 The Strenuous Physical Activities

Physical exercise as experienced by the trainees whose purpose is to

develop physical and mental fitness to cope up with the work requirement in
the law enforcement profession caused a limited sleep accorded to the
trainees. The Army Dozens Exercises is the routine exercises followed by
five (5) kilometer run in the morning which usually starts as early as 4:00 AM
that made them rise up at exactly 3:00 in the morning and repeat the same
activity in the afternoon. They usually go to bed at 10:00 in the evening after
they are through with other training task that made them an average sleep of
five (5) hours daily.

Five kilometers run is also practice as a routine practice every

morning and afternoon to increase endurance. Jog one kilometer in seven
to eight minutes, do three sets of fifty (50) meter sprints, jog one hundred
(100) in one minute and 45 seconds, continue with six sets of twenty (25)
meters sprints and finish with a twenty five (25) jog in one minute. It has a
total of training program run an average of about One thousand two hundred
kilometers throughout their entire six months training period, usually in
distances of five kilometers for one hour delay seven days a week.
Everybody needs physical activity, but especially those
representatives of profession whose direct job responsibilities and the quality
of their performance depends on physical working abilities. Physical activity
is characterized by the intensity of exercises or daily physical work intensity
(low, moderate, and good, high), duration and frequency. In the study of
National Armed Forces Joint Headquarters of the Republic of Latvia.
Although all study participants have been able to pass all normative
characterizing strength and endurance, their physical activity level and the
attitude towards physical activities are different. The duty of each military
official is to withstand and promote the physical fitness and endurance during
service. The greater is the physical activity, the better is individual’s physical

15
fitness and health; this is also reflected in similar studies in other countries.
Morning exercises have a beneficial effect on the body in developing job
skills, therefore worries are caused by the fact that morning exercises were
not done by 23.3% to 54, 5% of respondents (Arnetz et al, 2019).

The range of questions in the questionnaire for the military personnel

included also question about physical activities at home (gardening and farm
work, household chores, etc.), because the army officer has to be an
educator and teacher of young police, demonstrating one’s personal attitude
to different kind of work, doing the household duties as well. The acquired
results show that in 2012, 46.7% of respondents took part in heavy
household chores, i.e., by 10% more than in the previous and next years.
Nowadays any person has got accustomed to regular use of the public
transport. However, the question about the type, how to get to work, was
included in order to find out the officers’ attitude to such type of physical load.
It must be admitted, that only a small part of the respondents choose to go
on foot to work, although in such a way they could reduce the need for visiting
gym. As the health and physical work capacities are affected not only by
insufficient physical activity, but by harmful habits as well, in the anonymous
questionnaire the respondents were asked questions on smoking.

Many studies have concluded that low levels of physical activity, as

had been initially suspected, are a major risk factor for many diseases.
Physical activity accounting for less than 10% of the total daily energy
expenditure is considered insufficient for maintaining good health (Barton et
al, 2015). In addition, at least 25 min of physical activity per day are needed
to meet the currently accepted recommendations. The specific nature of the
emergency services requires its employees to not only be healthy and
psychologically strong, but also physically fit. Police officers, firefighters, and
police are all exposed to significant amounts of psychophysical stress, hence
physical fitness plays a significant role during training and throughout their
career. A high level of physical activity is essential not only for maintaining

16
good health, but also to allow individuals to effectively perform their jobs. In
particular, the nature of police work carries with it a number of increased risks
that fall outside those present in the line of duty, such as a higher prevalence
of colon cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis. A higher
incidence of these diseases was found among police officers when they were
compared with the local population they serve in. Some of the factors
responsible for these health problems include mental exhaustion, poor and
irregular sleep habits, and an unhealthy diet (Berg et al, 2016).

Physical Activity for war includes technical fitness, mental and

emotional fitness, and physical fitness. All of these attributes of total military
fitness must be combined in the well trained police. If any are lacking, the
police’s combat effectiveness suffers proportionately. Without technical
fitness a police lacks the knowledge and skill to fight; without mental and
emotional fitness he lacks the incentive and desire to fight; without physical
fitness he lacks the strength and stamina to fight.

Its Advantages

a. Military leaders have always recognized that the effectiveness of

fighting men depends to a large degree upon their physical condition. War
places a great premium upon the strength, stamina, agility, and coordination
of the police because victory and his life are so often dependent upon them.
Warfare is a grueling ordeal for police and makes many severe physical
demands upon them. To march long distances with full pack, weapons, and
ammunition through rugged country and to fight effectively upon arriving at
the area of combat; to drive fast-moving tanks and motor vehicles over rough
terrain; to make assaults and to run and crawl for long distances, to jump into
and out of fox holes, craters, and trenches, and over obstacles; to lift and
carry heavy objects; to keep going for many hours without sleep or rest — all
these activities of warfare and many others require superbly conditioned
troops.

17
 b. The fact that warfare has become mechanized has accentuated
rather than minimized the importance of physical fitness. Police must still
perform most of the arduous tasks which fighting men for thousands of years
have had to do. There are always places where mechanized units cannot
maneuver, tasks which they cannot accomplish, and situations in which
equipment becomes disabled. Furthermore, the machines are no better than
the men operating them. Every new advance in the speed, maneuverability,
striking power, durability, and destructiveness of our machines must be
accompanied by a corresponding improvement in the quality and fitness of
their operators.

c. Physical fitness is important from another point of view. A close

relationship exists between physical fitness and mental and emotional fitness
or morale. Fatigue, weakness, lack of stamina, and physical exhaustion are
usually associated with a low state of morale. The rugged, tough, well-
conditioned police has a feeling of fitness and confidence, and he is much
less susceptible to many of the factors which undermine morale.

