NON RANDOM SAMPLING METHODS

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING :
Purposive sampling is where the researcher selects the sample based on their knowledge about the study and
population. Participants are selected based on purpose of sample, where the applicants who do not meet the profile
are rejected.
Example : You may be conducting a study on why high school students choose community colleges over university.
SEVERAL SUBTYPES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING: are as follows;
❖ CRITICAL CASE SAMPLING : Collecting case sampling that are like to give you the most information
about the phenomenon on your study.
❖ EXPERT SAMPLING : Expert sampling (or judgment sampling) is where you draw your sample from
experts in the field you're studying.
❖ EXTREME CASE SAMPLING : Extreme Case Sampling focuses on participants with unique or special
characteristics.
❖ TYPICAL CASE SAMPLING : Allows the researcher to develop a profile about what is normal or average
for a particular phenomenon.
❖ TOTAL POPULATION SAMPLING: The entire population who share common characteristics is used.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES :
➢ A major advantage of this sampling is it is easier to make generalizations about your sample.
➢ A disadvantage of this sampling is open to selection of bias and error. In this, it is very difficult to define your
choices for participants.

QUOTA SAMPLING :
Quota sampling means to take a very constructive sample i.e., in proportion to some characteristics or trait of a
population.
Example : quota sampling requires that representative individuals are chosen out of a specific subgroup. For example,
a researcher might ask for a sample of 100 females, or 100 individuals between the ages of 20-30.
The quota sample divided into two methods ;
❖ PROPORTIONAL QUOTA SAMPLING: The proportion is in the name because population of interest is
represented almost exactly by the percentage of each cell. Some time it is known as Hard Quota's.
❖ NON PROPORTIONAL QUOTA SAMPLING: It is known as SOFT QUOTA'S. In this sampling
minimum number of respondents in a specific group are considered. For example in hard to reach populations,
it night be an under sample and population of special interest in and of themselves might be an over sample.
FORMING OF QUOTA SAMPLING:

• Divide the population into subgroups. They should be exclusive.

• Find out proportion of subgroups to population.
• Select subjects from the various subgroups while taking into consideration the proportions.
• Final step ensures that the sample is representative of the entire population.
ADVANTAGES:
➢ Easy to administer.
➢ Fast to create and complete.
➢ Inexpensiveness.
➢ Can be used if probability sampling techniques are not possible.
DISADVANTAGES :
➢ Selection is not random.
➢ Selection bias posses (generates) a problem.

SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING:
In this sampling, a sequence of one or more samples is taken from a group. Once the group has been sampled a
hypothesis test is performed to see if you can reach a conclusion. If you cannot reach whole procedure is repeated. The
sequential samples can be;
o Item-by-Item : One sample at a time.
o Group : Sample sizes are two or more.
By using this method you must be able to sample serially. There are three outcomes with traditional sampling
methods, a hypothesis test has one of two possible results. With sequential sampling, there are three possibilities.
a) Reject the null hypothesis.
b) Do not reject the null hypothesis.
c) Fail to draw any conclusion.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:
➢ One of the major advantages of sequential sampling is that it usually ends up with smaller samples than
traditional sampling.
➢ One of the major disadvantages is it is much more complex and more time consuming than fixed sampling.

CLUSTER SAMPLING:
It is also known as Area Sampling. It studies a cluster (Heterogeneous subgroup) of the relevant population. It is
designed in a way in which the unit of sampling consists of multiple cases. This Sampling method is used where the
population is concentrated over a wide area and it is possible to set the whole population at one stage.
The elements in each cluster are then sampled. If all the elements are sampled , then it is called one stage cluster
Sampling. If a sample selects sub samples then it is called a two stage cluster Sampling.
Each cluster should be a small scale representation of the total population.
The cluster should be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive.
MERITS:
➢ It is less expensive and more quick.
➢ Cluster sample permits accumulation of large samples.
➢ Cluster Sampling procedures enable to obtain information from one or more areas.
➢ It may combine advantages of both random sampling and stratified sampling.
DEMERITS:
➢ This Sampling may not be possible to apply it’s findings to another areas.
➢ When unequal sizes of subset is selected an element of sample bias will arise.
➢ Adequate number of cases from the standing point of increasing sample is not selected.