Components of Physical Activity

a. Freedom from disease and defect.

Freedom from anatomical defect or disease, the discovery and

treatment of which are functions of the medical department, is the first
requirement of physical fitness. Physiological soundness, however, does
not in itself constitute physical fitness; it is merely the foundation upon which
physical fitness is built. Before a police is fit for combat operations good
health and the absence of handicapping defects must be supplemented by
strength, endurance, agility and coordination (Charles et al, 2015).

b. Strength.

(1) Every police must have sufficient strength for the heaviest tasks
he may encounter in routine and emergency activities. Arduous military

18
duties require a considerable degree of leg, back, abdominal and arm and
shoulder girdle strength.

(2) Muscles increase in size and strength with regular and strenuous
exercise. They atrophy and grow weaker when not exercised. Strength is
best developed in muscles when their power of contracting is challenged by
maximum loads. The closer a muscle works to its capacity load, the greater
will be its development of strength. Strenuous conditioning exercises, rifle
and log exercises, weight lifting, wrestling, and sprint running are excellent
strength-developing activities.

c. Endurance. Every police needs enough endurance to go through the most

rigorous day without undue fatigue and to complete the most strenuous duty
to which he may be assigned. There are two types of endurance:

(1) Muscular endurance. This type of endurance permits an

individual to continue strenuous activity for many hours without undue
fatigue. The police needs muscular endurance to make long marches, to
keep going for hours on end, and to perform the fatiguing duties of battle.
Muscular endurance is characterized by a greater than average amount of
muscular strength and an enriched blood capillary network within the
muscles. This network makes it possible for the blood stream to deliver
increased amounts of oxygen and nutrition to the muscle mass, and to carry
away waste products more rapidly. The kinds of exercise needed to build up
muscular endurance are the same as those indicated under strength (Miller,
2018).

(2) Circulo-respiratory endurance. This type of endurance is required

for prolonged activity at more than normal speed, such as long distance
running. The police needs circulo-respiratory endurance when he must cover
a considerable distance at great speed. It is composed of muscular
endurance plus an increased efficiency in the functioning of the heart,

19
vascular system, and lungs. Running is the best way to develop circulo-
respiratory endurance.

d. Agility.

Agility is characterized by an ability to change direction and the

position of the body in space with great rapidity. It enables the police to fall
to the ground or leap to his feet quickly; it makes him a fraction of a second
faster at ducking into a fox hole or into a trench under sudden machine gun
fire; it is of great value in hand-to-hand fighting. This important constituent of
physical fitness is best developed by conditioning exercises which require
extensive and rapid changes of position, and by such activities as tumbling,
sports and games and combative activities.

e. Coordination.

Coordination is the ability to integrate all parts of the body into

efficient, purposeful effort. In the well-coordinated individual, superfluous
movements are eliminated, precision and accuracy are increased, energy is
conserved, and endurance increased.

The tell-tale sign of overtraining is a lack of improved performance,

despite an increase in training intensity or volume. Decreased agility,
strength and endurance, such as slower reaction times and reduced running
speeds are all common signs of over training. Not only can over training
decrease performance, it can also make seemingly effortless workouts feel
unusually difficult. A clear sign of this is an abnormally elevated heart rate
during exercise or throughout the day. If you are experiencing OTS, you may
find that it takes longer for your heart rate to return to normal after a workout.
A few days of fatigue or “heavy legs” is expected at times. But fatigue will
accumulate in a body that never has a chance to fully recover from previous

20
workouts. Further, chronic, negative energy expenditure leads to something
called “low energy availability,” which means that the body is consistently
pulling from its own energy stores (carbs, protein, fat). This can be the result
of too much training or too little fuelling (Papazoglou and Andersen, 2014).

Over training significantly affects your stress hormones, including

cortisol and epinephrine. This hormonal imbalance can cause mood swings,
unusual irritability and an inability to concentrate. Sleep ideally provides the
body time to rest and repair itself. But overproduction of stress hormones, as
mentioned above, may not allow you to wind down or completely relax,
making sleep much less effective (which compounds chronic fatigue and
moodiness). A hormone imbalance can also affect hunger and satiety
mechanisms. More training should stimulate more appetite, but the
physiological exhaustion of OTS can actually lead to appetite suppression
(Robertson et al, 2015).

Overused muscles and joints can cause constant aches or joint pain.
Pain that does not subside in two weeks (or so) should be considered a
notable injury. Overtraining taxes all of the body's systems and also makes
it more difficult to ward off infections. Thus, frequent illnesses and upper-
respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are signs as well. Medical complications
may also include low bone mineral density and low testosterone. Long-term
low energy availability may lead to nutrient deficiencies, such as iron
deficiency anemia, which have the potential to harm both health and
performance. Medical complications can also involve the cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, endocrine, nervous or reproductive systems (e.g., menstrual
cycle disturbances in women).

Some people live for punishing workouts and gruelling competitions.

If this sounds like you, the inability to train or race (combined with an
imbalance of hormones and lack of quality sleep) can significantly affect your
psyche. If you recognize these signs of overtraining in yourself, seek the help
of a physician or other health professional to seek help. In some workout

21
arenas, rhabdomyolysis is a right of passage, but it is important to
understand that the kidneys shutting down is NOT the sign of an
accomplished workout (but rather a sign of acute overtraining).A better
approach is to follow a periodized training program that includes both active
recovery and complete rest. Rest can be frustrating, but recognize that a day
or two spent on the foam roller is better than a day or two in a hospital bed.
Recovery today not only allows for greater production tomorrow, but likely
fewer missed training days over the next few month (De Loës and Goldie,
2015).

It is common within law enforcement to offer resilience

enhancement training, or similar concepts such as stress management
interventions, that should help officers to perform their role and reduce
potential negative consequences (Papazoglou and Andersen, 2014). To
date, several intervention programs had been developed such as mental
imaging training resilience training and Heartmath® stress techniques.

These programs, and the training in the current study, have in

common that they teach skills to police officers that could be applied while
preparing for a confrontation with a stressful event, while experiencing
stressful events, or in the aftermath of a stressful event. The training in the
current study, the Mental Strength Training, used three domains in which
specific skills are taught: challenge, control, and confidence
(Politieacademie, 2016). These concepts are similar to the four
subcomponents of the concept of mental toughness, excluding the fourth
mental toughness domain of commitment. Mental toughness is a concept
rooted in sports psychology and is a characteristic of individuals who are able
to perform well under stressful conditions (Clough et al. 2015). It is a concept
very similar to psychological resilience. In fact, the concept of mental
toughness stems from Kobasa’s hardiness concept one of the most used
conceptualizations of psychological resilience. The skills taught in the course
are aimed at enhancing one of the three domains of psychological resilience.

22
 In the challenge domain, officers were taught the skill of goal
setting, which should enhance confidence and motivation, and enhance
attention to the important aspects of handling the upcoming task.
Visualization was also a part of the challenge domain, and taught officers to
visualize a real-life event, which could be used as a learning experience for
preparing to handle stressful situations.

Energy management, in the format of the previously developed

Heartmath® and vitality management, was the first skills taught in the control
domain. Central to energy management is to control physical, emotional, and
mental reactions that arise from stressful events. Recognizing these stress
reactions by the officer might dampen the negative effects arising from them.
The control domain also contains attention control, teaching officers to focus
and keep focus on the specific task at hand.

In the last domain, confidence, action-reflection is the first

component. It focuses on self-evaluating one’s action to learn from them,
supposedly leading to more confidence in future situations. Lastly,
recognizing negative thoughts and emotions and the ability to bend these
towards more positive appraisals of stressful event experiences is a skill
taught within the confidence domain. The negative thoughts and emotions
are considered to negatively affect experienced stress, leading to other
negative consequences.

The domains and all the individual components were derived from
interventions and psychological insights created using sports populations,
that is: athletes and management of athletes. It is expected that these
interventions, and the logic of its resilience enhancement capabilities, are
also applicable to other populations, including the policing population, as they
both are often expected to perform under heightened pressure and in
changing difficult circumstances. Moreover, most parts of the current training
were used in previous studies on police stress training. The different
components in the current study were also used in training developments of

23
previous studies. However, in those instances, components of the current
training were used, while mixing in other components not used in the current
training. Within these different compositions of training components, a
plurality of outcomes had been associated with these differing training types.
Among others, these training types have been found to enhance general
health (Arnetz et al. 2019) mental health (Williams et al. 2015), and/or reduce
stress levels.

However, whether these interventions are capable of either

enhancing psychological resilience or reducing mental health symptoms
within the law enforcement is not well established. Several studies on the
effects of training programs among officers as described earlier showed
promising results. However, a systematic review by Peñalba et al. (2018)
report psychological and psychosocial benefits found within small-scale
studies, but stress the need for more well-designed studies to establish more
thorough proof of efficacy of these programs. Moreover, the systematic
review on police stress management interventions by Patterson et al. (2016)
refrains from drawing conclusions “given the weakness of the research
designs” Both these reviews which specifically focus on police training stress
the need for more rigorous designs, applying, among others, larger sample
sizes. Another systematic review on resilience enhancement training for the
police and other occupations, such as teachers, managers, and polices, by
Robertson et al. (2015), showed ambiguous results; both effects and non-
effects within and between studies were found on a variety of outcome
measures, such as psychological resilience and mental health. Taken
together, these reviews show that proof of resilience enhancement training
for law enforcement is ambiguous in its outcomes and previously applied
study designs are lacking robustness.

It would seem self-evident that an occupation such as policing

would demand that police officers stay fit as a part of the job requirements
(Guffey, Larson & Lasley, 2015). Caro (2015) stresses how police officers

24
have a higher risk of developing diseases such as colon cancer, diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and ulcers. Officers also have a high risk of
obesity due to a lack of physical fitness and an unhealthy lifestyle. The risk
of developing these diseases puts police officers at a higher risk of premature
death when compared to the general population. Collingwood et al (2015)
discusses that without fitness maintenance programmes for law enforcement
officers the gains achieved in the academy are rapidly lost. Dillern et al.
(2016) the relevance of such functional testing within the police and the
emergency response industry and note that understanding functional
capacity assists ergonomists in designing standards of fitness for
occupations and worker groups and also assists in designing training
programs to meet job demands and injury avoidance.

Dillern et al (2016) highlights that objective measures of physical

activity and physical fitness quantify the level, and with some devices, the
duration, intensity and patterning of daily physical activity in individuals in
ways that are not influenced by recall ability, ethnicity, culture or
socioeconomic status. As a result, objective measures can provide important
insights into the true activity levels of participants. Physical activity is not
synonymous with physical fitness or maintenance of physical fitness,
particularly occupational fitness for a police force member. One may believe
that they are engaging in moderate or vigorous physical activity but actually
they are not. Any individual may be physically active but they may not be
active at a level to gain any significant health benefits or be operating at a
safe and appropriate occupational level in order to be effective as a police
force member. Unlike physical activity, there are a number of measurable
components that contribute and combine to make physical fitness.

Physical fitness has historically been conceptualised as

comprising three components: cardio-respiratory capacity (CRC), strength,
and agility (Martínez-Vizcaíno & Sánchez-López, 2018). Although the tests
used to determine health-related physical fitness are somewhat

25
heterogeneous, they include cardio-respiratory capacity, strength and
muscle resistance, flexibility, and body composition (particularly adiposity –
waist measurement as used in this particular reserach) (Martínez-Vizcaíno
& Sánchez-López, 2008). Cornum et al. (2015) identified that the health-
related components of physical fitness (as used in this study) are (a)
cardiorespiratory endurance (V02 max), (b) muscular endurance (pressups
and sit-ups), (c) muscular strength (press-ups and sit-ups), (d) body
composition (body fat test), and (e) flexibility (sit and reach test). ‘Just as the
amount of physical activity ranges from low to high so do the level of physical
fitness’.

Both physical activity and physical fitness vary among members of a

police force population as it does within any population (Mumford et al, 2015).
No member of the Irish Police Force (An Garda Síochána) does no activity
whatsoever – everyone is active or fit to greater or lesser degrees but they
may not be active enough to derive significant health and fitness benefits. It
may be appropriate for the Irish police force to use operational definitions
such as ‘occupational fitness’ when it is necessary to categorise members of
the Garda Síochána into those who achieve certain levels of fitness and
those who do not, for example following a fitness test for entry as a trainee
Garda (Caspersen et al., 1985). As stated previously there is no reference
point currently available to the Gardaí for measurement of baseline physical
fitness or for tracking its current members, as no such data exists. Currently
there is no defined health and fitness policy or strategy following a trainee
Garda’s two-year training period.

Police officers simultaneously have to face the evolution of crime,

their institution, the legal requirements, and the ambivalence of the demands
of the citizens. These citizens often want more security and stiffer penalties
for the authors of offenses but paradoxically when the same persons become
authors of offenses they dispute very often police actions. “So, police officers
act in an everyday life always more demanding and complex, which does not

26
correspond any more to their expectations” (Fortenbery, 2016). The difficulty
of police work has resulted in an increase of the proposed in-service training
for police officers. These training sessions address diverse areas of concern,
including areas related to legal, information technology, and security matters.
..

The issue of training has become so significant that, for the past
30 years, practicing psychologists have been working closely with police
forces, distinguishing themselves from nonspecialized trainers,
psychologists intervening in training initiatives aim to bring new knowledge
in human sciences to police officers. Moreover, the issue of police officers’
motivation is also recurrent for psychologists. These practitioners
(psychologists) are confronted with the difficulty of maintaining a sufficient
level of motivation and engagement during training sessions. Psychologists
regularly try to estimate police officers’ motivation and engagement due to
the nature of police work itself. Frequent situations of aggressiveness and
violence bring to light how much the question of police officer motivation and
engagement should be investigated.

Examining the determinants of work motivation and engagement is

thus an important topic for researchers and practitioners alike. The first
objective in the present research is to show that psychologists can, through
their actions, contribute to the development of police officers’ work
engagement through the strengthening of their self-determined motivation.
More specifically, our purpose is to show that self-determined motivation is a
mediating variable in the relationship between, on the one hand,
organizational support and support from trainers and, on the other hand,
work engagement. Along with these interventions in training sessions,
psychologists intervene systematically in the procedures of selection of the
police officers. They try to identify, using questionnaires, individual factors
that may subsequently determine police officers’ motivation and
engagement. Our second objective is to show that the evaluation of police

27
officers’ global motivation (i.e., a general motivational orientation) and
contextual motivation (i.e., motivation in a specific broad life domain) during
recruitment or reclassification processes may be of interest to psychologists,
as these dimensions should then be positively related to work engagement
and engagement in vocational training.

Studies

In the empirical literature, conclusions about the effects of physical

exertion on cognitive function vary greatly because of the different modes of
exercise, exercise severity, and forms of cognitive testing. The research can
be separated into four categories: studies that found a beneficial relationship
between exertion and cognitive performance, those that found a detrimental
relationship, those that found both a beneficial and detrimental relationship,
and studies finding no relationship. A few studies (Gerber et al, 2015) have
found that exercise facilitates performance of cognitive tasks. These studies
used various exercise interventions and elicited a low to high level of arousal.
Other studies have found decreased performance of cognitive tasks with
physical exertion.

28
 Heneweer (2016) investigated the effects of physical exertion to the
point of fatigue on two visual perception tasks. Results suggest that under

the influence of fatigue, an orienteer’s ability to perceive visual information is

greatly impaired. He found that sensory and adaptive behaviours improve
with previous physical activity, but cognitive performance is impaired by

highly demanding (maximal aerobic) efforts. McCraty and Atkinson (2015)

found a decrement in cognitive task performance during physical exercise.
Weingarten suggests that the initial level of physical fitness of subjects may

interact with task performance. Subjects with low cardio-respiratory fitness

showed decrements in task performance and those with high fitness were
able to maintain their performance after strenuous exercise. Results of
previous studies also indicate that physical activity can have beneficial and

detrimental effects. Davey (2015) found an inverted “U” relationship between

physical exertion and attention. As metabolic activity increased, performance
also increased to a point. With further metabolic activity, performance

decreased.

Gupta, Sharma, & Jaspal, (2016) investigated the influence of

physical activity on the performance of mathematical tasks. Results indicated
a significant increase in mental work performance when physical activity
lasted 2 to 5 minutes and significant decreases in performance when the
physical activity lasted 10 to 15 minutes. They found that exercising on a
bicycle ergometer improved performance of a decision task and reduced
performance of a perception task. They concluded that intensive physical
exercise does not impair mental performance.

Tomporowski, Ellis, & Stephens, (2016) investigated the effects of

running on a treadmill to exhaustion on free recall memory. The results show
no differences between the number of words recalled after the strenuous
exercise and the number of words recalled by a non-exercise control group.

29
Other studies used a step-test protocol and found no significant effect of
physical exertion on mathematical ability. The studies cited have provided
some information about the effects of physical exertion on cognitive
performance. However, the results have been inconclusive. This research is
an attempt to shed additional light on the problem, especially in regard to
police performing cognitive activities during physical activity.

Sleep Deprivation or Lack of Sleep

The law enforcement responsibilities of every policeman requires

twenty four (24) hours a day and seven days (7) days a week. There is a
need for every police station to have policemen patrolling the streets at all
times to monitor criminal incidence in adherence of the police role in the
protection of lives and properties. The non-stop protection of citizen’s lives
and properties requires the shifting of police presence in their area of
assignments and find themselves working all night during night time and
even during holidays.

During the police basic training the trainees experience less than eight
hour sleep considering that they raise up from bed as early as 3:30 in
preparation start their activity at four (4) o’clock in the morning and will end
the day’s activity at Ten (10) O’clock in the evening to go to bed. The less
that eight hours sleep every day is part of the basic training during the six (6)
months period so that they will be able to adjust and adapt the police life of
working even during night shift as required by the police organization to be
on guard twenty four (24) hours a day.

Sleeping while on duty is considered gross misconduct in the police

organization and may be grounds for disciplinary action, including
possible termination in the police service. Sleeping while on duty and police
operations is an unprofessional act and may cause danger on the safety of
the people and police station. Criminals, terrorist and violent extremist
usually raid police station in the evening or at dawn, the police should always

30
on alert during these wee hours to guard and counter any attack from
enemies of the people and the state.

While on the basic police training the trainees are being develop to be
adjusted to the police training environment of working even during on night
shift experiencing less than eight (8) hours sleep while on duty. The PNPTI
Training Guide 2016 Revision provides Schedule of Daily Activities starting
from 4:00 in the morning where they stated with body conditioning, morning
physical exercises and reveille and they end up the training activities at 10:00
in the evening for the TAPS or Time for all Personnel to Sleep (Sec. 1, Rule
V, NPTI Training Guide 2016)). The schedule of daily activities in the training
guide implicitly reduced the the eight hours sleep of every trainee as part of
a regimented training approach in instilling police discipline including the
police culture of performing duties and responsibilities. This lack of sleep or
sleep deprivation as experience by every police trainee as implicitly stated in
the training guide is only applied the during the six months period of police
basic training after which they will go back to their normal sleep requirement
except during night duties in their work shift requirement. The schedule sleep
hours that lasted for an average of five to six hours every day will help them
adjust and adopt the night assignment of police duties and law enforcement
operation job.

According to Kendra Nunes (2014) policemen live in a culture where

functioning on little sleep seems to be a badge of honor. Law enforcement
responsibilities of the police by its very nature to all night long in order to
maintain a safe society and remain proactive in their fight against crime. The
police organization is expected to maintain coverage 24 hours a day, 7 days
week and 365 days a year. Unfortunately, there are side effect of of sleep
deprivation of lack of sleep that every policeman may encounter. When an
individual does not get enough sleep to feel awake and alert, they begin to
experience symptoms of sleep deprivation.

31
 The view of Kenda Nunes was supported by Katleen Davis (20180 of
Medical News Today that the main symptom of lack of sleep or sleep
deprivation is excessive daytime sleepiness, but other symptoms include
yawning, moodiness, fatigue, irritability, depressed mood, difficulty learning
new concepts, forgetfulness, inability to concentrate or a "fuzzy" head, lack
of motivation and clumsiness. When an individual gets less sleep than they
need to feel awake and alert can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness,
emotional difficulties, poor job performance, and a lowered perception of
quality of life along with some key points on fast facts on sleep deprivation
such as: a) Sleep loss alters normal functioning of attention and disrupts the
ability to focus on environmental sensory input (b) Lack of sleep has been
implicated as playing a significant role in tragic accidents (c) Children and
young adults are most vulnerable to the negative effects of sleep deprivation
(d) Sleep deprivation can be a symptom of an undiagnosed sleep disorder or
other medical problem (e) When one fail to get your required amount of
sufficient sleep, you start to accumulate a sleep debt.

According to National Sleep Foundation (2015) sleep deprivation

occurs when someone does not get a healthy amount of sleep based on his
age requirement, such as: Newborns (0 to 3 months) 14 to 17 hours each
day; Infants (4 to 11 months) 12 to 15 hours; Toddlers (1 to 2 years) 11 to 14
hours; Preschoolers (3 to 5 years) 10 to 13 hours; School-age children (6 to
13 years) 9 to 11 hours; Teenagers (14 to 17 years) 8 to 10 hours; Adults (18
to 64 years) 7 to 9 hours and Older adults (over 65 years) 7 to 8 hours. The
age requirement police trainees is at least twenty one years old, he need to
sleep seven to Nine (7-9) hours as required by his age bracket. Incidentally
by virtue of the NPTI Training Guide 2016 he can acquire sleeping hours of
5-6 everyday for six month. The lack of required sleep for his age consider
during the duration of his training made him sleep deprive.

Now that the moral reasoning implication of sleep deprivation has

been established, there is a need to look at the correlation between sleep

32
deprivation and risky decisions. Unfortunately, very little exists on this topic
in the literature for military specific studies. One of the most conclusive
studies was done in 2015 by William and colleagues from the Walter Reed
Army Institute of Research. In a 49.5-hour sleep deprivation experiment,
thirty-four participants completed the Iowa Gambling test (this test is used to
replicate real life decision making under uncertainty conditions) at baseline
and at the end of the experimentation. At baseline the participants quickly
learned to avoid the high risk deck of cards in favor of the most advantageous
(in the long term) deck of cards. However, in the test at the end of the sleep
deprivation period, their pattern of performance was strikingly different from
the baseline: they tended to choose the risky deck of cards more often than
not as the game progressed, demonstrating that risky decisions may
increase with sleep deprivation.

The unique severe physical demands of military operations have

been a prime platform for studying the effects of sleep deprivation and
prolonged exercise. Studies have demonstrated that sleep deprivation alone
does not significantly impair physical work ability. However, exercise
compounded with sleep deprivation increases negative mood disturbance
and reaction time. In a study on exercise abilities, Lucas (2014) concluded
with the following statement that summarizes very well the literature on the
subject: “in highly motivated and trained individuals, ultra-endurance
exercise and sustained operations can be tolerated with minimal decrements
in exercise and operational capacity, and that any physiological or
psychological impairment resolve 35 relatively rapidly with appropriate
recovery.

An interesting study conducted by May and Kline in 2014

monitored the cognitive task performance of military personnel over a two-
day sleep deprivation period. The result, like Schnyer, revealed that the
police coped well with convergent tasks (where they can achieve the answer
using a logical approach or detection) but not so well with innovative thinking

33
tasks: they were struggling to generate spontaneous ideas. In a combat
situation, innovative thinking skills are essential for dealing with the very first
nature of combat: a complex and unpredictable situation. In 2015, the Army
Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (US ARIME) conducted a
study of cognition during sustained operations, using a laboratory simulation
of a field’s sustained operation to determine the change in cognitive function
and mood after a prolonged sleep deprivation period. During the 92-hour
study, 13 volunteers were conducting scenarios including road marches,
battles drills and land navigation. They were only permitted two 1h rest
periods each day; while not performing physical tasks, the participants were
performing mental tasks to keep them awake. The study concluded that they
experienced a significant decrement in reaction time and visual vigilance.
Two areas remained relatively stable throughout the period: marksmanship
and physical performance. This shows that cognitive function decreases
significantly faster than physical performance. Also, the volunteers’ mood
significantly deteriorated over the course of the study.

Augus and Heslegrave (2016) investigated the effect of 54 hours’

sleep deprivation on information processing and handling of message traffic,
to mimic the role of a military command post. After 18 hours, the reaction
time, logical reasoning, encoding and decoding and vigilance started to
decline; by 6 hours later at 24 hours, it dropped to 70% of baseline. Their
performance remained stable at 70% for another 18 hours until it dropped to
40% of the baseline between 42 and 48 hours. The performance remained
stable from 48 to 54 hours. During the experience not only was a diminution
of performance observed, but there was also a deterioration of mood and
motivation as the experience progressed. The other interesting point is the 6
hours of decreased performance coincided with the low point of the circadian
cycle.

Researchers have demonstrated that memory is marginally impacted

by 24-hour sleep deprivation, due in part to the ability of our brain to

34
compensate for lack of sleep in the first 24 hours. However, brain
compensation is not forever; in all subjects after 60 hours no more
compensation could be observed. The brain can be trained to compensate
for the first day or so, so with training our police could become a little bit more
resilient to the effects of memory loss due to sleep deprivation. Jonavonic
(2014) studied the impact on a specific shooting task of sleep deprivation
conditions. The research was conducted using a sample of 19 members
during the Croatian Special Operation Battalion training course. The main
objective of the test was to assess the sleep deprivation factor during a
specific task of shooting targets in four different ways with regards to body
position in relation to the target. His secondary finding is what is important
for this paper. The result obtained suggested that during the training,
adaptation to stress had occurred resulting in better shooting performance in
stressful and sleep-deprived situations. But training under sleep deprivation
conditions should not be done at every level. And some training/courses
should optimize the amount of sleep the candidates are receiving by allowing
a certain amount of sleep in accordance with the circadian cycle to maximize
the leaning during the awake period.

Studies of fatigue and training effectiveness in USN enlisted recruits

were done to find the optimal sleep combination. After numerous trials, the
pre-2011 standard of 6 hours of sleep per day for recruits was changed in
December 2011 to 7 hours between 9 p.m. and 4 a.m. In 2012 an additional
change was made to 8 hours per night from 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. But once again,
in mid-2012, a new change was made to reflect the circadian rhythms of
adolescents and young adults (the majority of the candidates of a recruit
course). The new sleep regime was 8 hours from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. The
studies demonstrated that that schedule was optimal for the learning and
retention that those recruits have to do. While there is a time and a place to
train our police to withstand the effects of sleep deprivation, when acquiring
new skills studies have demonstrated that 8 hours of sleep is recommended.
The main takeaways of this section are as follows.

35
 First with regards to decision-making under sleep deprivation, sleep
deprivation has minimal effects on simple decision-making but a sleep
deprivation effect will be visible after only 24 hours where the police require
flexibility and need to conduct plan revision. So in other words, police will
cope well with convergent tasks but not with innovative thinking tasks. Thus,
compared to physical tasks, cognitive function decreases significantly faster.
And sleep deprived police will be more averse to risk-taking, as
demonstrated by the Iowa Gambling Test. Also, the short answer to whether
police are aware that they are tired or on the verge of falling asleep; is that
unfortunately it is very difficult to predict if we will be falling asleep in the next
minute. Therefore, a police can fall asleep at any time, regardless of his
willpower. Fortunately, studies have demonstrated that there are mitigating
factors that can help in training for sleep deprivation prior to departing on a
mission (Ruiz and Morrow, 2015).

However, studies point out that such negative health effects can be
neutralized by increased physical activity, especially through endurance and
strength training (Dishman and Sallis, 2014) confirming the earlier findings
that a high level of physical activity is effective in reducing the incidence of
non-communicable diseases and lowering the mortality rate of a population.
Therefore, of considerable importance in recruiting potential police
candidates is selecting individuals who are able to meet criteria that can
determine best the peak physical fitness, such as those linked to high levels
of physical activity and strength abilities. Although the candidates that end
up attending police academies differ in terms of their morphological features,
it has been found that, due to the specificity of the physical activity that is
required of them in the uniformed services, they undergo similar changes in
their somatic and tissue characteristics.

Boyce et al. (2018) completed a longitudinal study of police over 12

years with gender and ethnicity comparisons. Their sample participants
included 327 police, consisting of 30 females and 297 males. They found

36
that body composition variables increased significantly regardless of gender
or race. Bates (2006) highlights that objective measures of physical activity
and physical fitness quantify the level, and with some devices, the duration,
intensity and patterning of daily physical activity in individuals in ways that
are not influenced by recall ability, ethnicity, culture or socioeconomic status.
As a result, objective measures can provide important insights into the
activity levels of participants.

Meyer and Gagné (2018) have recently suggested that self-

determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2018) is particularly suitable for
investigating the influence of motivation on engagement in the work domain.
Specifically, self-determination theory distinguishes between self-
determined motivation and controlled motivation. Self-determined motivation
refers to engaging in an activity out of pleasure; that is, volition or choice. In
contrast, controlled motivation is defined as engaging in an activity through
internal pressure (e.g., sense of obligation, shame) or external pressure
(e.g., punishment). Self-determination theory posits that self-determined
motivation should lead to the most positive outcomes, while controlled
motivation and a motivation (i.e., absence of motivation) should predict the
most negative outcomes. Although much of the research within this
framework has been conducted outside of the workplace (e.g., in education
or sports settings),

Gagné and Deci (2015) have shown that self-determination theory is

a useful approach to understanding the motivational bases for effective
organizational behaviour. Indeed, self-determined work motivation has
consistently been associated with positive outcomes such as performance
(e.g., Gillet, Berjot, & Paty, 2015), organizational citizenship behavior and
satisfaction.

As suggested by Meyer and Gagné (2018),“by adapting

selfdetermination theory as a guiding framework, academic researchers
have an opportunity to leapfrog practice to lead new developments in

37
engagement theory, research, and practice” Based on self-determination
theory, the purpose of the present research was thus to identify and explain
the underlying mechanisms promoting engagement at both contextual (i.e.,
in the work context) and situational (i.e., in a training session) levels.
Specifically, using two different methodologies (i.e., single and multiple
measurement points), we tested a model that incorporated police officers’
perceptions of organizational support, supervisor support, motivation, and
engagement in work activities, and in a training session.

Relevance of Literature and Studies of the Study

Today, policing is not just enforcing the law anymore; on the
contrary, it is a part of the social work in the community. Now, in the 21st
century, police has much more complicated and sensitive duties in the
society in addition to traditional law enforcement duties. There is a
continuous change and shift in police duties and responsibilities day by day
requiring more to protect and serve rather than to enforce and coerce. Of
course, police is the warranty of enforcement of laws in the society and the
warranty of individual rights. In order to meet the expectations of the society,
police departments need qualified officers and a well-designed police training
system “capable of responding quickly and intelligently to the accelerating
pace of social change” (MacDonald et al., 2017).
Police training is unique in many aspects. “Part art and part craft,
part common sense, part paramilitary, part social work. Policing is
characterized by a high degree of stress coupled with the curious
combination of tedium and unpredictability” Training is the most valuable tool
to equip people with the desired qualifications as well as to adopt and
manage different dimensions of change (Mathias, 2018). Meadows (2015)
argues that the intent of training is to provide a learning experience which
incorporates the theory and the practice at the same time to enable the
recruits to perform more effectively as police officers. Otherwise, the results
of a theoretical or a practical based training will be very different in each case.
Theoretical part of training provides police officers with a broad vision and

38
new ways of looking at things in performing their job. Practical part of training,
on the other hand, helps officers handle day-today duties in an effective way.
Those who are trained with a theoretical focus might face difficulties in putting
theory to work in their daily job while those who are trained with a practical
view might feel more comfortable in practical works but not the same comfort
with complicated problems. In other words, theory teaches to do the right
thing whereas practice teaches to do things right.
However, no research has examined how self-determined
motivation could explain the relationship of contextual (i.e., perceived
organizational support) and individual (i.e., global motivation) factors to work
engagement. Thus, while a number of investigations have empirically
demonstrated the validity of one or more paths of the hypothesized model,
no research has tested the overall model. We believe that this is an original
model that could lead to important theoretical and applied benefits for police
officers.

Theoretical Framework

This study is based on the Expectancy Theory of Motivation

developed by the Canadian professor of psychology, Victor Vroom, in 1964.
He studied people’s motivation and concluded that it depends on three (3)
factors: Expectancy, instrumentality and Valence. Vroom distinguishes
between the effort exerted by people, their performance and their final output.
His theory is primarily geared towards motivation within a work environment.
The expectancy theory presupposes that people make conscious choices
from among the alternatives but is usually towards those that minimize pain
and maximize pleasure. He argues that employees tend to choose that which
motivates them the most when given the capability to make choices in their
work. He contended that employee performance is based on various
individual factors like personality, knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience

39
 while explaining the effect of performance, motivation, and effort towards an
employee’s motivation.
Expectancy is rooted in the assumption that increased performance
is a result of increased effort. Greater efforts lead to greater performance.
Employees possess different levels of confidence and different expectations
with respect to their capability of doing something. Thus, management must
discern and recognize the factors that motivate an employee to perform his
best. This can be achieved, among others, by providing the required training,
supervision, and resources the employees need.

Conceptual Framework

Expectancy

MOTIVATION POLICEMAN who is

 Effective
Instrumentality Valence  Mentally Fit
 Physically Fit
MOTI-
 Community Friendly

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 Figure 1. Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Chapter 3
Method of Research
This chapter presents the research method, respondents,
instruments, and data gathering procedure. It also includes the procedure
and the statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study will utilize the descriptive method of research for the main
purpose of gathering data through a researcher-made assessment survey
questionnaire about the association between principal leadership style and
teachers’ work attitude and performance in Camp Castañeda Silang Cavity.

Sampling Procedure and Respondents

The respondents of this study will be the police trainees,
trainers.tactical officers, and the training executives of the Training center

41
from Luzon, visayas ans Mindanao all under the supervision of the National
Police Training Institute
To determine the sample size for the students, the Sloven’s formula
will be used. The formula is:

N
n=
1 + Ne2

where:

n= sample size

N= total number of population

1= constant

e= .05 margin of error

Sevilla ( ) explained that stratified random sampling is a strategy

for selecting samples in such a way that the specific subgroups (strata) will
have a sufficient number of representatives within the sample to provide
ample number for sub-analysis of the members of these sub-groups. In this
strategy, the target population is first divided into groups each belonging to
the same stratum. This is to avoid the possibility of getting samples from
another stratum.

Research Instrument

The researcher will design the research instruments as the main data
gathering instrument to be prepared by with the help of her thesis adviser.
Part I will gather data regarding the demographic profile of the respondent in
terms of age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, monthly salary, length
of service, and rank. Part II is the assessment on the strenuous physical
exercises and sleep deprivation in relation to expectancy, motivation and
valence.

42
 Validation of the Instrument

The instrument will be subjected to face and content validation by

adviser and several experts in research based on clarity, adequacy,
relevance, objectivity and brevity using the instrument below. Validators’
comments and suggestions will be used to improve the instrument.

Reliability of the Instrument

To determine the reliability of the instrument, the questionnaire will

be subjected to a dry-run. It will be pilot tested to respondents from another
other police training center. After the pilot testing, the responses will be
encoded in IBM SPSS version 20. The reliability of the instrument will then
be determined by computing Cronbach Alpha which will then be used to
evaluate the instruments reliability/acceptability.

Data Gathering Procedure

To obtain the needed data and information for the study, the
researcher plans to undertake the following procedure as follows:

1. Construction of the survey questionnaire according to the

specific problems of the study;
2. Presentation of the questionnaire draft to the adviser for
revision and acceptance;
3. Expert validation of the final instrument;
4. Finalization of the instrument based on validators’ feedback;
5. The researcher officially seeks permission from the Director of
NPTI Headquarters to conduct the study;
6. Dry-run administration of the instrument;
7. Analysis of the questionnaire and evaluation of the dry-run
data and calculation of reliability using SPSS;

43
8. The researcher will ask the assistance of the Chief of
Academics of every Police Regional principal in fielding of the
questionnaire and speedy retrieval.
9. As soon as accomplished questionnaire are retrieved, the
researcher will prepare a data spread sheet for easier encoding in
the computer/software.
10. The data will be encoded into the computer using IBM SPSS
version 20 for the appropriate statistical tools.
11. Analysis of data will follow and the results will be translated
into appropriate tables.

44
 Statistical Treatment of Data

The encoded data will be analyzed using the appropriate statistical tools.
1. Frequency and Percentage computation will be used for the profile of
the respondents. Computation is as follows:

F
Formula: P = N 𝑥 100

Where: F = frequency
N = number of respondents
P = percentage

2. Weighted mean will be used to compute part II of the instrument, on the

average of the respondents' answer, as follows:

Fw1+Fw2+Fw3+Fw4
Formula: WM =
N

Where: WM = Weighted Mean

Fw = Frequency x Weight
N = Number of Respondent

45
 3. ANOVA. One-way analysis of variance among and between groups and
F-test will be used for testing the significance of the difference among three
or more groups.

Source of
Df Sum of Squares Mean Square
Variance
Among
k-l Ayy Ayy/(k-l)
Groups
__Wyy__
Within 𝑘
∑𝑘𝑖=1[𝑛 − 1] Wyy
Groups ∑[𝑛 − 1]
𝑖=1

Total ∑𝑘𝑖=1 𝑛 − 1 ∑y2

Where:

∑𝑦2= Corrected total Sum of Square

Ayy= Corrected sum of square among groups

Wyy= Corrected (pooled) sum of squares with

groups

F = Mean of square among Groups

Mean square within the groups

F= Test using .05 level of significance and (k-l) degrees of freedom.

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